Blood Plasma Of Rainbow Trout Research Articles

Amino acid levels from blood plasma of rainbow trout raised in different seasons and farming systems

Amino acid levels from blood plasma of rainbow trout raised in different seasons and farming systems

Cortisol and testosterone accumulation in a low pH recirculating aquaculture system for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss )

Steroids accumulate in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), although explanatory factors for such accumulation are still poorly explored. This study investigated the effect of water exchange rate and pH in six replicated RAS on the concentration of the stress hormone cortisol in rainbow trout blood plasma and in the holding water and of the sex steroids testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) and 17,20β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (17,20β-P) over a 70-day experimental period. Three combinations of water exchange rate and pH were used each treatment, with two replications: (i) high water exchange rate (±1700 L kg−1 feed) and neutral pH (±7.3), (ii) low water exchange rate (±500 L kg−1 feed) and neutral pH (±7.3) and (iii) low water exchange rate (±500 L kg−1 feed) and low pH (±5.8). Plasma cortisol concentrations at day 70 were higher (24.4 ± 9.5 ng mL−1) for fish kept at low pH when compared to fish kept at neutral pH (12.0 ± 0.1 and 8.7 ± 0.2 ng mL−1). Water cortisol and testosterone concentrations at day 35 were higher at low pH than at neutral pH, whereas water 11-KT and 17,20β-P did not differ among treatments. At day 70, there were no significant differences between low and high pH. These results demonstrate that low pH contributes to increased plasma cortisol concentrations and to its accumulation in water, possibly indicating a stress response to low pH. The higher concentration of testosterone but not of the other sex hormones point to unspecified reproductive effects that need further investigation.

Effects of exposure to three environmental chemicals on the selected biochemical parameters of the blood plasma of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Abstract Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at a weight of 115 ± 24 g (mean ± SD) were experimentally injected with di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxine (TCDD) and gamma isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH ) to evaluate nitrogen metabolism (total protein [TP], blood urea nitrogen, uric acid [UA], creatinine), carbohydrate metabolism (glucose), mineral metabolism (inorganic phosphate[P], total calcium [Cat]), and catalytic activity of enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], lactate dehydrogenase [LD]). After 21 days, the tested xenobiotics, administered by the intraperitoneally route, caused the following effect: in comparison with negative controls, fish injected with DEHP at concentrations of 200 or 50 mg kg-1 of body weight were found to have a higher level of P and lower level of Cat and decreased catalytic concentrations of ALT, AST, ALP and LD in the plasma of the peripheral blood. A higher level of TP and P and a decreased catalytic concentration of ALT were found when TCDD was administered at a dose of 2 μg kg-1. A decrease in the catalytic concentrations of ALT and ALP occurred in fish injected with γ-HCH in a dose of 50 mg kg-1. UA and P levels were decreased in fish injected with γ-HCH in a dose of 5 mg kg-1. DEHP and TCDD caused neutrophilic leucocytosis with a marked left shift. Both concentrations of γ-HCH led to an increase in polychromatophilic erythrocytes. The frequency of micronuclei varied in all experimental groups, including the controls, ranging between 0.8 and 2.1 ‰. Histological examination in fish injected with DEHP at a concentration of 200 mg kg-1 revealed eosinophilic droplets in the epithelium of renal tubules and histological examination in fish injected with γ-HCH at a higher concentration revealed an increased activation of sinusoidal cells in the liver, a fibrous thickening of bile duct walls, bile duct hyperplasia and a periductal inflammatory.

Bioavailability of pharmaceuticals in waters close to wastewater treatment plants: Use of fish bile for exposure assessment

Pharmaceuticals are ubiquitous in surface waters as a consequence of discharges from municipal wastewater treatment plants. However, few studies have assessed the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals to fish in natural waters. In the present study, passive samplers and rainbow trout were experimentally deployed next to three municipal wastewater treatment plants in Finland to evaluate the degree of animal exposure. Pharmaceuticals from several therapeutic classes (in total 15) were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in extracts of passive samplers and in bile and blood plasma of rainbow trout held at polluted sites for 10 d. Each approach indicated the highest exposure near wastewater treatment plant A and the lowest near that of plant C. Diclofenac, naproxen, and ibuprofen were found in rainbow trout, and their concentrations in bile were 10 to 400 times higher than in plasma. The phase I metabolite hydroxydiclofenac was also detected in bile. Hence, bile proved to be an excellent sample matrix for the exposure assessment of fish. Most of the monitored pharmaceuticals were found in passive samplers, implying that they may overestimate the actual exposure of fish in receiving waters. Two biomarkers, hepatic vitellogenin and cytochrome P4501A, did not reveal clear effects on fish, although a small induction of vitellogenin mRNA was observed in trout caged near wastewater treatment plants B and C.

Variation of Free Fatty Acid in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Plasma During Spring – Summer Seasons

In this study, the authors evaluated the changes under the action of environmental factors, on the structure of free fatty acids in blood plasma of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), between spring-summer seasons. Maintenance and feeding conditions were the same for all specimens of rainbow trout studied. Were retained for this purpose, 20 individuals of rainbow trout with body weights between 200 and 250 grams, from which blood samples were collected. Structure determination of free fatty acids in blood plasma of rainbow trout, was performed using gas chromatography technique-mass spectrometry. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosapentaenoic (DHA) are the major fatty acids found in plasma of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The purpose of this study was to determine the extraction procedure, the method of derivatization, temperature separation program and identification of fatty acids in fish plasma. During summer, there was an increase in strenght for most unsaturated fatty acids.

The apparent pK of carbonic acid in rainbow trout blood plasma between 5 and 15°C

Values for carbon dioxide solubility (αCO 2) and the apparent first dislocation constant (pK app) of carbonic acid in rainbow trout plasma were measured at 5, 10 and 15°C so as to eliminate the uncertainties with continued used of mammalian values extrapolated from the much higher temperatures of their determination. Estimates of pK app were based on the in vivo measurement criteria most commonly used ( i.e. whole blood pH, P CO 2 and the C CO 2 of true plasma separated from red cells at room temperature). Apparent pK varied inversely with pH, the dpK app/dpH slopes at 10 and 15°C (−0.075 and −0.080, respectively) being significantly elevated with respect to that at 5°C (−0.004). At constant pH, dpK app/dTemp varied between −0.0160 (pH 7.4) and −0.0208 (pH 8.0), both of which are higher than theoretically and experimentally based literature data on separated plasma. When we repeated our pK app determinations (using identical methods) on rainbow trout separated plasma, we obtained dpK app/dT slopes ranging from −0.009 to 0.0110, similar to all previous determinations. In attempts to account for the discrepancies between our whole blood and plasma based pK app estimates, we found that the pH of whole blood was always lower than that of its isothermally separated true plasma (0.015 units lower at 15°C) and that this difference became magnified at lower temperatures (0.033 units lower at 5°C). Also, if cool blood was allowed to warm towards room temperature before and/or during anaerobic centrifugation for true plasma, CO 2 was found to leave the red cells and result in a higher plasma total CO 2 content relative to the amount contained in the original blood plasma (0.40 mM for a 15°C dT of separation). We conclude that use of pK app values from gasometric determinations on separated plasma is not appropriate for P CO 2 or [HCO 3 −] calculation by the Henderson-Hasselbach equation when the practice is to measure the whole blood pH and the total CO 2 content of true plasma separated at temperatures other than that of the original blood plasma.

Ecotoxicological aspects of pulp and paper mill effluents discharged to an inland water system: Distribution in water, and toxicant residues and physiological effects in caged fish (Salmo gairdneri)

Simultaneous studies were conducted on concentrations of chlorinated phenolics (CP) and resin acids (RA) in bleached kraft pulp mill effluents (BKME), their distribution in the receiving water, their uptake and accumulation in the blood plasma of rainbow trout caged in the recipient, as well as short-term physiological effects developed in fish. RA disappeared from the lake water much faster than most of the CP. Some of the BKME-related substances (e.g. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 4,5,6-trichloroguaiacol, tetrachloroguaiacol and dehydroabietic acid) were also detected upstream from the mill, thus implying a low-level contamination of this water system in general. In the blood plasma of caged trout free RA were detected up to 3 km from the sewer, but free CP were analysed as far as 11 km from the mill. During the 10-day caging period a partial inhibition of liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase was observed even at 11 km from the BKME source. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity showed that BKME did not work like anticholinesterase agents, whereas a decrease of plasma cholinesterase activity was developed in a few days in the nearest 6 km from the sewer. Trout exposed at 6–11 km from the sewer displayed increased blood haemoglobin and decreased plasma protein concentrations. The plasma ionic picture (Na, Cl, Mg) indicated only negligible effects on fish osmoregulation.

Seasonal and diurnal rhythms of thyroidal status in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson

The concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in the blood plasma of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) at intervals throughout the year have been measured by a chemically specific gas‐liquid chromatographic (GLC) method. Mean hormone levels showed a seasonal variation, maximal levels of both hormones occurring in winter and minimal concentrations in mid summer. An apparent secondary maximum in mean T4 and T3 concentrations was observed in spring. (T4)/(T3) ratios have been found to be highest in winter and lowest in summer. A radioimmunoassay procedure, validated by GLC analyses, revealed the presence of a diurnal rhythm in serum T4 levels of trout sampled in September and in April.

Effect of Starvation on Free Fatty Acid Level in Blood Plasma and Muscular Tissues of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

The concentration of free fatty acids (FFA) in blood plasma of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) maintained without food for 1–70 days averaged 424 (range 160–1003) μ equivalents FFA per liter plasma. The effect of starvation on the level of plasma FFA was limited, showing a more significant increase during the first 2 weeks without food than during prolonged periods of starvation. FFA in lateral line muscle averaged 147 (range 27–258) μ equivalents per 100 g wet tissue and during starvation a trend generally similar to that found for plasma FFA was observed. Starvation had no effect on the amounts of FFA in white dorsal muscle which averages 37 (range 13–73) μ equivalents per 100 g wet tissue. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of utilization of fat reserve in fish.

Nomograms for correction of blood Po2, Pco2, pH, and base excess for time and temperature.

Nomograms for correction of blood Po2, Pco2, pH, and base excess for time and temperature.