Blood Plasma Of Calves Research Articles

The Effect of Different Forms of Solid Feed on Biochemical Parameters in Blood Plasma of Calves

Abstract The study examined how different solid feeds affected the biochemical parameters in calf plasma. The experiment involved a control group and three test groups of calves, each fed with a different starter mixture. The results showed significant differences in some biochemical parameters between the feeding groups. Calves in groups P1 and P3 had a statistically higher glucose concentration in blood plasma compared to group C. Calves from group P3 had a higher concentration of urea in blood plasma than calves from group C. Calves in groups P1 and P3 also had higher concentrations of total protein and globulin in blood plasma compared to group C. The concentration of inorganic phosphate in the blood plasma of calves from group P3 was significantly higher than that of group C. Female calves in the experimental groups showed a lower concentration of NEFA at three months of age compared to the control group. It was concluded that feeding calves with a starter mixture containing whey and easily digestible protein had a positive effect on the nutritional status and energy balance of the calves.

Lipid composition of blood plasma and epithelium of the jejunal mucosa in calves with dyspepsia and its correction

Enteropathology in newborn ruminants significantly affects the functional formation of the digestive tract, which induces complications in other organs and systems, reducing the resistance and productivity in recovered animals. It is also characterized by metabolic disorders, particularly lipids, which adversely affects the regenerative processes at the cellular level. The material for the study was 2-day-old calves, from which 3 groups of 6 animals each were formed. 1st group – control was made up of clinically healthy animals, 2nd group – calves with toxic dyspepsia which received traditional treatment and 3rd group – calves which were additionally orally administered a liposomal form of a 1% solution of BAD "FLP-MD". The lipid composition of blood plasma and the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the jejunum of calves was studied by the method of thin-layer chromatography on standard Silufol plates. The lipidogram of blood plasma in 30-day-old calves recovered from dyspepsia under traditional treatment regimen was characterized by dyslipidemia, which was manifested by an increase in total lipid content by 10.0% amid hypercholesterolemia and hypertriacylglycerolemia and a decrease in free fatty acids by 24.6% and phospholipids by 11.8%. Also, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin content decreasesd in the blood plasma. In epithelium of the jejunal mucosa, total lipid content decreased due to total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and phospholipids. The restoration of total lipid content and individual fractions was found in blood plasma of calves that received additionally phospholipid-containing bio-additive "FLP-MD". Among the individual phospholipids phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine prevailed. In these calves, most of the lipid components in the epithelium of the jejunal mucosa were stabilized. In the future, we plan to investigate the content of total lipids in the blood and mucous membrane of the small intestine of calves.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРЕПАРАТОВ «ИМУНОФАН» И «ФОСПРЕНИЛ» НА МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ КРОВИ ТЕЛЯТ

The aim of the work was to study the effect of immunomodulators "Imunofan" and "Fosprenil" on the intensity of nitric oxide (II) formation and the morphological composition of blood in calves. Increased levels of stable nitric oxide (II) metabolites in the blood plasma of calves after the use of immunomodulators indicates the participation of NO in nonspecific immunity reactions. Also the established relationship between the level of stable nitric oxide (II) metabolites and the number of stab neutrophils proves that NO is one of the regulators of neutrophil activity.

Aquaporin 2: Identification and analysis of expression in calves’ urine during their first month of life

Michałek, K., Dratwa-Chałupnik, A., Ciechanowicz, A. K. and Malinowski, E. 2014. Aquaporin 2: Identification and analysis of expression in calves’ urine during their first month of life. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 653–659. Aquaporin 2 (AQP2) is a vasopressin-regulated water channel of the renal collecting duct and is excreted into urine. Renal excretion of AQP2 has been studied in humans, dogs, rats and mice. The aim of this study was to identify and analyze expression of AQP2 in calves’ urine. Short and controlled diarrhea was induced in the calves in order to determine any change in renal excretion of AQP2 and to evaluate a possible role of this channel in water balance during the neonatal period. For this purpose, an additional portion of lactose was administered to the calves with a milk replacer. The present work shows that after transient diarrhea associated with excessive supply of lactose in the diet, a significant increase in renal AQP2 excretion was reported in the first 3 wk of the calves’ lives. Renal excretion of this protein in the urine increased significantly despite the absence of changes in the concentration of vasopressin or the osmotic pressure of the blood plasma. The increase observed in the expression of the protein might be associated with the reduction of the total Ca2+concentration in the blood plasma of calves. The results clearly indicate a different mechanism regulating urinary excretion of AQP2 in newborn calves, hitherto unknown. Although elevated renal excretion of AQP2 was observed, there was no increase in the osmolality of the urine in the calves tested.

Preparation of polyclonal antibodies to diminazene and its detection in animal blood plasma

This work was undertaken to examine the possibility of preparing polyclonal antibodies to diminazene by using colloidal gold nanoparticles as an antigen carrier and adjuvant. The antibodies prepared by us were used for immunodot determination of diminazene in calf-blood plasma. The immunochemical results agreed with those obtained by high-performance liquid chromatographic estimation of diminazene content in animal biological fluids.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Renal Haemodynamics in Newborn Calves

The study was aimed to provide information on the dynamics of changes in the concentration of ANP in blood plasma of calves during the first seven days of their life and to find any association between blood plasma ANP concentration and effective renal blood (ERBF) and plasma flow (ERPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The experiment was carried out on 10 clinically healthy Black and White calves during the first seven days of postnatal life. The concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in blood plasma was determined with radioimmunoassay. The kidney function was assessed by clearance methods, using para-aminohippuric acid and inulin. The blood plasma ANP concentration increased with age. On the first day the mean concentration of ANP was 5.72 ± 1.34 pmol/l, on the 7th day it was 14.34 ± 2.09 pmol/l. The ERBF and ERPF during the first week of life showed variations, mean ERBF ranging within 280.22 ± 10.30 ml/min/m2 (1st day) and 338.25 ± 13.72 ml/min/m2 (7th day) and ERPF ranging between 179.77 ± 8.27 ml/min/m2 (1st day) and 245.22 ± 9.86 ml/min/m2 (7th day). The mean GFR on the first day was 35.68 ± 2.10 ml/min/m2 and significantly (p < 0.01) increased on the second day 49.97 ± 1.76 ml/min/m2, subsequently GFR remained on a stabile level average 51.06 ml/min/m2. The studies showed no correlations between plasma ANP concentration and ERPF (ERBF) and GFR. These data indicate that in calves during the first seven days of postnatal life endogenous ANP did not change the effective renal blood (plasma) flow and glomerular filtration rate.

The effect of "Ferrodex", vitamin A and "Rovimix beta-carotene" on the iron and copper levels in blood plasma of calves.

The effect of Ferrodex, vitamin A and synthetic beta-carotene on the content of iron and copper in the blood serum has been investigated in three groups of calves: I control group without vitamin supplements, II group received only once with the first colostrum dose 1.5 million IU of vitamin A, III group received Rovimix beta carotene containing 10 per cent of the synthetic beta carotene with Mlekomix from the 21st day to the 13th week of life. Moreover half of the calves from each group received Ferrodex intramusculary. Content of iron, total iron binding capacity by serum proteins, level of indirect and direct copper as well as the content of ceruloplasmin were determined in the blood serum of calves. Moreover hematocrit and hemoglobin content in the blood were determined. The results obtained show that a triple intramuscular injection of Ferrodex caused an increase of the level of iron, copper and ceruloplasmin in the blood serum of calves. However, a single administration of vitamin A to the calves or a continuous administration of Rovimix beta-carotene decreased significantly the level of iron and ceruloplasmin copper in blood serum as well as caused a more dynamic ceruloplasmin synthesis with a simultaneous increase in its utilization.

Vitamin A and Carotene Metabolism in Cows and their Calves Fed from Buckets

Bouda J., P. Jagos, VI. Dvorak, V. HamSik: Vitamin A and Carotene Meta­ bolism in Cows and their Calves Fedfrom Buckets. Acta vet. Bmo, 49, 1979: 45-52~ The vitamin A and carotene metabolism has been studied in 40 cows and their calves up to the age of three months under conditions of intensive production during winter season. The vitamin A level in blood plasma of pre-partum cows was found to be lower than that of post-partum cows. The vitamin A concentration in the first colostrum was 10 times higher than the concentration found in cow blood plasma. The carotene level in colostrum was lower than that in blood plasma of cows. Before the first colostrum intake the average vitamin A concentration in blood plasma of calves was very low and did not exceed 10 pg/100 ml. After the colostrum ingestion the plasma vitamin A level raised, the hypovitaminosis A was, however, found in 75 % of followed calves and in high number of calves continued up to the age of 3 weeks. In the following period the occurrence of hypovitaminosis in calves was reduced which was brought about by the addition of vitamin in milk substitute. The significant rise in plasma vitamin A levels occurred during the first weeks of calf life after vitamin A had been supplemented into the first colostrum. The carotene levels in blood plasma of calves up to the age of 8 weeks were very low and their increase appeared after the hay ingestion. Under conditions of large-scale animal production the animals are concentrated in a small area and therefore the· hypovitaminoses are accompanied by a potential danger of a disease affecting first of all the alimentary and respiratory tracts. It follows from our results that the addition of vitamin A to calves in first days of their lives, especially in winter season, is of a great imporance.

Vitamin E and C in the Blood Plasma of Cows and their Calves Fed from Buckets

Bouda J., P. Jagos, R. Dvorak, J. Ondrova: Vitamin E and C in the Blood Plasma of Cows and their Calves Fedfrom Buckets. Acta vet. Brno, 49,1980: 53-58. The vitamin E and C levels were studied in the blood plasma and colostrum of 40 cows and in the blood plasma of their calves until the age of 3 months. The assays were made in winter. The vitamin E levels prior to and after parturition did not show appreciable differences while the vitamin C levels prior to parturition were significantly lower. The vitamin E concentration in the first milk surpassed ca. 2.5 times that found in the plasma of the dams. In the newborn calves ca. 5 times lower vitamin E plasma content was estimated than in their mothers. This amount increased gradually with ageing of the calves from the original 114 ,ug/l00 ml prior to feeding colostrum up to 250 ,ug/l00 ml at the age of 3 months. The vitamin E levels of the 3-month old calves did not reach half the values found in their mothers. The vitamin E protects the vitamin A from oxidation and it contributes to formation of antibodies. Therefore it seems reasonable to enrich the food (milk) for calves in the first days of life. Highest vitamin C level in the blood plasma of calves was found in the first days after birth. Low vitamin C levels were then determined in the 6-week old and 3-month old calves, i. e. in the period of high incidence of the respiratory syndrome. Cow, calf, blood plasma, colostrum, age.

Changes in the concentration of lipids and some other constituents in the blood plasma of calves from birth to 6 months of age.

This paper describes the changes in concentration of the major lipid fractions, glucose, and protein in plasma from the jugular vein of six calves from birth to 6 months of age. Changes in haematocrit over this period are also presented.

Effect of Some Antioxidants on the Utilization of Carotene by Holstein Calves

Summary The effect of three antioxidants, N,N′-diphenyl-para-phenylenediamine (DPPD), 6-ethoxy-2,2-4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (Santoquin), and 2,5-ditertiarybutylhydroquinone (DTBH), on the utilization of carotene from alfalfa was studied with 32 male Holstein calves. These calves were raised to 63 days of age on a standard limited whole milk, limited starter, and free-choice alfalfa hay regime. On the 64th day of age each calf was fed an intake of a vitamin A depletion ration to provide an anticipated rate of gain in live weight of 10 lb. per 7-day period. When the blood plasma vitamin A level for each calf had decreased to or less than 10.0 γ/100 ml., each calf was then fed either 60 or 540 γ carotene from artificially dehydrated alfalfa per pound live weight per day without or with the addition of one of the three antioxidants at 0.01% of the ration for 12 consecutive 7-day intervals. Upon completion of this period, the comparison period, the carotene was removed from the rations of all calves and the antioxidants from the rations of half the calves previously receiving them. This regime, the final depletion period, was maintained until each calf's blood plasma vitamin A concentration decreased to less than 4.0 γ per 100 ml. for two consecutive 7-day intervals, at which time the calf was slaughtered. The following results were found: 1. Calves fed antioxidants during the comparison period, when carotene from alfalfa was included in the ration, had higher concentrations of carotenoids in the plasma than did the control calves. 2. Calves fed antioxidants during only the comparison period and calves fed antioxidants during both the comparison and final depletion periods had longer vitamin A depletion times than the control calves. This finding indicated greater vitamin A storage at the end of the carotene feeding period and thus greater utilization of carotene. 3. Based on the inappreciable differences of the responses between calves fed antioxidants during only the comparison period and those fed antioxidants during both the comparison and final depletion periods, it was suggested that the main site of activity of the antioxidants with respect to their effect on utilization of carotene was the gut. 4. Upon the completion of the final depletion period, liver lipids and liver total tocopherol concentrations were slightly greater in the calves fed antioxidants. 5. At the end of the final depletion period calves fed DPPD had significantly lower spinal fluid pressures than the controls or those fed Santoquin or DTBH.

Blood Levels of Ascorbic Acid and Vitamin A during Vitamin A Depletion and Effect of Administration of Ascorbic Acid during Terminal Vitamin A Depletion in the Dairy Cow

Summary Eighteen calves, nine Guernseys and nine Holsteins, 105 days of age and previously raised on a limited-whole milk and dry-calf starter system, were fed a vitamin a depletion ration in amounts adjusted at 7 day intervals for liveweight. During initial vitamin A depletion, from 105 days of age until each calf's blood plasma level of vitamin A decreased to less than 4.0γ percent, there was no significant decrease either in whole blood or plasma ascorbic acid levels. In contrast, both plasma carotene and vitamin A decreased in a relatively uniform manner. During terminal vitamin A depletion, after blood plasma levels of vitamin A of less than 4.0γ were reached, there was a decrease in consumption of the feed allowed, accompanied by decreases in blood levels of ascorbic acid as well as initial appearance of clinical symptoms of vitamin A deficiency. In addition, spinal fluid pressures of greater than 200mm. H 2 0 were observed. Subsequent administration of ascorbic acid subcutaneously for a 14-day period did not alleviate the anorexia, the clinical symptoms of terminal vitamin A de-pletion or the increased spinal fluid pressure. In contrast, administration of vitamin A orally resulted in complete consumption of the feed allowed, significant decreases in spinal fluid pressure and disappearance or alleviation of clinical symptoms. Upon slaughter, all calves given ascorbic acid had squamous metaplasia in the parotid gland ducts, whereas of those calves given Vitamin A, one showed squamous metaplasia, two had no lesions and three had transitional type epithelium.

The Effect of Prepartum Vitamin A Supplementation on the Health and Performance of the Young Calf

Summary The effects of feeding 1million I.U. of vitamin A, in the form of dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal, the ester form of vitamin A and the alcohol form of vitamin A, daily to cows 30 days prepartum on the blood plasma levels of carotene and vitamin A, liveweight changes, feed consumption and incidence of scours of calves from birth to 28 days of age have been studied. Carotene levels in the blood plasma of calves from dams fed the alcohol form of vitamin A were significantly higher during the experimental period than calves from dams in the other dietary groupings. Also, calves from dams receiving the ester form of vitamin A were significantly higher in plasma carotene than calves from dams fed alfalfa leaf meal. Plasma of calves from cows fed vitamin A as either ester or alcohol was significantly higher in vitamin A than that of calves from the basal dams or those fed alfalfa leaf meal. Greater liveweight increases were observed in calves from dams fed either form of vitamin A than in calves from dams fed the basal ration alone or with alfalfa leaf meal. In addition, calves from dams fed alfalfa leaf meal made greater increases in liveweight during the entire experimental period than calves from basal dams. There were no statistical differences found in feed consumption. Incidence of scours was significantly lower in calves from dams fed either form of vitamin A than that observed in calves from control dams. Calves from dams fed alfalfa leaf meal had fewer cases of scours than calves from control dams.

Vitamin A and Carotene Content of the Blood Plasma of Dairy Calves from Birth up to Four Months of Age

Summary 1.The vitamin A content of the blood plasma of calves of the Holstein, Ayrshire and Guernsey breeds from birth up to four months of age varies from 7.2 to 14 micrograms per 100ml. 2.These values are in the deficient range when compared with those for vitamin A deficient calves at one year of age. 3.Some vitamin A supplementation is indicated where difficulty in raising calves is encountered. 4.The feeding of high-carotene lespedeza hay produced higher plasma vitamin A values in young calves than No. 1 mixed clover and timothy hay.