Blood Oxygenation Level-dependent fMRI Research Articles

Functional magnetic resonance imaging for staging chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The commonly used clinical indicators are not sensitive and comprehensive enough to evaluate the early staging of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to evaluate the differences in arterial spin labeling (ASL) and blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-MRI) parameter values among patients at various stages of chronic kidney disease and healthy individuals. Electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Embase were searched from inception to March 29, 2024, to identify relevant studies on ASL and BOLD in CKD. The renal blood flow (RBF) and apparent relaxation rate (R2*) values were obtained from healthy individuals and patients with various stages of CKD. The meta-analysis was conducted using STATA version 12.0. The random-effects model was used to obtain estimates of the effects, and the results were expressed as 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and mean differences (MDs) of continuous variables. A total of 18 published studies were included in this meta-analysis. The cortical RBF and R2* values and medulla RBF values were considerably distinct between patients with various stages of CKD and healthy controls (MD, - 78.162; 95% CI, - 85.103 to - 71.221; MD, 2.440; 95% CI, 1.843 to 3.037; and MD, - 36.787; 95% CI, - 47.107 to - 26.468, respectively). No obvious difference in medulla R2* values was noted between patients with various stages of CKD and healthy controls (MD, - 1.475; 95% CI, - 4.646 to 1.696). ASL and BOLD may provide complementary and distinct information regarding renal function and could potentially be used together to gain a more comprehensive understanding of renal physiology.

Shen Shuai II recipe improves renal hypoxia to attenuate renal injury in 5/6 renal ablation/infarction rats and effect evaluation using blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging

Background: Renal hypoxia plays a key role in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Shen Shuai II Recipe (SSR) has shown good results in the treatment of CKD as a common herbal formula. This study aimed to explore the effect of SSR on renal hypoxia and injury in CKD rats. Methods: Twenty-five Wistar rats underwent 5/6 renal ablation/infarction (A/I) surgery were randomly divided into three groups: 5/6 (A/I), 5/6 (A/I) + losartan (LOS), and 5/6 (A/I) + SSR groups. Another eight normal rats were used as the Sham group. After 8-week corresponding interventions, blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI) was performed to evaluate renal oxygenation in all rats, and biochemical indicators were used to measure kidney and liver function, hemoglobin, and proteinuria. The expression of fibrosis and hypoxia-related proteins was analyzed using immunoblotting examination. Results: Renal oxygenation, evaluated by BOLD-fMRI as cortical and medullary T2* values (COT2* and MET2*), was decreased in 5/6 (A/I) rats, but increased after SSR treatment. SSR also downregulated the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in 5/6 (A/I) kidneys. With the improvement of renal hypoxia, renal function and fibrosis were improved in 5/6 (A/I) rats, accompanied by reduced proteinuria. Furthermore, the COT2* and MET2* were significantly positively correlated with the levels of creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) and hemoglobin, but negatively associated with the levels of serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum cystatin C (CysC), serum uric acid (UA), 24-h urinary protein (24-h Upr), and urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR). Conclusion: The degree of renal oxygenation reduction is correlated with the severity of renal injury in CKD. SSR can improve renal hypoxia to attenuate renal injury in 5/6 (A/I) rats of CKD.

Functional organization of the human corpus callosum unveiled with BOLD-fMRI gradients

Abstract Gradients capture the underlying functional organization of the brain. Cortical gradients have been well characterized, however very little is known about the underlying gradient of the white matter. Here, we proposed a functionally gradient mapping of the corpus callosum by using blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI), which for the first time uncovered three distinct but stable spatial axes: posterior-anterior, dorsal-ventral, and left-right. The three spatial patterns were replicated in another independent cohort and robust across scanning conditions. We further associated the three gradient maps with brain anatomy, connectome, and task-related brain functions, by using structural magnetic resonance imaging, both resting-state and task fMRI, and diffusion tensor imaging data. The posterior-anterior gradient distribution of the corpus callosum showed a similar pattern with the cerebral cortex, gradually extending from the primary cortex to the transmodal cortex. The dorsal-ventral gradient distribution revealed an N-shaped pattern from the primary cortex to the higher-order cognitive cortex. The posterior-anterior and dorsal-ventral gradient maps were also associated with white-matter microstructures, such as fractional anisotropy and myelin water fraction. The left-right gradient showed an inverted V-shaped pattern, which delineated the inter-hemisphere separation. These findings provide fundamental insight into the functional organization of the human corpus callosum, unveiling potential patterns of functional interaction with the cerebral cortex and their associations with cognitive behaviors.

Tracing the development of learned song preferences in the female zebra finch brain with functional magnetic resonance imaging.

In sexually dimorphic zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), only males learn to sing their father's song, whereas females learn to recognize the songs of their father or mate but cannot sing themselves. Memory of learned songs is behaviorally expressed in females by preferring familiar songs over unfamiliar ones. Auditory association regions such as the caudomedial mesopallium (CMM; or caudal mesopallium) have been shown to be key nodes in a network that supports preferences for learned songs in adult females. However, much less is known about how song preferences develop during the sensitive period of learning in juvenile female zebra finches. In this study, we used blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to trace the development of a memory-based preference for the father's song in female zebra finches. Using BOLD fMRI, we found that only in adult female zebra finches with a preference for learned song over novel conspecific song, neural selectivity for the father's song was localized in the thalamus (dorsolateral nucleus of the medial thalamus; part of the anterior forebrain pathway, AFP) and in CMM. These brain regions also showed a selective response in juvenile female zebra finches, although activation was less prominent. These data reveal that neural responses in CMM, and perhaps also in the AFP, are shaped during development to support behavioral preferences for learned songs.

Cerebral activation caused by dental sounds: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

Dental drilling sounds can induce anxiety in some patients. This study aimed to use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess the relationship between dental fear and auditory stimuli. Thirty-four right-handed individuals (21 women and 13 men; average age, 31.2years) were selected. The level of dental fear was assessed using the dental fear survey (DFS). Based on a threshold DFS score > 52, participants were categorized into two groups: dental fear (DF) group (n = 12) and control group (n = 22). Two types of stimuli were presented in a single session: dental and neutral sounds. Cerebral activation during the presentation of these sounds was evaluated using contrast-enhanced blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI. In the DF group, dental sounds induced significantly stronger activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus and left caudate nucleus (one-sample t test, P < 0.001). In contrast, in the control group, significantly stronger activation was observed in the bilateral Heschl's gyri and left middle frontal gyrus (one-sample t test, P < 0.001). Additionally, a two-sample t test revealed that dental sounds induced a significantly stronger activation in the left caudate nucleus in the DF group than in the control group (P < 0.005). These findings suggest that the cerebral activation pattern in individuals with DF differs from that in controls. Increased activation of subcortical regions may be associated with sound memory during dental treatment.

Heartbeat-evoked neural response abnormalities in generalized anxiety disorder during peripheral adrenergic stimulation.

Hyperarousal symptoms in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are often incongruent with the observed physiological state, suggesting that abnormal processing of interoceptive signals is a characteristic feature of the disorder. To examine the neural mechanisms underlying interoceptive dysfunction in GAD, we evaluated whether adrenergic modulation of cardiovascular signaling differentially affects the heartbeat-evoked potential (HEP), an electrophysiological marker of cardiac interoception, during concurrent electroencephalogram and functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) scanning. Intravenous infusions of the peripheral adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (0.5 and 2.0 micrograms, μg) were administered in a randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled fashion to dynamically perturb the cardiovascular system while recording the associated EEG-fMRI responses. During the 0.5 μg isoproterenol infusion, the GAD group (n = 24) exhibited significantly larger changes in HEP amplitude in an opposite direction than the healthy comparison (HC) group (n = 24). In addition, the GAD group showed significantly larger absolute HEP amplitudes than theHC groupduring saline infusions, when cardiovascular tone did not increase. No significant group differences in HEP amplitude were identified during the 2.0 μg isoproterenol infusion. Using analyzable blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI data from participants with concurrent EEG-fMRI data (21 GAD and 21 HC), we found that the aforementioned HEP effects were uncorrelated with fMRI signals in the insula, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, and somatosensory cortex, brain regions implicated in cardiac signal processing in prior fMRI studies. These findings provide additional evidence of dysfunctional cardiac interoception in GAD and identify neural processes at the electrophysiological level that may be independent from blood oxygen level-dependent responses during peripheral adrenergic stimulation.

Atopic dermatitis and stress: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of female patients with atopic dermatitis using an arithmetic task

AbstractBackgroundAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by eczematous lesions, dry skin and persistent itch. AD may worsen due to psychological stress. However, little is known about the neural correlates that mediate the interaction between psychological stress and AD.ObjectivesTo identify the possible difference in brain activation during arithmetic‐task induced stress in patients with AD versus healthy controls (HC) as well as the link between the brain response and clinical and psychodemographic parameters.MethodsA cohort of 29 AD female patients and 23 matched HC were recruited to investigate the potential difference in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) response to a block‐designed arithmetic paradigm. Both the HC and AD subjects were evaluated regarding their psychological traits, and for the AD subjects also their clinical characteristics, including stress indicators such as heart rate and salivary cortisol. We employed both univariate and multivariate statistical methods to analyse the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI response of the subjects to the block‐designed arithmetic paradigm.Results(1) Compared with HC subjects, the AD patients depict less deactivation in the default mode network including right angular gyrus, bilateral temporal pole and temporal lobe in response to the arithmetic task. (2) The BOLD fMRI response amplitude in the right postcentral gyrus and inferior parietal lobule is positively correlated with the stress susceptibility scores in the AD subjects, whereas the trend was the opposite of this for the HC subjects. (3) The activation in the postcentral gyrus also shows a correlation with the degree of itch in the AD patients.ConclusionsThe BOLD fMRI measurements based on an arithmetic paradigm can provide useful insight into altered brain processing and its association with psychological traits and clinical characteristics in subjects with AD. Psychological stress exacerbates brain activities for the AD subjects in the motor, somatosensory association cortex, perception and sensory integration processing. The postcentral gyrus might be of particular interest for itch and stress.

Adaptive smoothing of retinotopic maps based on Teichmüller parametrization

Retinotopic mapping, the mapping between visual inputs on the retina and neural responses on the cortical surface, is one of the fundamental topics in visual neuroscience. In human studies, retinotopic maps are conventionally constructed and processed by decoding blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses to designed visual stimuli on the cortical surface. However, these methods frequently generate retinotopic maps that do not preserve topology, contradicting a fundamental property of retinotopic maps observed in neurophysiology. To address this problem, we propose an integrated approach to simultaneously refine the flattening from the 3D cortical surface to the 2D parametric space and adaptively smooth retinotopic perception centers in the visual space to make the retinotopic maps topological. One key element of the approach is the enhanced error tolerant Teichmüller mapping, which refines the parametrization by minimizing angle distortions and maximizing alignment to noisy landmarks. We validated our overall approach with synthetic and real retinotopic mapping datasets and applied it to compute cortical magnification factor (CMF). The results showed that the proposed approach was superior to other conventional retinotopic mapping methods in predicting BOLD fMRI time series and preserving topology.

Static and dynamic fMRI-derived functional connectomes represent largely similar information.

Functional connectivity (FC) of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI time series can be estimated using methods that differ in sensitivity to the temporal order of time points (static vs. dynamic) and the number of regions considered in estimating a single edge (bivariate vs. multivariate). Previous research suggests that dynamic FC explains variability in FC fluctuations and behavior beyond static FC. Our aim was to systematically compare methods on both dimensions. We compared five FC methods: Pearson's/full correlation (static, bivariate), lagged correlation (dynamic, bivariate), partial correlation (static, multivariate), and multivariate AR model with and without self-connections (dynamic, multivariate). We compared these methods by (i) assessing similarities between FC matrices, (ii) by comparing node centrality measures, and (iii) by comparing the patterns of brain-behavior associations. Although FC estimates did not differ as a function of sensitivity to temporal order, we observed differences between the multivariate and bivariate FC methods. The dynamic FC estimates were highly correlated with the static FC estimates, especially when comparing group-level FC matrices. Similarly, there were high correlations between the patterns of brain-behavior associations obtained using the dynamic and static FC methods. We conclude that the dynamic FC estimates represent information largely similar to that of the static FC.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation.

High-resolution retinotopic blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with a wide-view presentation can be used to functionally map the peripheral and central visual cortex. This method for measuring functional changes of the visual brain allows for functional mapping of the occipital lobe, stimulating >100° (±50°) or more of the visual field, compared to standard fMRI visual presentation setups which usually cover <30° of the visual field. A simple wide-view stimulation system for BOLD fMRI can be set up using common MR-compatible projectors by placing a large mirror or screen close to the subject's face and using only the posterior half of a standard head coil to provide a wide-viewing angle without obstructing their vision. The wide-view retinotopic fMRI map can then be imaged using various retinotopic stimulation paradigms, and the data can be analyzed to determine the functional activity of visual cortical regions corresponding to central and peripheral vision. This method provides a practical, easy-to-implement visual presentation system that can be used to evaluate changes in the peripheral and central visual cortex due to eye diseases such as glaucoma and the vision loss that may accompany them.

Generalized Calibrated BOLD fMRI for the Relationship between Cerebral Metabolism and Hypertensive Status

AbstractBackgroundElevated blood pressure levels during mid‐life have been found to be associated with an increased susceptibility to developing dementia later in life, particularly vascular dementia. Quantitative imaging biomarkers, such as Oxygen Extraction Fraction (OEF) and Cerebral Metabolism Rate of Oxygen (CMRO2), can be indicators of impaired cerebral metabolism. Calibrated Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is a multi‐parametric approach utilizing hyperoxic and hypercapnic gas challenges (Figure 1). The impact of hypertension on OEF and CMRO2 has been investigated.MethodA cohort of 84 participants was recruited from the Wake Forest Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center (ADRC) Clinical Core (Table 1). Among all the covariates, participants with prediabetes and diabetes were considered diabetic, and those who exhibited high blood pressure or were using medication to manage hypertension were classified as hypertensive. The MRI was conducted using a 3T Siemens Skyra MRI scanner with a 32‐channel head coil. Dynamic Pseudocontinuous Arterial Spin Labeling (PCASL) was used to acquire cerebral blood flow (CBF) and BOLD images during respiratory challenges with an end‐tidal forcing system. The ROI values in the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and occipital lobe regions were chosen. The correlation between hypertensive status and OEF and CMRO2 in the ROI was analyzed with a linear mixed model, with covariates of age, sex, cognitive status, APOE genotype, diabetic status, and hypertensive status.ResultA negative correlation was found between CBF, OEF, and CMRO2 with hypertensive status in frontal lobe region (Figure 2). Statistical significance was observed for OEF and CMRO2 (p = 0.049 and p = 0.028, respectively), indicating the potential influence of hypertensive status on these biomarkers.ConclusionThe study concludes that there is a significant negative association between hypertensive status and both OEF and CMRO2, particularly in the frontal lobe region. The observed reduction in OEF and CMRO2 is not solely due to decreased CBF, but rather complex and multifactorial processes involving vascular remodeling and altered oxygen metabolism. Additional research is necessary to fully understand the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that link hypertension to decreased OEF and CMRO2, particularly in the context of regional specificity.

Altered Resting‐state fMRI BOLD Signal Fluctuations in the Spectrum of Alzheimer’s Dementia and in Patients with White Matter Hyperintensities

AbstractBackgroundAltered fluctuations in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal during resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI) have been considered indicative of decreased cerebrovascular health. Previous studies reported changes in BOLD fluctuations associated with Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) and white matter hyperintensities (WMH). However, to date, there has been no large‐scale study involving patients with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), subjective cognitive decline (SCD), and control subjects (CON) that has explored local AD‐ and WMH‐related effects in BOLD fluctuations.MethodWe calculated the voxel‐based coefficient of variation (CV: standard deviation divided by the mean) and the relative CV (rCV: CV divided by the mean CV of the whole‐brain) of the rs‐fMRI BOLD signal in the large multicentric DZNE DELCODE cohort. After spatial preprocessing, regression of movement parameters, movement spikes, and scanner drift, low‐pass filtering and exclusion of subjects with high motion, CV and rCV maps were obtained and compared with respect to (A) clinical diagnosis (AD: n = 79; MCI: n = 113; SCD: n = 314; CON: n = 192) and cerebrospinal fluid Aß42/40 (AD: n = 41; MCI: n = 64; SCD: n = 139; CON: n = 77); and (B) effects of vascular‐related lesions, here WMH.ResultThe CV and rCV of the precuneus and middle cingulum indicated increasingly reduced BOLD fluctuation across the clinical groups towards AD. Interestingly, we observed increases in rCV in the basal ganglia and frontal white matter in AD compared with CON. Of note, lower CSF Aß42/40 (more pathological) was associated to reduced CV and rCV in the precuneus and with lower rCV in the right angular gyrus. Subjects with higher WMH volume showed widespread reductions of CV in white matter near the left angular gyrus and reduced rCV in large portions of white matter and subcortical gray matter.ConclusionThe AD spectrum exhibits altered BOLD fluctuations that are at least partially tied to actual amyloid differences. Larger WMH are associated with reduced BOLD signal fluctuations consistent with widespread white matter pathology ‐ beyond the effects of diagnosis. We argue that rCV is a useful complement to CV to detect these changes that might reflect cerebrovascular impairment.

Altered Resting‐state fMRI BOLD Signal Fluctuations in the Spectrum of Alzheimer’s Dementia and in Patients with White Matter Hyperintensities

AbstractBackgroundAltered fluctuations in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal during resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI) have been considered indicative of decreased cerebrovascular health. Previous studies reported changes in BOLD fluctuations associated with Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) and white matter hyperintensities (WMH). However, to date, there has been no large‐scale study involving patients with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), subjective cognitive decline (SCD), and control subjects (CON) that has explored local AD‐ and WMH‐related effects in BOLD fluctuations.MethodWe calculated the voxel‐based coefficient of variation (CV: standard deviation divided by the mean) and the relative CV (rCV: CV divided by the mean CV of the whole‐brain) of the rs‐fMRI BOLD signal in the large multicentric DZNE DELCODE cohort. After spatial preprocessing, regression of movement parameters, movement spikes, and scanner drift, low‐pass filtering and exclusion of subjects with high motion, CV and rCV maps were obtained and compared with respect to (A) clinical diagnosis (AD: n = 79; MCI: n = 113; SCD: n = 314; CON: n = 192) and cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42/40 (AD: n = 41; MCI: n = 64; SCD: n = 139; CON: n = 77); and (B) effects of vascular‐related lesions, here WMH.ResultThe CV and rCV of the precuneus and middle cingulum indicated increasingly reduced BOLD fluctuation across the clinical groups towards AD. Interestingly, we observed increases in rCV in the basal ganglia and frontal white matter in AD compared with CON. Of note, lower CSF Aβ42/40 (more pathological) was associated to reduced CV and rCV in the precuneus and with lower rCV in the right angular gyrus. Subjects with higher WMH volume showed widespread reductions of CV in white matter near the left angular gyrus and reduced rCV in large portions of white matter and subcortical gray matter.ConclusionThe AD spectrum exhibits altered BOLD fluctuations that are at least partially tied to actual amyloid differences. Larger WMH are associated with reduced BOLD signal fluctuations consistent with widespread white matter pathology ‐ beyond the effects of diagnosis. We argue that rCV is a useful complement to CV to detect these changes that might reflect cerebrovascular impairment.

GABA, glutamatergic dynamics and BOLD contrast assessed concurrently using functional MRS during a cognitive task.

A recurring issue in functional neuroimaging is how to link task-driven haemodynamic blood oxygen level dependent functional MRI (BOLD-fMRI) responses to underlying neurochemistry at the synaptic level. Glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters respectively, are typically measured with MRS sequences separately from fMRI, in the absence of a task. The present study aims to resolve this disconnect, developing acquisition and processing techniques to simultaneously assess GABA, glutamate and glutamine (Glx) and BOLD in relation to a cognitive task, at 3 T. Healthy subjects (N = 81) performed a cognitive task (Eriksen flanker), which was presented visually in a task-OFF, task-ON block design, with individual event onset timing jittered with respect to the MRS readout. fMRS data were acquired from the medial anterior cingulate cortex during task performance, using an adapted MEGA-PRESS implementation incorporating unsuppressed water-reference signals at a regular interval. These allowed for continuous assessment of BOLD activation, through T2 *-related changes in water linewidth. BOLD-fMRI data were additionally acquired. A novel linear model was used to extract modelled metabolite spectra associated with discrete functional stimuli, building on well established processing and quantification tools. Behavioural outcomes from the flanker task, and activation patterns from the BOLD-fMRI sequence, were as expected from the literature. BOLD response assessed through fMRS showed a significant correlation with fMRI, specific to the fMRS-targeted region of interest; fMRS-assessed BOLD additionally correlated with lengthening of response time in the incongruent flanker condition. While no significant task-related changes were observed for GABA+, a significant increase in measured Glx levels (~8.8%) was found between task-OFF and task-ON periods. These findings verify the efficacy of our protocol and analysis pipelines for the simultaneous assessment of metabolite dynamics and BOLD. As well as establishing a robust basis for further work using these techniques, we also identify a number of clear directions for further refinement in future studies.

Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients Treated with Androgen Deprivation Therapy: A Multimodality Functional Imaging Study to Evaluate Neuroinflammation.

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer is implicated as a possible cause of cognitive impairment (CI). CI in dementia and Alzheimer's disease is associated with neuroinflammation. In this study, we investigated a potential role of neuroinflammation in ADT-related CI. Patients with prostate cancer on ADT for ≥3 months were categorized as having ADT-emergent CI or normal cognition (NC) based on self-report at interview. Neuroinflammation was evaluated using positron emission tomography (PET) with the translocator protein (TSPO) radioligand [11C]-PBR28. [11C]-PBR28 uptake in various brain regions was quantified as standardized uptake value (SUVR, normalized to cerebellum) and related to blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI) choice-reaction time task (CRT) activation maps. Eleven patients underwent PET: four with reported CI (rCI), six with reported NC (rNC), and one status unrecorded. PET did not reveal any between-group differences in SUVR regionally or globally. There was no difference between groups on brain activation to the CRT. Regardless of the reported cognitive status, there was strong correlation between PET-TSPO signal and CRT activation in the hippocampus, amygdala, and medial cortex. We found no difference in neuroinflammation measured by PET-TSPO between patients with rCI and rNC. However, we speculate that the strong correlation between TSPO uptake and BOLD-fMRI activation in brain regions involved in memory and known to have high androgen-receptor expression mediating plasticity (hippocampus and amygdala) might reflect inflammatory effects of ADT with compensatory upregulated/increased synaptic functions. Further studies of this imaging readout are warranted to investigate ADT-related CI.

Whole-brain, gray, and white matter time-locked functional signal changes with simple tasks and model-free analysis

Recent studies have revealed the production of time-locked blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) signals throughout the entire brain in response to tasks, challenging the existence of sparse and localized brain functions and highlighting the pervasiveness of potential false negative fMRI findings. "Whole-brain" actually refers to gray matter, the only tissue traditionally studied with fMRI. However, several reports have demonstrated reliable detection of BOLD signals in white matter, which have previously been largely ignored. Using simple tasks and analyses, we demonstrate BOLD signal changes across the whole brain, in both white and gray matters, in similar manner to previous reports of whole brain studies. We investigated whether white matter displays time-locked BOLD signals across multiple structural pathways in response to a stimulus in a similar manner to the cortex. We find that both white and gray matter show time-locked activations across the whole brain, with a majority of both tissue types showing statistically significant signal changes for all task stimuli investigated. We observed a wide range of signal responses to tasks, with different regions showing different BOLD signal changes to the same task. Moreover, we find that each region may display different BOLD responses to different stimuli. Overall, we present compelling evidence that, just like all gray matter, essentially all white matter in the brain shows time-locked BOLD signal changes in response to multiple stimuli, challenging the idea of sparse functional localization and the prevailing wisdom of treating white matter BOLD signals as artifacts to be removed.

Functional FDG-PET: Measurement of Task Related Neural Activity in Humans-A Compartment Model Approach and Comparison to fMRI.

Neuroimaging holds an essential position in global healthcare, as brain-related disorders are a substantial and growing burden. Non-degenerative disorders such as stress, depression and anxiety share common function related traits of diffuse and fluctuating changes, such as change in brain-based functions of mood, behavior and cognitive abilities, where underlying physiological mechanism remain unresolved. In this study we developed a novel application for studying intra-subject task-activated brain function by the quantitative physiological measurement of the change in glucose metabolism in a single scan setup. Data were acquired on a PET/MR-scanner. We implemented a functional [18F]-FDG PET-scan with double boli-tracer administration and finger-tapping activation, as proof-of-concept, in five healthy participants. The [18F]-FDG data were analyzed using a two-tissue compartment double boli kinetic model with an image-derived input function. For stand-alone visual reference, blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) was acquired in the same session and analyzed separately. We were able to measure the cerebral glucose metabolic rate during baseline as well as activation. Results showed increased glucose metabolic rate during activation by 36.3-87.9% mean 62.0%, locally in the peak seed region of M1 in the brain, on an intra-subject level, as well as very good spatial accuracy on group level, and localization compared to the BOLD fMRI result at subject and group level. Our novel method successfully determined the relative increase in the cerebral metabolic rate of glucose on a voxel level with good visual association to fMRI at the subject-level, holding promise for future individual clinical application. This approach will be easily adapted in future clinical perspectives and pharmacological interventions studies.

Is the Brainstem Activation Different Between Healthy Young Male and Female Volunteers at Initiation of Voiding? A High Definition 7-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.

Assessing brainstem function in humans through typical neuroimaging modalities has been challenging. Our objective was to evaluate brain and brainstem activation patterns during initiation of voiding in healthy males and females utilizing a 7 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner and a noninvasive brain-bladder functional MRI (fMRI) protocol. Twenty healthy adult volunteers (10 males and 10 females) with no history of urinary symptoms were recruited. Each volunteer underwent a clinic uroflow and postvoid residual assessment and was asked to consume water prior to entering the scanner. Anatomical and diffusion tensor images were obtained first, followed by a blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) during the empty bladder. Subjects indicated when they felt the urge to void, and a full bladder rs-fMRI was obtained. Once completed, the subjects began 5 voiding cycles, where the first 7.5 seconds of each voiding cycle was identified as "initiation of voiding." BOLD activation maps were generated, and regions of interests with a t-value greater than 2.1 were deemed statistically significant. We present 5 distinct regions within the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and pontine micturition center (PMC) with statistically significant activation associated with an initiation of voiding in both men and women, 3 within the PAG and 2 within the PMC. Several additional areas in the brain also demonstrated activation as well. When comparing males to females, there was an overall lower BOLD activation seen in females throughout all regions, with the exception of the caudate lobe. Our study effectively defines regions within the PAG and PMC involved in initiation of voiding in healthy volunteers. To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating differences between male and female brainstem activation utilizing an ultra-high definition 7T MRI.

Detection and Mitigation of Neurovascular Uncoupling in Brain Gliomas.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) technique is useful for preoperative mapping of brain functional networks in tumor patients, providing reliable in vivo detection of eloquent cortex to help reduce the risk of postsurgical morbidity. BOLD task-based fMRI (tb-fMRI) is the most often used noninvasive method that can reliably map cortical networks, including those associated with sensorimotor, language, and visual functions. BOLD resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) is emerging as a promising ancillary tool for visualization of diverse functional networks. Although fMRI is a powerful tool that can be used as an adjunct for brain tumor surgery planning, it has some constraints that should be taken into consideration for proper clinical interpretation. BOLD fMRI interpretation may be limited by neurovascular uncoupling (NVU) induced by brain tumors. Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) mapping obtained using breath-hold methods is an effective method for evaluating NVU potential.

Segmented spin-echo echo-planar imaging improves whole-brain BOLD functional MRI in awake pigeon brains.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in awake small animals such as pigeons or songbirds opens a new window into the neural fundaments of cognitive behavior. However, high-field fMRI in the avian brain is challenging due to strong local magnetic field inhomogeneities caused by air cavities in the skull. A spoiled gradient-echo fMRI sequence has already been used to map the auditory network in songbirds, but due to susceptibility artifacts only 50% of the whole brain could be recorded. Since whole-brain fMRI coverage is vital to reveal whole-brain networks, an MRI sequence that is less susceptible to these artifacts was required. This was recently achieved in various bird species by using a rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) sequence. Weak blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) sensitivity, low temporal resolution, and heat caused by the long train of RF refocusing pulses are the main limits of RARE fMRI at high magnetic fields. To go beyond some of these limitations, we here describe the implementation of a two-segmented spin-echo echo-planar imaging (SE-EPI). The proposed sequence covers the whole brain of awake pigeons. The sequence was applied to investigate the auditory network in awake pigeons and assessed the relative merits of this method in comparison with the single-shot RARE sequence. At the same imaging resolution but with a volume acquisition of 3 s versus 4 s for RARE, the two-segmented SE-EPI provided twice the strength of BOLD activity compared with the single-shot RARE sequence, while the image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and in particular the temporal SNR were very similar for the two sequences. In addition, the activation patterns in two-segmented SE-EPI data are more symmetric and larger than single-shot RARE results. Two-segmented SE-EPI represents a valid alternative to the RARE sequence in avian fMRI research since it yields more than twice the BOLD sensitivity per unit of time with much less energy deposition and better temporal resolution, particularly for event-related experiments.