Monitoring Of Blood Oxygen Saturation Research Articles

Anesthesia practice in collective emergency situations: Example of Togo army peacekeeping hospital

Objective: To report on anesthesia activities at the Togo Armed Forces Hospital deployed to Kidal in northern Mali as part of the Minusma. Patients and methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study carried out from 1er March 2015 to 29 February 2020. Results: One hundred and six (106) patients were treated under anaesthesia, i.e. an average of 21.2 per year. The mean age was 28.9 years, with extremes of 4 and 57 years. The patients were predominantly male, with a sex ratio of 25.5. Military personnel accounted for 74% of patients. Traumatic emergencies were the most frequent (56.4%), including 42.3% war injuries. Trauma and visceral surgeries were the most common at 48.1% and 47.2%. 66.1% of patients were classified as ASA1u. General anesthesia with orotracheal intubation (GA + OTI) was used in 56.6%. Ketamine (68.4%) and Propofol (31.6%) were most commonly used. Rocuronium was used in 88.3% of cases, and Fentanyl was the only morphine used. All patients received minimal monitoring of blood pressure, pulse, electrocardiogram, oxygen saturation and capnogram. Twenty (20) % of patients received a transfusion of packed red blood cells; only one patient received a transfusion of lyophilized plasma. Tranexamic acid was used in 9.4% of patients. Multimodal analgesia was provided with Paracetamol, Nefopam, Ketoprofen and Morphine. Forty-two patients were evacuated after stabilization, 59.5% to level 3 (Dakar) and 40.5% to level 2+ (Bamako). Intraoperative complications were dominated by arterial hypotension (35.2%) and shivering (19.6%). We recorded 0.6% intraoperative deaths. Conclusion: The organization of anesthesia care remains a major challenge in areas with limited medical resources and in conflict zones. It is possible thanks to improved medical equipment and ongoing simulation of medical and paramedical staff in emergency and disaster medicine.

A Human Health System Based on Raspberry Pi and Deep Learning Models

This design uses Raspberry Pi to control the sensors to measure physiological indicators, avoiding the measurement results to be affected by subjective factors. This system design chooses to use a simple sensor, the overall system in the hardware design and production is simple and easy to implement, with low cost, low power consumption, easy to operate and other advantages. This Raspberry Pi based human health monitoring system can basically realise the human body temperature, heart rate and blood oxygen saturation monitoring, and when the above health data exceeds the human body health standard value, it will carry on the alarm reminder. At the same time, the health information can be transmitted to the computer of relatives and family doctors through the network data, so that when the health data is abnormal, you can get the help of relatives and family doctors. Deep learning algorithms can also be used to predict human health trends and identify potential health problems.

PRE-DISCHARGE SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE IN HOSPITALIZED COVID-19 PATIENTS IS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR OF IMROVEMENT IN 6-MINUTE WALK TEST DURING 1-MONTH FOLLOW-UP

Objective: To study the relation of hypertensive status and systolic blood pressure (SBP) pre-discharge values to the dynamics of functional re-conditioning as assessed by 6-minute walk distance during the 1-month follow-up after hospitalization for COVID-19. Design and method: 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) was assessed pre-discharge in 176 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 (40% hypertensive, 47% male, mean age 53,2 ± 13,5 years) using the 20 m walkway and an extended protocol that included monitoring of peripheral pulse and capillary blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) every 30 seconds via bluetooth-connected pulse oximeter. The repeated evaluation was performed after 1 month of follow-up. Results: Hypertensive participants were characterised by older age (57,8±11,8 vs 50,7±13,9, p < 0,001), higher weight and body mass index (31,7±5,3 vs 27,4±4,4 kg/m2, p < 0,001). As a result, 6MWD in them was shorter (378±57 vs 418±75 m, p = 0,001) but no difference in reached percent of predicted distance (6MWD%) was detected (63,0±8,5 vs 63,2±11,1 %, p = 0,939). The described relation persisted at 1 month, with no difference in absolute (72±43 vs 68±43 m, p = 0,324) and percentage gain of 6MWD (12,8±6,6 vs 11,2±7,5 %, p = 0,266) between groups. Multiple regression analysis has allowed to build the model that accounted for 94% of variability in the 6MWD% gain between visits (85% for dedicated hypertensive cohort model). After adjustment for age, sex, height, weight, Remdesivir treatment, minimal SpO2 levels during acute COVID-19, changes of SpO2 and pulse rate throughout the 6MWT, SBP remained a potent independent predictor of 6MWD% gain, with 10 mmHg higher values at baseline evaluation being associated with 21,5% lesser 6MWD% gain in hypertensive subjects and 8,2% lesser – in normotensives. Conclusions: Hypertensive status did not have an impact on 6MWD% in pre-discharge COVID-19 patients. Moderate-to-high quality multiple regression models have demonstrated an independent role of SBP, demographic and anthropometric data, changes of SpO2 and pulse rate throughout the 6MWT in prediction of 6MWD% gain during 1 month after discharge, both in hypertensive and normotensive patients.

STABLE INTRAOPERATIVE PULSE OXIMETRY VALUES DO NOT PROTECT AGAINST A DECREASE IN REGIONAL CEREBRAL OXYGEN SATURATION IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PRIMARY HIP ARTHROPLASTY. A PILOT STUDY

Background and Study objective: Continuous perioperative monitoring of blood oxygen saturation via pulse oximetry is an established standard of care. The incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in orthopedic patients is higher when compared to any other group of hospitalized patients. Although its etiology remains unclear, factors such as thromboembolic complications may play a role. Thromboembolic material, including that released from the surgery site, enters the bloodstream and then travels to the brain. The decrease in blood flow in the involved cerebral vessels may decrease cerebral oxygen saturation. Considering this, we decided to determine if the regional cerebral saturation monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy corresponds with readings of blood oxygen saturation monitored by pulse oximetry in patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty. Methods: A total of 20 patients scheduled for elective total hip arthroplasty were enrolled in the study. All orthopedic procedures were performed under spinal anesthesia and intravenous sedation. Monitoring of regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) was carried out from the time of the initiation of spinal anesthesia until the end of the surgery, using the near-infrared spectroscopy method. In all, 15 patients were analyzed. Results and Conclusions: We found the following: (1) rSO2 values decreased continuously over the surgery, and (2) rSO2 value changes were not related to mean arterial pressure variations or to hemoglobin saturation as analyzed by pulse oximetry.

Blood Oxygen Saturation and Heart Rate Monitor for Home-Based Continuous Monitoring

Pneumonia and COVID-19 are the most infected infectious diseases that deteriorate health of all range of people. If the early treatment is not provided, it may lead to severe heart disease and eventually to mortality. Therefore, continuous heart rate (HR), as well as blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) monitoring can help to detect abnormalities early. As a result, this paper presents a combination of portable continuous SpO2 and HR monitor which focuses on the improvement of internal design and graphical user interface of the mobile application. In this system, MAX30100, a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor, was used to measure SpO2 and HR. Then, the signal was transmitted to Arduino Nano as the master microcontroller to process all acquired data from the sensor. The device was integrated with Android-based mobile application through Bluetooth communication, for displaying the result of the measured real-time parameters continuously and for battery status indication. Quantitative measurements showed that the precision of the circuit system implemented for HR and SpO2 were 99.16% and 99.06%, respectively. This system would improve the working efficiency and life efficiency of the healthcare provider and public.

Contactless SpO2 with an RGB camera: experimental proof of calibrated SpO2.

Camera-based blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) monitoring allows reliable measurements without touching the skin and is therefore very attractive when there is a risk of cross-infection, in case of fragile skin, and/or to improve the clinical workflow. Despite promising results, productization of the technology is hampered by the unavailability of adequate hardware, especially a camera, which can capture the optimal wavelengths for SpO2 measurements in the red near-infrared region. A regular color (RGB) camera is attractive because of its availability, but also poses several risks and challenges which affect the accuracy of the measurement. To mitigate the most important risks, we propose to add low-cost commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components to the setup. We executed two studies with this setup: one at a hypoxia lab with SpO2 values in the range 70 - 100% with the purpose to determine the calibration model, and the other study on volunteers to investigate the accuracy for different spot-check scenarios. The proposed processing pipeline includes face tracking and a robust method to estimate the ratio of relative amplitudes of the photoplethysmographic waveforms. Results show that the error is smaller than 4 percent points for realistic screening scenarios where the subject is seated, either with or without head support and/or ambient light.

Adaptive low-power wrist SpO2 monitoring system design using a multi-filtering scheme

Objective:As most existing medical pulse oximeters conduct the monitoring of blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) at fingertips, the compliance of subjects cannot be ensured. In this paper, we aim to design an SpO2 monitoring system on the wrist, where the thick cortex and unclear vessels make the original collected signals affected by complex noises. Methods:We render an adaptive low-power wrist SpO2 monitoring system, where a multi-filtering scheme based on thresholding, Gaussian filtering and Butterworth filtering is proposed to process the original collected signals. Besides the wrist-worn monitoring terminal, a database is also established on the server for data display and management. The resulting SpO2 values were compared to the professional medical pulse oximeters Yuwell YX306 and Philips DB18. Results:With the multi-filtering scheme, the measurement results of the proposed system matched the medical pulse oximeters well, with average relative errors of 0.6175% compared to the YX306 and 0.555% compared to the DB18 in 400 SpO2 measurements, which were far lower than the tolerance of commercial devices under the ISO80601-2-61 standard. The power consumption of the proposed system was only 2 mW on average. Conclusion:The multi-filtering scheme can remove most noises in the original collected signals, and the proposed system gets superior performances on SpO2 measurement accuracy and power consumption. Significance:The proposed system, designed using the multi-filtering scheme, is able to conduct a stable and effective wrist SpO2 monitoring, with the subject’s compliance ensured. It achieves low power consumption and can be used for long-time continuous SpO2 monitoring.

Assessment of salivary cortisol concentrations for procedural pain monitoring in newborns.

The study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of salivary cortisol (SC) for the assessment of procedural pain intensity in preterm and term newborns. Three groups of neonates (term, 370-416 weeks; moderate to late preterm, 320-366; and very preterm, <320) hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit were assessed for the study. Response to nappy change, lung ultrasound (LUS), and blood sampling was analyzed. The intensity of pain was evaluated using continuous heart rate and blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) monitoring, Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), and SC concentrations. Saliva samples were collected before and 20min after the procedure's end. Seventy-one infants were examined: 30 term, 21 moderate to late preterm, and 20 very preterm. SC has increased significantly in response to nappy change only in very preterm newborns (2.13ng/mL [1.55-3.68] vs. 2.84ng/mL [1.93-9.06], p=0.01). LUS did not affect concentrations of SC in any group. Significant increase in SC was observed after blood sampling in term and very preterm infants (2.2ng/mL [1.45-2.92] vs. 4.29ng/mL [3.88-5.73], p=0.002, and 1.88ng/mL [1.47-4.13] vs. 5.3ng/mL [3.42-8.02], p=0.002, respectively). A significant correlation between values of SC increase and NIPS scores was found (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient [rs]=0.31, p=0.001). We observed the increase in SC concentrations in response to painful stimulus. The presence of a correlation between NIPS scores and SC increase suggests that SC can be used as an objective parameter to assess pain in neonates.

Multication Tin‐Lead Perovskite Photodiodes with Engineered Lattice Strain for Ultrasensitive Broadband Photodetection

AbstractTin‐lead alloyed perovskites with broadband absorption over 1000 nm, are suitable for UV‐vis‐NIR light detection that rivals the crystalline silicon semiconductors. These alloyed perovskites usually experience local lattice distortion and inherent lattice strain, which affect the electronic band structures and introduce detrimental trap states subsequently. To date, the lattice strain and its impact on the physical properties of tin‐lead alloyed perovskites are still less understood. Herein, it is shown that the lattice strain contributes substantially to the band edge electronic structure of multication tin‐lead alloyed perovskites by tilting the metal halide octahedral configuration. It has been found that the release of lattice strain heavily affects the band edge electronic structure of tin‐lead alloyed perovskites by reducing the band tail and shallow trap states as well as narrowing the bandgap simultaneously. Leveraging these insights, the optimized photodetector improves nearly 10‐fold the light detection limit to 0.49 pW cm−2, achieving a record detectivity of &gt;6 × 1012 Jones in the near‐infrared range. The photodetectors on flexible substrates can be further integrated into an amplifier‐free wearable photoplethysmography device for real‐time heart rate and blood oxygen saturation monitoring, showing the promising potential for real applications.

CARDIAC SURGERY VIRTUAL FOLLOW-UP FOR PATIENTS AT HIGH-RISK FOR HOSPITAL READMISSION: DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENHANCED REMOTE TELEMONITORING CARE PLATFORM

CARDIAC SURGERY VIRTUAL FOLLOW-UP FOR PATIENTS AT HIGH-RISK FOR HOSPITAL READMISSION: DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENHANCED REMOTE TELEMONITORING CARE PLATFORM

Emergency Nursing Countermeasures and Experience of Patients with Primary Liver Cancer Nodule Rupture and Hemorrhage.

Objective To explore the emergency nursing countermeasures and nursing experience of patients with primary liver cancer nodule rupture and hemorrhage. Methods 30 patients with primary liver cancer nodule rupture and hemorrhage treated in our hospital since January 2020 after the implementation of emergency nursing countermeasures were selected as the observation group, and another 30 patients with primary liver cancer nodule rupture and hemorrhage treated in our hospital before January 2020 were selected as the control group. The control group received basic nursing intervention, while the observation group received emergency nursing measures. The hemoglobin level, blood oxygen saturation monitoring value, and partial pressure of oxygen of patients with hemorrhagic shock due to nodular rupture of primary liver cancer were compared between the two groups at admission and after nursing care. All indexes of patients during the perioperative period were recorded. The incidence of complications, mortality, and nursing satisfaction rates of the patients' families were compared between the two groups. Results After nursing care, the observation group's patients' hemoglobin level, blood oxygen saturation monitoring value, and partial pressure of oxygen were higher than those of the control group's patients (P < 0.05). The intraoperative bleeding volume, shock correction time, and discharge time of patients in the observation group were lower than those of patients in the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence of complications and mortality in the observation group was significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The nursing satisfaction rate of patients in the observation group was higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion The results of emergency nursing intervention in patients with primary liver cancer rupture and hemorrhage are reliable, which can significantly improve perioperative indicators of patients, reduce complications and mortality, improve nursing satisfaction, and effectively shorten the hospital stay of patients.

METROLOGICAL SUPPORT OF PULSE OXIMETERS

The experience of the International Medical Device Regulators Forum in the use of products for oxygen therapy based on the study of guidelines, international and European regulations on medical devices is considered. Emphasis is placed on issues related to the metrological support of pulse oximeters. The global situation with the pandemic increases the relevance of selected topics. Continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturation is one of the most important elements in the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. Despite the fact that the use of pulse oximeters does not require special medical knowledge, calibration and special maintenance, it is still necessary to control their reliability and accuracy of measurement. The study of pulse oximeter MD300M in accordance with the requirements of DSTU 8893:2019 "Metrology. Pulse oximeters. Calibration Method” 2020. Analysis of MD300M pulse oximeter calibration results revealed that this pulse oximeter was calibrated by the saturation and pulse measurement channel, as the maximum deviation of the measured saturation value from the pulse oximeter calibration measure does not exceed the pulse oximeter measurement documentation specified in the operating documentation. The discreteness of the MD300M pulse oximeter and the discreteness of the reference device MPPO-2, which are specified in the passports for the respective devices, have the greatest influence on the measurement uncertainty.

Evaluating the robustness of a contact-less mHealth solution for personal and remote monitoring of blood oxygen saturation.

MHealth technologies play a fundamental role in epidemiological situations such as the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 because they allow people to self-monitor their health status (e.g. vital parameters) at any time and place, without necessarily having to physically go to a medical clinic. Among vital parameters, special care should be given to monitor blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), whose abnormal values are a warning sign for potential COVID-19 infection. SpO2 is commonly measured through the pulse oximeter that requires skin contact and hence could be a potential way of spreading contagious infections. To overcome this problem, we have recently developed a contact-less mHealth solution that can measure blood oxygen saturation without any contact device but simply processing short facial videos acquired by any common mobile device equipped with a camera. Facial video frames are processed in real-time to extract the remote photoplethysmographic signal useful to estimate the SpO2 value. Such a solution promises to be an easy-to-use tool for both personal and remote monitoring of SpO2. However, the use of mobile devices in daily situations holds some challenges in comparison to the controlled laboratory scenarios. One main issue is the frequent change of perspective viewpoint due to head movements, which makes it more difficult to identify the face and measure SpO2. The focus of this work is to assess the robustness of our mHealth solution to head movements. To this aim, we carry out a pilot study on the benchmark PURE dataset that takes into account different head movements during the measurement. Experimental results show that the SpO2 values obtained by our solution are not only reliable, since they are comparable with those obtained with a pulse oximeter, but are also insensitive to head motion, thus allowing a natural interaction with the mobile acquisition device.

Testing of full face snorkel masks to examine recreational snorkeler deaths

A recent rise in snorkeling-related deaths in Hawaii has inspired several bans on full face snorkel masks (FFSMs). However, while there are theories to explain the deaths, little physiological data exists about the way the FFSMs provide gas to an exercising subject. To evaluate the safety of the FFSM concept, this study was designed to test how use of a full face snorkel mask (FFSM) may be physiologically different than use of a conventional snorkel, and to assess if any of those differences could lead to increased risk for the snorkeler. Ten (10) volunteer human subjects were tested using a variety of commercially available FFSMs, with real-time monitoring of blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), inspired airway pressure, and inspired and expired levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Two of the three FFSM design types were shown not to function as advertised, but none of the masks provided physiologically problematic gas supplies to the snorkelers. While this testing yielded no conclusive “smoking gun” to explain the snorkeler deaths, some of the mask models showed patterns of increasing breathing resistance with water intrusion because of a shared design characteristic, and this increased resistance could potentially create elevated levels of respiratory distress to snorkelers during real-world use.

Consumer Smartwatches As a Portable PSG: LSTM Based Neural Networks for a Sleep-Related Physiological Parameters Estimation.

Recently, mobile and wearable devices have become an increasingly integral part of our lives. They provide a possibility of detailed health monitoring using noninvasive and user-friendly techniques. However, lack of continuous monitoring, the need of specific sensors, and the limitations in memory and power consumption are only some of the potential drawbacks of such devices. In the current paper a system based on a deep recurrent neural network is developed for an automatic continuous monitoring of sleep-related physiological parameters by means of a wearable biosignal monitoring systems. Smartwatches based algorithm for non-invasive monitoring of sleep stages, respiratory events (including sleep apnea and hypopnea), snore and blood oxygen saturation is developed. Our experimental results demonstrate that proposed model constitutes a noninvasive and inexpensive screening system for sleep-related physiological parameters and pathological states. The model has shown a 77 % accuracy in sleep stages prediction, more than 80 % accuracy in epoch-by-epoch respiratory events classification, above 60 % accuracy in snore events classification and above 70 % accuracy in blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) level classification (for a two class problem with a SpO2 threshold of 95 %).

Oxygen Saturation Behavior by Pulse Oximetry in Female Athletes: Breaking Myths.

The myths surrounding women’s participation in sport have been reflected in respiratory physiology. This study aims to demonstrate that continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturation during a maximal exercise test in female athletes is highly correlated with the determination of the second ventilatory threshold () or anaerobic threshold (AnT). The measurements were performed using a pulse oximeter during a maximum effort test on a treadmill on a population of 27 healthy female athletes. A common behavior of the oxygen saturation evolution during the incremental exercise test characterized by a decrease in saturation before the aerobic threshold (AeT) followed by a second significant drop was observed. Decreases in peripheral oxygen saturation during physical exertion have been related to the athlete’s physical fitness condition. However, this drop should not be a limiting factor in women’s physical performance. We found statistically significant correlations between the maximum oxygen uptake and the appearance of the ventilatory thresholds ( and ), the desaturation time, the total test time, and between the desaturation time and the . We observed a relationship between the desaturation time and the appearance. Indeed, a linear regression model between the desaturation time and the appearance can predict of the values in our sample. Besides, we suggest that pulse oximetry is a simple, fairly accurate, and non-invasive technique for studying the physical condition of athletes who perform physical exertion.

Photoacoustic nanodroplets for oxygen enhanced photodynamic therapy of cancer

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-known cancer therapy that utilizes light to excite a photosensitizer and generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). The efficacy of PDT primarily depends on the photosensitizer and oxygen concentration in the tumor. Hypoxia in solid tumors promotes treatment resistance, resulting in poor PDT outcomes. Hence, there is a need to combat hypoxia while delivering sufficient photosensitizer to the tumor for ROS generation. Here we showcase our unique theranostic perfluorocarbon nanodroplets as a triple agent carrier for oxygen, photosensitizer, and indocyanine green that enables light triggered spatiotemporal delivery of oxygen to the tumors. We evaluated the characteristics of the nanodroplets and validated their ability to deliver oxygen via photoacoustic monitoring of blood oxygen saturation and subsequent PDT efficacy in a murine subcutaneous tumor model. The imaging results were validated with an oxygen sensing probe, which showed a 9.1 fold increase in oxygen content inside the tumor, following systemic administration of the nanodroplets. These results were also confirmed with immunofluorescence. In vivo studies showed that nanodroplets held higher rates of treatment efficacy than a clinically available benzoporphyrin derivative formulation. Histological analysis showed higher necrotic area within the tumor with perfluoropentane nanodroplets. Overall, the photoacoustic nanodroplets can significantly enhance image-guided PDT and has demonstrated substantial potential as a valid theranostic option for patient-specific photodynamic therapy-based treatments.

Load tests in the diagnosis of dust pathology of the respiratory system

The influence of aerosols of fibrogenic action on the state of the cardiorespiratory system in dust-hazardous industries does not lose its significance over the years since the pathology of the respiratory organs gradually develops in working-age workers. Continuous medical monitoring of the health status of the working population, improvement of diagnostic research methods and their application at the early stages of exposure to harmful industrial factors will help prevent the development of occupational diseases and preserve the ability to work professional aptitude. Objective. To study the relationship between the state of the cardiorespiratory system and exercise tolerance based on the results of a 6-minute walk test in patients with dust pathology of the respiratory organs. Material and methods. 193 men with confirmed pneumoconiosis (79 people), occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (58 people) and those in contact with the dust factor at work without respiratory pathology (56 people) were examined using echocardiography, spirometry, bodyplethysmography, a 6-minute walking load test with simultaneous monitoring of blood oxygen saturation (saturation) and pulse. Results. The correlation of the results of the 6-minute test with the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system of the subjects was revealed. The oxygen saturation of the blood during the exercise test was confirmed to show a different relationship with the indices of bodyplethysmography and spirometry, characterizing the central pathogenetic moments of the formation of respiratory failure. Conclusion. characteristic changes in saturation during the test with a 6-minute walk make an accessible and at the same time significant contribution to the diagnosis of respiratory organs in workers of dust-hazardous occupations.

A Review of Monitoring Methods for Cerebral Blood Oxygen Saturation.

In recent years, cerebral blood oxygen saturation has become a key indicator during the perioperative period. Cerebral blood oxygen saturation monitoring is conducive to the early diagnosis and treatment of cerebral ischemia and hypoxia. The present study discusses the three most extensively used clinical methods for cerebral blood oxygen saturation monitoring from different aspects: working principles, relevant parameters, current situations of research, commonly used equipment, and relative advantages of different methods. Furthermore, through comprehensive comparisons of the methods, we find that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology has significant potentials and broad applications prospects in terms of cerebral oxygen saturation monitoring. Despite the current NIRS technology, the only bedside non-invasive cerebral oxygen saturation monitoring technology, still has many defects, it is more in line with the future development trend in the field of medical and health, and will become the main method gradually.

Clinical effects and safety of ferric carboxymaltose in pregnancy: An Indian real-life experience.

There is limited clinical evidence of ferric carboxymaltose injection (FCM) usage in Indian pregnant women. We assessed the efficacy and safety of FCM in Indian pregnant women with moderate-to-severe anemia. Single-center, retrospective, observational data collection was conducted at a tertiary care research institute. Data of pregnant women with anemia who received FCM in their second and third trimester was retrieved and analyzed for hematological parameters at baseline and at 4 ± 2 weeks. Neonatal outcomes were also assessed. Adverse events and other safety parameters were noted. Data of 271 patients was retrieved and analyzed for safety and data for 168 patients analyzed for efficacy. A significant increase in hemoglobin was noted with FCM in 4 weeks (1.25 g/dL; p < 0.001). Patients with severe anemia reported an increase in hemoglobin of 4.23 g/dL (p=0.01). Patients receiving FCM in the second trimester noted a significant increase in hemoglobin of 1.74 g/dL (p < 0.001). A significant increase in hemoglobin was noted as early as 20 days (p < 0.001) and also in patients receiving FCM after 34 weeks (p=0.002). No adverse fetal or neonatal outcomes were observed. Adverse events noted in 4% of patients with itching and rash being most common. Continuous monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation for 40 min during and after FCM administration reported no deterioration or negative safety signal. FCM corrects anemia in all subsets of Indian pregnant women and supports evidence of efficacy and safety. Continuous monitoring of vital parameters during FCM infusions supports its excellent safety.