Blood Oxygen Saturation In Patients Research Articles

Design and application of wrist restraint gloves suitable for patients with agitation

Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) often need to have various catheters placed on their bodies due to their severe condition. In order to prevent the occurrence of unplanned extubation, patients' hands should be restrained appropriately. The current restraint gloves used in clinical practice have problems such as improper restraint, easy falling off of oxygen saturation monitoring probes, and pressure injury of hands. Therefore, department of critical care medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine designed a wrist restraint glove suitable for restless patients, and obtained the national utility model patent (ZL 2020 2 1612453.7). The device is composed of restraint gloves and restraint rings, which can not only restrain patients, but also continuously monitor the changes of blood oxygen saturation in patients with restfulness. This device is convenient to use, low cost, comfortable to wear, and can prevent the occurrence of device-related pressure injuries, which is suitable for clinical application.

IoT – based Robot for Medical Assistant and Teleconsultation

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant changes to the way clinicians interact with patients, with the implementation of measures like personal protective equipment, social distancing, and triage facilities. These measures aim to protect healthcare professionals and minimize the transmission of infection. However, despite these precautions, medical personnel still face a high risk of exposure, leading to a shortage of essential workforce during the pandemic. To address this challenge, medical assistant robots controlled by clinicians are introduced to enable a dynamic evaluation process within hospitals. The telehealth systems are mounted on robotic platforms, allowing them to move between patients, rooms, or wards in a hospital setting. By utilizing a temperature sensor and a pulse-oximeter sensor, the robot examines the vital signs such as skin temperature, pulse rate, and blood oxygen saturation of patients. Whenever any of these levels deviate from the normal range, the system promptly notifies hospital management and provides the required triaging assistance. Additionally, the robot scans the patient's RFID card to schedule an appointment with the clinician, streamlining the entire process through a responsive application.

The Effect of Acupuncture Therapy on Blood Oxygen Saturation in Patients with Blood Pressure Disorders and Coughs in Elderly Health Post, Surakarta

Background: One way to detect functional disorders of respiration, heart, blood vessels, and muscle oxidative mechanisms is to check blood gas saturation using a pulse oximeter, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acupuncture is one of the management of health problems at the promotive level, preventing functional disorders of the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and oxidative muscle rehabilitative which is used to improve health status, especially those who experience changes in blood gas saturation due to chronic cough, hypertension, hypotension, and muscle fatigue. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of acupuncture therapy on peripheral blood oxygen saturation (peripheral SpO2) in patients with a history of respiratory system disorders and blood pressure disorders, especially old age at the Surakarta Health Post.Subjects dan Method: The form of the research was pre-experimental (quasi-experimental), using two groups of pre-test and post-test purposive samples totaling 20 people. Dependent variable Oxygen saturation. The independent variable was acupuncture therapy. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon's test.Results: Peripheral blood oxygen saturation values were higher in the intervention group before the intervention (Mean= 83.00; SD= 11.59) than after the intervention (Mean= 82.00; SD= 7.53) and not statistically significant (p= 0.294).Conclusion: Acupuncture therapy reduces blood gas saturation values in patients with blood pressure and cough disorders. Keywords: acupuncture therapy, peripheral blood gas saturation, pulse oximeter, history of cough, blood pressure disorders. Correspondence:Listina Ade Widya Ningtyas. Poltekkes Kemenkes Surakarta. Jl. Letjend Sutoyo Mojosongo, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: ade.widya23@gmail.com. Mobile: 085647300048

Oxygenobarotherapy in the complex treatment of patients with a new coronavirus infection COVID-19

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of oxygen-barotherapy in the complex treatment of patients with a new coronavirus infection COVID-19 with lung tissue damage.Materials and methods: 20 patients were examined with a diagnosis of «Coronavirus infection caused by the SARSCoV-2 virus» (moderate patients (CT 1–2)), of which 10 patients were prescribed a course of oxygenobarotherapy together with conservative treatment, and 10 patients received only conservative treatment. The sessions were carried out in the BDK-1400 pressure chamber based on the MAB at 1.7 ATA mode using IVS masks for oxygen breathing for no more than 50 minutes. In total, patients received 7–10 sessions of oxygenobarotherapy. Blood oxygen saturation was measured before and after each session. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out by comparing the studied groups using the Student’s t-test and the Wilcoxon test.Results and discussion. А course of oxygenobarotherapy was used, consisting in using the 1,7 ATA mode with an exposure of 30 to 50 minutes during the course to achieve maximum therapeutic effect and comfort for the patient. Against the background of the course of oxygenobarotherapy in patients, an increase in blood oxygen saturation in patients of the main group was noted, as well as positive dynamics in the form of a decrease and cessation of shortness of breath and cough, improvement of general well-being.

Invasive And Non-invasive Assessment Of Arterial Blood Oxygen Saturation In Patients With Continuous Flow LVADs: Is There A Correlation?

<h3>Background</h3> Patients with continuous flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVAD) typically have a narrow pulse pressure. This may pose a challenge for transcutaneous automated pulse oximeter devices to accurately measure arterial blood saturation. This study aimed to assess their accuracy in a CF-LVAD population by comparing pulse oximetry readings to invasive arterial blood gas (ABG) measurements. <h3>Methods</h3> A total of eighteen patients with a CF-LVAD were identified using chart review at the University of Minnesota and Minneapolis Heart Institute. All, except one patient were implanted with a HeartMate III device (Abbott Laboratories, Minneapolis, MN). Non-invasively assessed oxygen saturation was compared to simultaneously obtained arterial blood oxygen saturation. Two patients were receiving mechanical ventilation, one received BiPAP support, and 15 patients were either breathing room air or receiving supplemental oxygen by nasal cannula. <h3>Results</h3> A non-invasive pulse oximeter read was obtained on every patient. There was a moderate correlation between the invasively and non-invasively obtained oxygen saturation values as shown in Figure 1 (R²=0.624). Waveform quality, as assessed by the treating physician, qualified as good or acceptable in 16 cases and as poor for 2 patients. Data points for these 2 patients are marked in red in Figure 1. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Despite a narrow pulse pressure in patients with CF-LVAD, non-invasive pulse oximetry provided a reliable assessment of arterial blood saturation when compared to the gold standard ABG measurement. This finding presents an opportunity to conduct future studies in this patient population in which continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation may be necessary, such as evaluation for obstructive sleep apnea.

Relationship between CT Severity Score and Capillary Blood Oxygen Saturation in Patients with COVID-19 Infection.

Background: COVID-19 pneumonia is responsible for the latest pandemic. Usage of pulmonary computed tomography (CT) scan is known to be an important method in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Here, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between CT severity score and capillary blood oxygen saturation in patients with COVID-19 infection.Methods and material: This is a cross-sectional study performed in 2020 on patients with COVID-19 infection. All patients underwent pulmonary CT scan and CT severity score was calculated. The initial capillary oxygen saturation by the time of admission was also collected. Data were collected and analyzed.Results: A total number of 270 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection entered the study. The initial mean capillary oxygen saturation was 89.65 ± 8.09%. The mean score in patients was 15.16 ± 8.08. We also indicated that 27 patients had hypoxia by the time of admission and these patients had significantly higher CT severity scores (p = 0.001). Diabetes mellitus (p = 0.001), hypertension (p = 0.001), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (p = 0.03) and totally having an underlying disease (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with decreased capillary oxygen saturation. Patients with hypertension (p = 0.001) and patients with the previous medical disease (p = 0.01) had significantly higher CT severity scores than others. There was a significant reverse relationship between CT severity score and capillary oxygen saturation (r = −0.44, p < 0.001).Conclusions: We showed that there was a significant reverse relationship between CT severity score and capillary oxygen saturation which has great clinical importance. Furthermore, we indicated that previous medical history could also play an important role in CT severity score.How to cite this article: Aalinezhad M, Alikhani F, Akbari P, Haji Rezaei M, Soleimani S, Hakamifard A. Relationship between CT Severity Score and Capillary Blood Oxygen Saturation in Patients with COVID-19 Infection. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(3):279–283.

The Safety of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in the Treatment of Covid-19

Relevance. Acute respiratory infection COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCov) coronavirus is severe and extremely severe in 15—20% of cases, which is accompanied by the need for respiratory support. Hyperbaric oxygenation is recognized as an effective therapy for replenishing any form of oxygen debt.Aim of study. To study the safety of HBO use in patients with COVID-19.Material and metods. We examined 32 patients with the diagnosis “Coronavirus infection caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2” (10 — moderately severe patients (CT 1–2), 22 — patients in serious condition (CT 3–4), who received course of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO). The procedures were carried out in a Sechrist 2800 chamber (USA) at a mode of 1.4–1.6 AT for no more than 60 minutes. In total, the patients received 141 HBO sessions. Before and after each HBO session, the subjective indicators of the patient’s condition were assessed and the blood oxygen saturation was measured.Results. An algorithm for HBO course management was developed, which consists in using “soft” modes (up to 1.4 AT) during the first session, followed by pressure adjustment (not higher than 1.6 AT) during the course to achieve maximum therapeutic effect and comfort for the patient. Against the background of the HBO course, the patients showed an increase in blood oxygen saturation in patients in both surveyed groups, as well as positive dynamics in the form of a decrease in shortness of breath, an improvement in general well-being.Conclusion. The inclusion of daily sessions (at least 4) of hyperbaric oxygenation in “soft” modes (1.4–1.6 ATA) in the complex therapy for COVID-19 has shown its safety and preliminary positive effect on the subjective state of the examined patients and the dynamics of blood oxygen saturation.

Pulse Oximetry in Comparison to Arterial Blood Oxygen Saturation in Patients with Respiratory Distress in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)

Background: It is essential to monitor the saturation of oxygen in newborns receiving supplemental oxygen to reduce the incidence of exposure to hyperoxemia and their potential hazardous effects of radical oxygen species. The oxygen saturation is measured by pulse oximeter which is a non-invasive tool. Arterial blood gas is used to determine the pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and the bicarbonate level. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed at searching the reliability of non-invasive pulse oximeter in knowing oxygen saturation (SpO2) in comparison with arterial blood PaO2 in neonates with respiratory distress. The primary objective was to correlate the values between partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and pulse oxygen saturation by pulse oximeter (SpO2).The secondary objectives were 1) To find out the efficacy of pulse oximeter in diagnosing hypoxia in comparison with PaO2. 2) To find out efficacy of pulse oximeter in diagnosing hyperoxemia in comparison with PaO2. Material and Method: Observational study was conducted on thirty neonates suffering from different causes of respiratory distress in NICU of Krishna Hospital, Karad during December 2017 to September The PaO2 measurements were obtained from the blood analyzer; simultaneous pulse oxygen saturation were recorded. Results: A significant correlation was observed between values of pulse oxygen saturation by pulse oximeter (SpO2) and partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) by arterial blood sampling (r value -0.73, p<0.01) On ROC curve analysis, sensitivity and specificity of pulse oximetry in prediction of hypoxemia was 87.5% and 85.7% at cut-off of 90% and 91% each. The sensitivity and specificity of pulse oximetry in prediction of hyperoxemia was 100% and 71.4% at cuff-off of 94% while it was 88.9% and 76.2% at cut-off of 95% respectively. Conclusion: Pulse oximetry showed a good correlation with arterial blood PaO2. Oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry is a good diagnostic and prognostic tool for detecting hypoxemia and hyperoxemia.

Patient-Adaptive Magnetic Resonance Oximetry: Comparison With Invasive Catheter Measurement of Blood Oxygen Saturation in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease.

The current standard method to measure intracardiac oxygen (O2 ) saturation is by invasive catheterization. Accurate noninvasive blood O2 saturation by MRI could potentially reduce the duration and risk of invasive diagnostic procedures. To noninvasively determine blood oxygen saturation in the heart with MRI and compare the accuracy with catheter measurements. Prospective. Thirty-two patients referred for right heart catheterization (RHC) and five healthy subjects. T2-prepared single-shot balanced steady-state free-precession at 1.5T. MR signals in venous and arterial blood, hematocrit, and arterial O2 saturation from a pulse oximeter were jointly processed to fit the Luz-Meiboom model and estimate blood O2 saturation in the right heart. Interstudy reproducibility was evaluated in volunteers and patients. Interobserver reproducibility among three readers was assessed using data from volunteers and 10 patients. Accuracy of MR oximetry was compared to RHC in all patients. Coefficient of variation, intraclass correlation coefficient, Bland-Altman analysis, Pearson's correlation. The coefficient of variation for interstudy reproducibility of O2 saturation was 2.6% on average in volunteers and 3.2% in patients. Interobserver reproducibility among three observers yielded intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.81 and 0.87 respectively for RV and MPA O2 saturation. O2 saturation (y = 0.85x + 0.13, R = 0.78) and (a-v)O2 difference (y = 0.71x + 0.90, R = 0.69) by MR and RHC were significantly correlated (N = 32, P < 0.05 in both cases) in patients. MR slightly overestimated O2 saturation compared to RHC with 2% ± 5% bias and limits of agreement between -7% and 12%. MR oximetry is repeatable and reproducible. Good agreement was shown between MR and catheter venous O2 saturation and (a-v)O2 difference in a cohort whose venous O2 ranged from abnormally low to high levels, with most values in the normal physiological range. 2. 2.

Value analysis of Danqing SanjiaSan in the treatment of chronic hypertrophic laryngitis during the implementation of auxiliary atomization inhalation nursing

Objective To analyze the value of Danqing SanjiaSan in the treatment of chronic hypertrophic laryngitis during the implementation of auxiliary atomization inhalation nursing. Methods A total of 57 cases of patients with chronic hypertrophic laryngitis treated with Danqing SanjiaSan, who were admitted to the hospital from April 2016 to April 2018, were selected as the study subjects, and were divided into the observation group with 28 cases and the control group with 29 cases according to simple random sampling.The control group was treated with oxygen-driven budesonide nursing intervention, and the observation group was treated with laryngning atomizer spray throat on the basis of routine intervention.Blood oxygen saturation, clinical efficiency, TCM syndrome score, voice acoustic time and hospital stay were compared between the two groups. Results There was no significant difference between the two groups of patients in blood oxygen saturation before assisted atomization nursing(P>0.05). After nursing intervention, the blood oxygen saturation of patients in both groups was improved, but the value of blood oxygen saturation in the observation group was higher than that in the control group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P 0.05). After intervention, the sound time of the two groups was prolonged, but the sound of the observation group was longer than that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusions Budesonide combined with lanning atomizing agent can optimize the clinical rehabilitation effect of patients with chronic hypertrophic laryngitis treated with conventional therapy combined with Danqing SanjiaSan. Key words: Danqing SanjiaSan; Chronic hypertrophic laryngitis; Atomization inhalation; Budesonide; Aerosol inhalation of larynx

Limitovaná ambulantní noční monitorace spánku u pacientů s podezřením na syndrom obstrukční spánkové apnoe: Je dostatečně indikovaná?

Ambulatory sleep testing is nowadays an available diagnostic method, measuring air flow and blood oxygen saturation in patients with a suspicion of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS). It can be performed by either a general practitioner or an ambulatory specialist in various fields. Using this simple screening method it is possible to exclude subjects without OSAS, who therefore do not require further sleep testing at a sleep laboratory. There is no published data regarding the use of ambulatory sleep testing by sleep laboratories in the Czech Republic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the proportion of patients examined by ambulatory sleep testing and to determine the factors influencing its indication.The study involved 497 patients (363 males) with an average age of 55.5 ± 12.3 years. These patients were tested by the sleep laboratory at University Hospital Olomouc with a suspicion of OSAS. The clinical complaints of the patients were evaluated (e.g. excessive daytime sleepiness, microsleeps, etc.) along with a basic examination, including anthropometric parameter measurements, on admission to the ward. Whilst admitted, night sleep testing using respiratory polygraphy or videopolysomnography was performed in all patients. Furthermore, the number of patients that underwent ambulatory sleep testing prior to admission to the sleep laboratory and the number of patients with an indication for positive airway pressure therapy (PAP) (apnoea-hypopnea index &gt; 15) was assessed. The results were processed using the software IBM SPSS Statistics v22.Ambulatory sleep testing was performed in only 96 patients (19.3 %). Among these patients, 76 (79.0 %) were diagnosed with OSAS with an indication for PAP. In the 401 patients who did not undergo ambulatory sleep tests, 227 (53.9 %) were diagnosed with OSAS with an indication for PAP. Patients who underwent ambulatory sleep tests and those who did not differed only in age (p = 0.03). There were no significant differences in other parameters (sex, height, weight, BMI, circumference of neck, waist and hips, ESS), including sleepiness (p = 0.605) and microsleeps (p = 0.74).Ambulatory sleep testing is performed in only a small proportion of patients. Its use can reduce healthcare costs as well as waiting times for sleep laboratory tests.

The influence of preventive nursing intervention on negative moods and blood oxygen saturation of patients with cardiovascular disease undergoing painless endoscopy in outpatient clinic

Objective To explore the influence of preventive nursing intervention on negative moods and blood oxygen saturation of patients with cardiovascular disease undergoing painless endoscopy in outpatient clinic. Methods A total of 98 cases of patients with cardiovascular disease to undergo painless endoscopy examination in our hospital were selected as the study objects, and were divided into the observation group and the control group according to the random and equal principle.The control group were given routine nursing intervention, while the observation group were given predictive nursing intervention on the basis of the control group.Negative moods, levels of BP, HR, SpO2 and the incidence rate of complications in the two groups were observed. Results After nursing, the scores of SDS and SAS in the two groups were significantly lower than that before nursing (P 0.05). The scores of SDS and SAS of the control group in examination were significantly higher than those before and after examination (P<0.05), and were significantly higher than those of the observation group, before, in and after examination (P<0.05). The incidence rate of complications was 10.20% of the observation group, significantly lower than that of 26.53% of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions Predictive nursing intervention can alleviate negative moods of patients with painless endoscopic cardiovascular disease effectively, and maintain the stability of blood oxygen saturation (SpO2). Key words: Predictive nursing intervention; Painless endoscopy; Cardiovascular disease; Negative moods; Blood oxygen saturation

Oxygen saturation and lactate concentration gradient from the right atrium to the pulmonary artery in the immediate postoperative following cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation.

ObjectiveThis prospective study aimed to characterize the changes in blood lactate concentration and blood oxygen saturation in patients during the immediate postoperative period of cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation.MethodsBlood samples were collected from 35 patients in a rapid and random order from the arterial line and from the proximal and distal port of a pulmonary artery catheter.ResultsThe results showed no statistically significant differences between the blood oxygen saturation in the right atrium (72% ± 0.11%) and the blood oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery (71% ± 0.08%). The blood lactate concentration in the right atrium was 1.7mmol/L ± 0.5mmol/L, and the blood lactate concentration in the pulmonary artery was 1.6mmol/L ± 0.5mmol/L (p < 0.0005).ConclusionThe difference between the blood lactate concentration in the right atrium and the blood lactate concentration in the pulmonary artery might be a consequence of the low blood lactate concentration in the blood from the coronary sinus, as it constitutes an important substrate for the myocardium during this period. The lack of differences between the blood oxygen saturation in the right atrium and the percentage of blood oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery suggests a lower oxygen extraction by the myocardium given a lower oxygen consumption.

Comparing the effect of endotracheal tube suction using open method with two different size catheters 12 and 14 on discharge secretion, pain, heart rate, blood pressure, and arterial oxygen saturation of patients in the intensive care unit: A randomized clinical trial

Background and Purpose: Performing suction with complications such as tachycardia or bradycardia, increase or decrease blood pressure, pain, discharge, and decrease arterial oxygen saturation. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of endotracheal tube suctioning to open two different size catheters 12 and 14 on the discharge, pain, heart rate, blood pressure, and blood oxygen saturation in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Materials and Methods: This clinical trial compared two interventions of a pre- and post-test, and sampling was random. 36 patients admitted to the ICU in Yasuj martyr Beheshti Hospital iran, in a group of suctioning with catheter size 12 and 14. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, pain, discharge, and arterial oxygen saturation before, during, 5 min and 20 min after the suction were recorded. Data analysis was performed by analysis of variance with repeated measures and paired t-test. Results: The Heart rate increased during suction catheter 14 than to 12, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.000). Suctioning with both catheters decreased oxygen saturation, but the reduction was not significant between both (P = 0.149). Systolic pressure increased after suction, and this increase was significantly in the higher catheter (P = 0.05). Diastolic pressure increased during suction with the highest increase of 5 min. There were no significant differences between the two catheters (P = 0.186). In the third episode, the highest rated pain during suctioning was observed and the difference was significant between large and small catheters (P = 0.000). Post-suction discharge was in the higher catheter was more and statistically significant (P = .000). Conclusion: The use of small size suction catheter To a lesser extent in heart rate, blood pressure, pain and suffering oxygen saturation changed.

Effect of intravenous injection of intravenous injection of chlorine on blood oxygen saturation in patients with nasal endoscopic surgery

Objective:To observe the effect of intravenous injection of chlorine on postoperative analgesia and blood oxygen saturation in patients with nasal endoscopic surgery.Method:According to the standard of American Society of anesthesiologists(ASA) grading assessment for Ⅰ-Ⅱ, undergoing nasal endoscopic surgery of 120 patients were randomly divided into two groups, 60 cases in each group. Control group dezocine 0.8 g/kg+ physiological saline to 100 ml; on the basis of the experimental group with flurbiprofen 2 mg/kg+ physiological saline to 100 ml. Respectively in the postoperative recovery and postoperative 2, 4, 12, 24 and 48 h recording vital signs, pain scores(visual analogue score, VAS) and sedation score(Ramsay score) and observe the adverse reaction rate and patient surveys on the satisfaction of postoperative analgesia.Result:The two groups compared test of TKA group after 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 h, 48 h, 72 h resting VAS score and postoperative 24 h, 48 h, 72 h activities of VAS score were lower than the control group, the difference is statistically significant (F=1 873.26, P< 0.05). After 2 h, 6 h, 2 groups of pH, PaO₂, PaCO₂, SpO₂ compared statistically significant (P> 0.05). After 24h, 48h after test group, PaO₂, PaCO₂, SpO₂ is better than that of the control group(P< 0.05); after 6 h, 24 h, 48 h after the test group patients Ramsay Sedation score than the control group, the difference is statistically significant(F=1 031.35, P< 0.05). The experimental group after TKA patients of pain control education satisfaction and to control or reduce pain method of satisfaction were superior to the control group, the difference significant (χ²=11.02, P< 0.05;χ²=9.33, P< 0.05).Conclusion:The application of intravenous injection of intravenous injection of chlorine in the postoperative pain of nasal endoscopic surgery can significantly improve the analgesic effect, improve the blood gas analysis, improve the analgesic effect, it is worthy of popularization and application.

Retinal Oxygen Saturation in Patients with Primary Open-angle Glaucoma Using a Non-flash Hypespectral Camera

ABSTRACTPurpose/Aim: To investigate retinal vessel blood oxygen saturation in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and healthy controls.Materials and Methods: A novel non-flash hyperspectral retinal camera was used to image 17 healthy individuals (mean age 69.3 ± 6.1 years) and 22 patients with stable POAG (mean age 69.2 ± 5.8 years) at 548, 569, 586, 600, 605, and 610 nm wavelengths. POAG patients were grouped as mild–moderate (n = 13) and moderate–severe (n = 9) based on Humphrey 24-2 visual field results (mean deviation [MD] < −6 and MD ≥ −6; respectively). Optical density values were extracted using Image-J software for blood oxygen saturation (SO2) determination. Arteriolar and venular SO2 were measured within 1.5 optic nerve head diameters from the disc margin along the vessels in the inferior temporal quadrant of the tested eye per subject. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), student t-test, and Pearson’s correlation were used for statistical analysis of the data (p < 0.05).Results: Venular, arteriolar, and arteriovenous (AV) differences in SO2 measurements were not significantly different between controls and the combined POAG groups (p > 0.06 for all). However, mean venular SO2 was significantly higher in the POAG with MD ≥ −6 dB when compared to controls and patients with mild glaucoma (p = 0.005). The AV differences were significantly lower in patients with more severe field defect (p = 0.006) compared to the remaining groups. No differences were found in the mean arteriolar SO2 between the groups (p = 0.155). Significant correlations were found only between higher visual field MD values and higher venular SO2 (p = 0.048) but not the remaining SO2 measurements.Conclusion: Patients with POAG and moderate–severe visual field defect had higher venular SO2 compared to those with mild–moderate defect and controls. This would indicate reduced oxygen consumption in more advanced glaucoma likely as a result of ganglion cell degeneration.

Inspiratory Muscle Training and Arterial Blood Oxygen Saturation in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background: One of the problems of the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the weakness of the respiratory muscles that causes oxygen desaturation at rest and activity and decreases exercise tolerance. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of inspiratory muscle training on arterial oxygen saturation (SPO2). Patients and Methods: Forty patients with mild to very severe COPD were recruited for this study, which is a randomized control trail. The patients were randomized to IMT (inspiratory muscle training) and control group. Training was performed with Respivol (a kind of inspiratory muscle trainer) for 8 weeks (15 min/d for 6 d/week). SPSS software version 16 was used to analyze the data by performing independent t test, paired t test, and Fisher exact test. Results: Results showed that, after 8 weeks of inspiratory muscle training, there was a little increase (but not statistically significant improvement) in SPO2 (from 92.6 ± 8.71 % to 95.13 ± 7.08 %, with P = 0.06), whereas it remained unchanged in the control group (from 96.0 ± 3.46 % to 96.4 ± 3.35 % with P = 0.51). No statistically significant difference was seen between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Although inspiratory muscles training can prevent desaturation, which is caused by activity, it fails to improve it.

Assessment of retinal blood oxygen saturation in patients with primary open angle glaucoma

AbstractPurpose: To investigate retinal SO2 in POAG using a retinal hyperspectral camera (HRC). Method: 9 controls and 15 POAG patients were imaged using a prototype HRC, at wavelengths between 500‐610nm. POAG was classified as mild (mean deviation [MD]&lt;‐6) or moderate to severe (MD≥‐6). Arteriolar, venular and arterio‐venous (AV) SO2 difference values were compared between the groups and the correlation with MD was assessed. Result: Mean SO2 values were 93±1.55 and 55.37±2.57 for arterioles and venules respectively in controls and 94.74±2.75 and 58.10±8.85 in the POAG group. No significant differences were found between the two groups (p=0.13 arterioles, p=0.42 venules). AV difference was also not significantly different (p=0.78). In patients with MD≥‐6, significantly higher venular SO2 (p=0.005) and significantly lower AV differences (p=0.01) were found compared to MD&lt;‐6 and controls. No differences were found for arteriolar SO2 (p=0.31). Significant correlations were found between venular SO2 and AV differences with MD (p=0.02 and p=0.03). Conclusion: Patients with moderate to severe POAG have higher venular SO2 and lower AV differences indicating a potential association with decreased oxygen extraction from the retinal capillaries.

General anesthesia–associated DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of surgical patients

Objective To evaluate retrospectively the effect of general anesthesia on DNA damage in the blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of surgical patients in order to provide evidence for a better nursing care during the procedure. Methods Clinical charts of 76 patients who underwent operation under general anesthesia and 76 healthy control subjects with documented results of DNA damage extent in PBMCs from the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) or comet assay and serum contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) from biochemical analyses were reviewed. The percentage of comet PBMCs and tail DNA and serum contents of SOD and MAD were analyzed by student t-test. Results Compared with healthy control subjects, generally anesthetized surgical patients had significantly higher % comet PBMCs and % tail DNA ( P <0.05) and significantly lower serum concentrations of SOD ( P<0.05) and significantly higher serum concentrations of MAD ( P<0.05). Compared with levels before general anesthesia in surgical patients, % comet PBMCs, % tail DNA, and serum levels of MAD were significantly higher ( P<0.05 or 0.01, and serum levels of SOD were significantly lower ( P<0.05, after general anesthesia. Conclusions General anesthesia during surgery causes a certain degree of hypoxia and PBMC damage. Particular attention should be paid to monitoring and maintenance of blood oxygen saturation in patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia.