Blood Superoxide Dismutase Levels Research Articles

The efficacy of a novel tomato extracts formulation on skin aging and pigmentation: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled trial

BackgroundOxidative stress is a significant factor in skin aging and pigmentation, which can be precipitated by various circumstances. Antioxidants and tyrosinase inhibitors, such as carotenoids, yeast extract (glutathione), sodium hyaluronate, astaxanthin, and niacin, can individually protect the skin against aging through distinct mechanisms. These mechanisms potentially enhance the skin barrier and improve signs of aging and pigmentation. However, the synergistic effects of these compounds, as found in a golden tomato extract formulation, have been scarcely explored. ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of an orally administered formulation on the skin aging and pigmentation. Material and MethodsIn this study, a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled trial was conducted, utilizing the WONDERLAB® Tomato Niacinamide beverage. Out of all participants, 62 volunteers completed the experiment and were included in the statistical analysis. ResultsThe results indicated that after eight weeks of consuming the research product, there were no significant changes in the skin indicators within the placebo group. In contrast, the treatment group receiving the sample formulation exhibited a 35.63% increase in stratum corneum hydration and a 29.39% reduction in transepidermal water loss (TEWL), suggesting enhanced skin hydration. Visual assessments revealed improvements in skin color and gloss index by 15.03% and 11.41%, respectively, in the treatment group. Furthermore, the skin gloss and individual typology angle (ITA) value increased by 18.59% and 6.36%, respectively, leading to a lighter skin tone. Significant enhancements were also observed in skin pigmentation, color uniformity, and redness. After eight weeks of intervention with the sample, blood levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) increased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased. ConclusionThese findings confirm that continuous intake of the tomato extract formulation over eight weeks effectively improved the volunteers' skin whitening and hydration, and visibly brightened skin tone through an antioxidant mechanism.

Status of Blood Levels of Superoxide Dismutase in Patients with Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Aims: The evidence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the pathogenesis of malaria is inconsistent. This study aimed to synthesize the evidence of blood levels of SOD in patients with malaria and determine the association of blood levels of SOD with the severity of malaria. Results: A total of 1874 articles were retrieved from database searches and 28 studies were included in the review. The blood levels of SOD were lower in individuals with malaria compared with those without malaria infection (p < 0.01, Cohen's d: -2.06, 95% CI: -2.99 to -1.14), I2: 98.96%, 2181 malaria cases/1186 uninfected cases). There were no differences in blood levels of SOD between severe and nonsevere malaria patients (p = 0.09, Cohen's d: -1.57, 95% CI: -3.39 to 0.26), I2: 96.02%, 69 severe malaria cases/256 nonsevere malaria cases). Innovation and Conclusion: The blood levels of SOD were lower in malaria patients compared with those without malaria infection. Further studies will be required to determine the extent to which SOD might prevent Plasmodium infections during pregnancy. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 222-235.

Effect of Benincasa hispida Fruit Dry Powder on Behaviour Changes and Antioxidants Levels in Adult Wistar Rats: An Experimental Study

Introduction: Chronic stress has been implicated to be the important aetiological factor involved in several pathologies. Antioxidants play major roles in the maintenance of good health in the cellular level. Various studies have shown the anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, antidepressant, and antioxidant effects of Benincasa hispida (B.hispida) (white pumpkin). There is no available literature exploring the effects of this B.hispida dry powder on food intake, body weight, behavioural changes and antioxidant levels in whole animal model. Aim: This study aimed to understand the protective effects of the B.hispida dry powder in overcoming stress induction by analysing the pattern of food intake, behavioural changes and body weight and the change in blood levels of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in adult wister rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Tamil Nadu, India, for the duration of 3 weeks during the month of March 2020. Six male wister rats were obtained from the central animal house and assessed for baseline values of parameters including body weight, food intake, behaviour changes, blood levels of SOD and MDA and they were used as controls (without treatment) later. Then another 12 animals, matched for age and weight were selected and divided into two test groups (six in each). The animals in test groups 1 and 2 were pretreated with dry powder preparation of B.hispida at a dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg orally and once daily respectively. The entire study population of 18 animals (control, group 1 and group 2) subjected to stress in a restrainer for 2 hours per day for 7 days. The study parameters were repeated at the end of 24 hours and at the end of 7 days. Results were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 24.0. Results: The results were 500 mg /kg dose of B.hispida helped in overcoming stress induction by giving the statistically significant (p-value&lt;0.05) results of increase in body weight, food intake pattern and normalised general behaviour after 24 hrs and 7 days of repeated stress induction. But no significant changes were seen in blood levels of SOD (p-value&gt;0.05) and MDA (p-value&gt;0.05). Conclusion: Based on the previous literatures, it was stated as “sparing effect of the powder” that is, exogenous supplementation is likely to suppress its endogenous production of antioxidants. This mechanism could attribute to the potential beneficial effect of B.hispida on the outcomes, despite having no significant alterations in blood levels of SOD and MDA. Further studies are needed to confirm the effects B. hispida in overcoming stress induction.

Phytochemical, Biochemical and Biological Evaluation of Five Herbal Bitters Sold in Pharmacy Shops in Eastern Nigeria

Aim: This study investigated the phytochemical constituents, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of five herbal bitters and their potential effect on body weight, lipid profile, hematology, liver and kidney functions of albino rats.&#x0D; Methods: Five brands of herbal bitters (Goko Cleanser®, Ruzu Bitter®, Yoyo Bitter®, Swedish Bitter® and Beta Cleanser®) were tested for the presence of phytochemical constituents. Antimicrobial activity was evaluatedby agar diffusion method. The weights of the animals were taken before treatment, and on day 7, 14, 21 and 28 post treatments with the herbal bitters. Blood levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, PCV, haemoglobin, AST, ALT, ALP, urea and creatinine were measured.&#x0D; Results: Glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, steroid, saponins, phenolic compounds were present while reducing sugar, amino acid and hydrogen cyanide were absent in the five bitters. All the five bitters showed moderate to potent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. There was a significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in body weight and a significant increase in catalase, SOD and glutathione peroxidase activities. There was also a significant reduction in total cholesterol and an increase in HDL. The PCV of the treated animals increased significantly while the haemoglobin was not affected significantly. The liver and kidney functions were not significantly altered.&#x0D; Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, Goko Cleanser®, Ruzu Bitter®, Yoyo Bitter®, Swedish Bitter® and Beta Cleanser® possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and may help to reduce body weight and hypercholesterolemia.

Does oxidative stress correlate with disease activity and severity in alopecia areata? An analytical study.

Oxidative stress (OS) has been implicated as a contributory factor in the multifactorial etiopathogenesis of alopecia areata (AA). But with the existing data, it is unclear whether OS is a cause or effect of the disease state in Alopecia areata. To compare the OS parameters viz.malon-di-aldehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant status (TAS) in serum of patients with alopecia areata versus age and sex matched controls, and assess their correlation with the severity of the disease. Forty clinically diagnosed patients of alopecia areata and forty (n=40) age and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited. ELISA was used for the evaluation of MDA, and spectrophotometric method was used to evaluate serum TAS and whole blood SOD. Mean serum TAS and whole blood SOD levels of cases were significantly lower than controls (p=0.005 and p=0.002, respectively). Mean serum MDA level of patients was significantly higher compared to controls (p=0.001). While levels of serum TAS and whole blood SOD were found to decrease from mild to severe grades of disease (p=0.003, p < 0.001 respectively), levels of MDA increased with increasing disease severity (p<0.001). The OS parameters were deranged in all subsets of AA, with the greatest derangement seen with whole blood SOD levels.

Histological and Physiological Study of the Effects of Exogenous Melatonin on Liver of Female Rats Exposed to Formalin in Drinking Water

Aim: The presented study was established to evaluate the impact of formalin (FA) on the blood levels ofsuperoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid profile, total serum protein and serum albumin in female rats. Materialsand methods: The animals were assigned randomly into groups of six; control group, and treated other fivegroups as follow, first group exposed to formalin at 200ppm (F200 group), the second exposed to formalinat 400ppm (F400 group), third group exposed to formalin at 200ppm plus melatonin at 10mg/kg (F200Mgroup), fourth group exposed to formalin at 400ppm plus melatonin at 10mg/kg (F400M group), and thefifth exposed to melatonin at 10mg/kg (M group). Samples of blood from the rats were collected at day one,day and day 30 of the experimental period that was continued for 30 days. Results: Using immune-basedtechniques, the SOD activity, it has been here-resulted in significant (p?0.05) after-formalin-exposuredecreases in the blood samples of female rats from F200 and F400 groups, especially, when comparedwith the control group. The total cholesterol levels revealed significant (p?0.05) increases in the blood ofthe tested animals of the F200 and F400 groups. These increases affected the rates of LDL, VLDL, andtriglycerides in the blood of the studied rat-females of both F200 and F400 groups when compared withthe control animals. Interestingly, low levels of HDL were noticed in the blood of the animals of the F200and F400 when comparisons with control animals. The concentrations of the LDL, HDL, and triglyceridesin the serum of the formalin-exposed females showed significant (p?0.05) low levels when compared withcontrol animals. For day-30 collection, albumin concentrations revealed significant (p?0.05) elevation in theblood of the F200 and F400 animals.. Histological examination revealed that the liver of female rats exposedto 200ppm or 400 ppm of formalin for 30 days have been adversely affected. Whereas, the histologicalexamination of the liver of animals treated with melatonin and formalin were less affected due to formalinexposure. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the formalin high toxic effects on the hepatic tissues canbe overcome by the use of exogenous melatonin.

Effect of Oral Exposure to Bisphenol A on the Liver and Kidney of Adult Male Albino Rats

Background: The organic composite of two phenolic neighbors [BPA] is Bisphenol A [BPA]. It is also commonly called propane 2,2 bis[4-hydroxyphenyl]. BPA is a voluminous industrial chemical used to manufacture epoxy resins and plastics. Aim of the work: Evaluation of the effect of oral Bisphenol A on the liver and kidney of adult male albino rats. Materials and Methods: Forty adult male albino rats [local strain] were divided into four groups [each 10 rats]. First is the control group, second is the low does BPA, third is moderate does BPA, and four is the high does BPA. The duration of exposure extended to 30 days. Then, blood samples have been collected for the measurement of serum aspartate aminotransferase [AST], serum alanine aminotransferase [ALT], blood urea, serum creatinine, superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase, and glutathione. Also, hepatic and renal tissue samples were prepared for histopathological study. Results: Oral administration of BPA in a dose of 50, 100, and 150 Mg/kg/day for 30 days led to a significant increase in the blood levels of ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine associated with a significant reduction in the blood levels of superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. There were few vacuolations of hepatocytes and congested blood vessels of the liver that were associated with changes in the kidney [narrow cortex, dilated tubules, and hypercellular glomeruli]. Conclusion: Bisphenol A oral exposure for 30 consecutive days is associated with several changes in biochemical parameters that indicate liver and kidney injury.

The Impact of Aspirin Intake on Lactate Dehydrogenase, Arterial Stiffness, and Oxidative Stress During High-Intensity Exercise: A Pilot Study.

Aspirin is a common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to reduce fever, pain, and inflammation. However, aspirin’s anti-inflammatory properties may also prevent increased levels of blood lactate dehydrogenase, vascular arterial stiffness and oxidative stress induced by high-intensity exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 4 weeks of aspirin supplementation on lactate dehydrogenase activity, lactate, arterial stiffness, and antioxidant capacity during high-intensity exercise in Taekwondo athletes. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: aspirin supplementation (n = 10) and placebo-control (n = 10). Blood levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activity and lactate were assessed to examine muscle damage and carotid-to-radial pulse wave velocity and the augmentation index were measured to examine arterial stiffness. Blood levels of superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione peroxidase were assessed to determine antioxidant capacity and levels of oxidative stress. There were significant group × time interactions for enzyme activity of LDH (Δ-60 ± 24.36 U/L) and carotid-to-radial pulse wave velocity (Δ-1.33 ± 0.54 m/s), which significantly decreased (p < 0.05) following aspirin supplementation compared to placebo-control. Superoxide dismutase (Δ359 ± 110 U/gHb) and glutathione peroxidase (Δ28.2 ± 10.1 U/gHb) significantly decreased while malondialdehyde (0Δ3.0 ± 0.1 mmol/mL) significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the placebo-control group compared to the supplementation group. However, there were no changes in lactate concentration levels or augmentation index. These results reveal that low-dose aspirin supplementation would be a useful supplementation therapy to prevent high-intensity exercise training-induced increases in oxidative damage, inflammation, skeletal muscle fatigue, and arterial stiffness in elite Taekwondo athletes.

Role of Serum Melatonin and Oxidative Stress in Childhood Atopic Dermatitis: A Prospective Study.

Background:Many factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) and recently the role of oxidative damage has been postulated.Objectives:To study the levels of oxidants and antioxidants including melatonin in the blood of children with AD and their association with the severity of AD.Methods:Thirty patients with atopic dermatitis, aged 6 months to 12 years, and equal number of age and sex-matched controls were included. Clinical characteristics and baseline severity assessment using SCORAD (scoring atopic dermatitis) severity index were noted. Blood superoxide dismutase, blood glutathione peroxidase, serum malondialdehyde, and serum melatonin levels were measured in cases and controls and results were compared.Results:The serum levels of malondialdehyde and melatonin were significantly higher among the cases compared to controls. The blood levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were higher in cases but the difference with controls was not statistically significant. There was no significant correlation between these markers and the severity of the disease.Conclusions:Oxidative stress was increased in cases of childhood AD compared to the control group in this study. No correlation between oxidative stress and the severity of the disease was found. Larger studies are warranted.

EFFECT OF EMBLICA OFFICINALIS FRUIT DRY POWER ON BEHAVIOR CHANGES AND ANTIOXIDANT LEVELS: AN IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDY

Objective: This study aim was to compare the in vitro antioxidant property of fresh juice and dry powder of Emblica officinalis (EO) by chemical testing and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay and also to observe the in vivo effect of EO fruit dry powder on food intake, body weight, behavior changes, and antioxidant levels in restraint stress rat model.&#x0D; Methods: In vitro study, EO fresh juice 1% v/v and its dry powder form were analyzed for chemical testing and DPPH assay initially. In the in vivo study, 12 adult male Wistar rats were obtained. Initially, baseline parameters (Body wt, food intake, behavior changes, blood levels of superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde) and control values were assessed. Later 12 animals were divided into two treatment groups (1 and 2) and pre-treatment was given with dry powder of EO at a dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg orally once a day, respectively. Animals from both the groups were restrained for 2 h/day and the same parameters were analyzed at the end of 24 h and 7 days of stress induction.&#x0D; Results: In vitro study, fresh juice and dry powder preparations of EO were found to be positive for all the four chemical testing. In DPPH assay, dry powder showed better antioxidant activity (97%) than the fresh juice form (57%). In vivo study, significant antioxidant activity was seen at the dose of 500 mg/kg after day 1 and 7 days of stress induction.&#x0D; Conclusion: Dry powder of EO has brought out the reversal of restraint stress-induced behavioral changes and reduced food intake, body weight, and antioxidant levels.

Is immunosuppression, induced by neonatal thymectomy, compatible with poor reproductive performance in adult male rats?

With increasing knowledge that the immune system has a major impact on reproductive ‎health, the potential for cells arising in organs such as the thymus to alleviate oxidative stress ‎has been revealed. This study addresses the impact of neonatal thymectomy on male ‎reproductive function in pubertal and adult animals. Neonatal Sprague Dawley rats were allotted to four treatments consisting of fully thymectomized, partially thymectomized, intact, and sham-operated rats. Half of the rats in each treatment were sacrificed at 40 and the other half at 80days of age. Testicular volume, ventral prostate and spleen weight, several sperm attributes (concentration, motility, livability, membrane integrity, sperm penetration into mucus, total antioxidant capacity, mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity), plasma superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and testosterone level as well as fertility decreased in thymectomized rats. Adrenal gland weight, sperm malondialdehyde level, indices of oxidative stress, sperm abnormality, testicular and sperm lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and sperm reactive oxygen species generation increased in thymectomized rats. In thymectomized rats, the testes contained high levels of malondialdehyde but low levels of glutathione and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. Epididymal sperm reactive oxygen species, blood lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress indices ‎‎in blood and spermatozoa were highest in fully thymectomized, intermediate ‎in partially thymectomized, and lowest in both pubertal and mature control rats. Blood levels of superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation indices, and ‎testosterone, and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate and ‎dehydrogenase activities in epididymal spermatozoa were lowest in fully thymectomized, ‎intermediate in partially thymectomized, and highest in both pubertal and mature control rats.‎ The data indicated that increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction might play a role in the mechanism of immunosuppression-induced testicular and sperm abnormalities.

Superoxide Dismutase Levels of Operator Gas Stations in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.

&lt;p&gt;Air pollutants exposure on the gas station generally comes from motor vehicle emissions, such as toluene, benzene, xylene or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) compounds. These compounds are metabolized by the liver to form free radicals, thus are harmful to health. Gas station operators have a substantial risk of air pollutants exposure released by motor vehicle emissions. The objective of this research is to find out the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in gas station operator on Semarang, Indonesia. This research was analytic observational cross-sectional study conducted from April to August 2015. The number of samples obtained in this research was 21 gas station operators and 10 volunteers who live in the countryside. Blood SOD levels biochemically determined using Randox kit SOD. The results showed that the average of SOD level in gas station operators was 0.76 u · mL&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; and volunteers was 0.87 u · mL&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. Statistical test results of SOD levels showed the significant value p = 0.860. The SOD levels of gas stations operators are lower than the SOD levels of volunteers who live in the countryside. Gas stations operator does not significantly influence SOD levels.&lt;/p&gt;

Clinical Status and Lipid Metabolism Disorder and Antioxidant Protection in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease Depending on the State of Intestinal Biocenosis

The aim of the research: comparative study of parameters of lipid metabolism, products of lipid peroxidation and levels of antioxidant enzymes in patients with coronary heart disease with intestinal normobiocenosis and intestinal dysbiosis (DB) 1st and 2nd degree.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The study involved 145 patients aged from 50 to 65 years, 29 (20%) of them were women. The control group (1st group) included 20 apparently healthy individuals with intestinal normobiocenosis. The comparison group (2nd group) consisted of 23 patients with coronary heart disease, postinfarct cardiosclerosis, chronic heart failure (CHF) the II functional class (FC) (NYHA), without signs of intestinal DB. The intervention group (3rd group) included 102 CHD patients with postinfarct cardiosclerosis, CHF the II FC and intestinal dysbiosis 1-st and 2-nd degree. Patients in all groups were comparable for age and sex.&#x0D; Results. The study revealed that the presence of intestinal DB in CHD patients with CHF the II FC was associated with greater 1.5 times the frequency of angina attacks, with a greater 1.4 times frequency reduction of physical activity, with a longer history of CHD and more common burdened by CHD heredity. Patients with CHD with intestinal DB occur in more profound lipid disorders than patients without any signs of impaired intestinal biocenosis.&#x0D; Conclusion. The presence of the initial stages of intestinal biocenosis disorders is associated with high levels of malondialdehyde in blood, diene conjugate, total cholesterol, cholesterol of low-density lipoproteins, atherogenic coefficient and significantly lower blood levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase in comparison with similar indicators in CHD patients with intestinal normobiocenosis.

To evaluate and compare the hypoglycemic, antioxidant and hypolipidemic effect of lycopene with atorvastatin in hyperlipidemic New Zealand white rabbits

Background: During recent years, the carotenoid lycopene has attracted much attention for its potentially beneficial cardiovascular effects, which is located mainly in tomato peels. The antioxidant properties of tomatoes has been extensively studied for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, but the beneficial effects of pure lycopene supplement is still debatable. Therefore, this study was planned to evaluate and compare the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of pure lycopene powder and to compare it with that of atorvastatin in hyperlipidemic New Zealand white rabbits. Methods: Adult male New Zealand white rabbits (1.5-2.5 kg) were divided into three groups of six animals each. Group I - High fat diet (HFD) (5 ml/kg). Group II - HFD (5 ml/kg) + lycopene (10 mg/kg) orally. Group III - HFD (5 ml/kg) + atorvastatin (5 mg/kg) orally. Blood samples were taken from all 18 rabbits for baseline estimation of blood sugar levels (BSL), lipid levels and blood superoxide dismutase levels. Same tests were performed in all groups after 6 weeks. Results: The lipid lowering activity of atorvastatin 5 mg/kg was better than that of lycopene while the antioxidant activity of lycopene was better than that of atorvastatin. Both the results were statistically significant. There was no significant difference in fasting BSLs in both the groups. Conclusion: Findings suggest that lycopene may have considerable therapeutic benefit as an antioxidant and hypolipidemic agent, but may not be effective as a hypoglycemic agent.

Effect of pentoxifylline and pioglitazone on rheumatoid arthritis induced experimentally in rats

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of pentoxifylline (PTX) and pioglitazone (Pg), each alone and in combination with methotrexate (MTX), on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) induced experimentally in male albino rats.BackgroundIndividuals have long feared RA as one of the most disabling types of arthritis. It is estimated that over 46 million individuals have arthritis, ~1% worldwide.Material and methodsOne hundred and eighty adult male albino rats were used in the present study. MTX was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg daily. PTX was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 150 mg/kg/rat/day, whereas Pg was administered orally at a dose of 3 mg/kg/day. All doses were administered for a period of 2 weeks. RA was induced by two methods: adjuvant-induced arthritis and pristane-induced arthritis (PIA). Adjuvant-induced arthritis was induced by an intradermal injection of 0.1 ml of complete Freund adjuvant. This type of arthritis appears about 8-12 days after injection. PIA was induced by a single intradermal injection with 0.2 ml pristane at the base of the tail. PIA develops in 2-3 weeks after injection and progresses with a relapsing course that persists for months.ResultsThe anti-inflammatory properties of these drugs were confirmed by reduction of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum rheumatoid factor level, serum C-reactive protein level, serum tumor necrosis factor-a level, serum nitrite level, and blood superoxide dismutase level, whereas antioxidant activities were confirmed by an increase in the blood reduced glutathione level. Our study showed that Pg alone exerts portentous effects in the treatment of RA. However, it was more active in combination with MTX.ConclusionOur study showed that Pg was the most potent drug in treating arthritic rats, followed by PTX, with lesser potency in treating arthritic rats. When comparing the two combinations, the combination of Pg with MTX was the most potent one. The second combination was the combination of PTX with MTX.

Lipid peroxidation, Superoxide dismutase and catalase co-relation in pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis

Objective: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis affecting mainly the immune system in humans. This Study determines the malondialdehyde causing oxidation stress and blood levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase act as anti-oxidant. Materials and Methods: Study carried out in normal control subjects (n = 100), different categories of pulmonary in newly sputum culture positive diagnosed category I (n = 100), category II (n = 100), category III (n = 100). Extra pulmonary category I (n = 35) and pulmonary category I before and after six months of directly observed treatment, short course. Results: Malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased in pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis patients. The activity of superoxide dismutase, and catalase were found to be significantly decreased in subjects of all categories of pulmonary and extra tuberculosis pulmonary. Negative correlation between malondialdehyde content, with superoxide dismutase, and catalase was seen in pulmonary tuberculosis, P &lt; 0.001. Conclusion: Increased defense mechanism was due to increased oxidative stress in tuberculosis. Superoxide dismutase and catalase by scavenging of free oxygen radicals interrupt inflammatory cascades and thereby limit further disease progression. The changes were reversed after six month anti-tubercular treatment in patients with good recovery but increase oxidative stress was not completely reversed.

Effects of risperidone and haloperidol on superoxide dismutase and nitric oxide in schizophrenia

Oxidative stress may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. No double-blind study has compared the effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics on both antioxidant enzyme activity and nitric oxide (NO) levels in schizophrenic patients. Seventy-eight inpatients with chronic schizophrenia were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of treatment with 6mg/day of risperidone or 20mg/day of haloperidol using a double-blind design. Clinical efficacy was determined using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Blood superoxide dismutase (SOD) and plasma NO levels were measured in patients and 30 normal controls. Our results showed that following a 2-week washout period, levels of SOD and NO were significantly increased in patients with schizophrenia compared to normal controls. Both risperidone and haloperidol equivalently reduced the elevated blood SOD levels in schizophrenia, but neither medication reduced the elevated plasma NO levels in schizophrenia. Low blood SOD levels at baseline predicted greater symptom improvement during treatment, and greater change in SOD was correlated with greater symptom improvement. These results suggest that both typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs may at least partially normalize abnormal free radical metabolism in schizophrenia, and some free radical parameters at baseline may predict antipsychotic responses of schizophrenic patients.

Relationship between smoking‐induced oxidative stress and the clinical severity of psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory skin disease, known as an oxidative stress condition. Smoking augments the risk of development of psoriasis. Although the relative importance of potential mechanisms of smoking-induced psoriasis is unknown, direct delivery of oxidants has been implicated in the pathogenesis of smoking-induced psoriasis. This study aimed to investigate the smoking-induced oxidative stress in psoriatic patients and its correlation with the severity of the disease. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in 25 psoriatic patients (10 smokers, 10 non-smokers and 5 ex-smokers) and 20 healthy control subjects (10 smokers and 10 non-smokers). Clinical severity of psoriasis was determined according to the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) score. Our results showed a significant increase in serum MDA and decrease in the blood SOD levels in psoriatic patients compared with those in control subjects and those in smokers compared with those in non-smokers. The concentrations of MDA and SOD were significantly correlated with PASI score. There was a significant increase in PASI score in smoker patients compared with that in non-smokers and it increased with increasing the pack-years of smoking. Our results indicate that smoking-induced oxidative damage resulting from increased reactive oxygen species production along with insufficient capacity of antioxidant mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

Study on clinical and biochemical toxicity biomarkers in a zinc-lead mine workers

The aim of this study was to determine oxidative stress status as well as blood lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) levels and clinical markers in workers of a Zn-Pb mine. A comparative cross-sectional analysis was performed in 67 mine workers who have been in contact with Zn and Pb in comparison to a control group containing 67 healthy subjects with the same age and sex. Lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, myleoperoxidase, DNA damage, total antioxidant capacity, Zn, and Pb levels were measured in blood of workers and controls. Clinical examination was accomplished to record any abnormal sign or symptoms. Comparing with controls, the workers showed higher blood levels of superoxide dismutase, myleoperoxidase, glutathione reductase, lipid peroxidation, Pb, and Zn. Workers showed lower DNA-damage as compared with controls. Workers showed clinical symptoms such as memory impairment, less of concentration, insomnia, headache, claudication, epigasteric, inappetence, agitation, tremor, decreasing of reflection of deep tendon, conduction deafness of ear, and fatigue. The workers had extra normal levels of Pb (0.9-3 microg/dL) and showed oxidative stress. Taken together, the results indicate that exposure to combination of Pb and Zn in mine elevates total antioxidant capacity of body in a reflex to overcome to oxidative stress. Especially, in the present case, it seems that toxic effect of Pb has been greater than positive effects of Zn, but the combination exposure has resulted in not such a critical toxicity situation.

Circulatory levels of antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in Indian patients with generalized and localized vitiligo

Vitiligo is an acquired skin disease, characterized by white areas on the skin due to loss of functional melanocytes. The pathogenesis of the disease is still unclear. Published data show the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of vitiligo. A total of 30 vitiligo patients and 30 healthy controls were included in this study. We estimated serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), vitamins E and C, total antioxidant activity and whole blood levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in vitiligo patients and controls. We found significantly higher levels of MDA and significantly lower levels of SOD, GPx, vitamins C and E and total antioxidant activity in vitiligo patients compared with controls. This study is a maiden attempt to report on antioxidant parameters of both generalized/localized-type Indian vitiligo patients. Our results confirmed that oxidative stress may play an important role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo and cause melanocyte damage in vitiligo.