Blood Lactate Concentration Values Research Articles

Effect of music on recovery after an anaerobic exercise

BACKGROUND: For years, the effects of music on exercise performance have been researched. Recovery is extremely important for athletes, and therefore any factor that could affect it is of importance. OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of listening to music on recovery after an anaerobic-exercise. METHOD: 25 male athletes (age 21.76 ± 1.84 years) visited the laboratory on two occasions over a week. They performed the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) on two identical conditions but recovery was conducted ‘with’ and ‘without’ listening to music. Blood lactate concentration values were determined at 1, 5, 10 and 15 minutes during the recovery from the exercise. Heart rate (HR) values were determined every minute of the 15 minutes of recovery. RESULTS: There was no difference in the mean blood lactate concentration and HR during the recovery with and without music (p> 0.05). Results showed no significant differences between 2 recovery conditions in heart rate or blood lactate. CONCLUSIONS: Music cannot improve recovery after anaerobic performance and it cannot be used as a mean to enhance recovery after an anaerobic-performance.

Effects of Extended Underwater Sections on the Physiological and Biomechanical Parameters of Competitive Swimmers.

Despite changes in the underwater sections of swimming races affecting overall performance, there is no information about the effects of the apnea-induced changes on the physiological state of competitive swimmers. The aim of the present research was to examine the effect of changes in the underwater race sections on the physiological [blood lactate concentration, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE)] and biomechanical (underwater time, distance, and velocity) parameters of competitive swimmers. Twelve youth competitive swimmers belonging to the national team (706 ± 28.9 FINA points) performed 2 × 75 m efforts under three different conditions, while maintaining a 200 m race pace: (1) free underwater sections, (2) kick number of condition 1 plus two kicks, and (3) maximum distance underwater. Overall performance was maintained, and underwater section durations increased from condition 1 to 3 as expected according to the experimental design. Heart rate and blood lactate concentration values did not show differences between conditions, but the RPE values were significantly greater (F2, 36 = 18.00, p = 0.001, η2: 0.50) for the constrained (conditions 2 and 3) vs. the free underwater condition. Underwater parameters were modified within the 75 m efforts (lap 1 to lap 3), but the magnitude of changes did not depend on the experimental condition (all lap × condition effects p > 0.05). Controlled increases of underwater sections in trained swimmers can led to optimizing performance in these race segments despite small increases of perceived discomfort.

Short-Term Repeated Wingate Training in Hypoxia and Normoxia in Sprinters.

Repeated Wingate efforts (RW) represent an effective training strategy for improving exercise capacity. Living low-training high altitude/hypoxic training methods, that upregulate muscle adaptations, are increasingly popular. However, the benefits of RW training in hypoxia compared to normoxia on performance and accompanying physiological adaptations remain largely undetermined. Our intention was to test the hypothesis that RW training in hypoxia provides additional performance benefits and more favorable physiological responses than equivalent training in normoxia. Twelve male runners (university sprinters) completed six RW training sessions (3 × 30-s Wingate “all-out” efforts with 4.5-min recovery) in either hypoxia (FiO2: 0.145, n = 6) or normoxia (FiO2: 0.209, n = 6) over 2 weeks. Before and after the intervention, participants underwent a RW performance test (3 × 30-s Wingate “all-out” efforts with 4.5-min recovery). Peak power output, mean power output, and total work for the three exercise bouts were determined. A capillary blood sample was taken for analyzing blood lactate concentration (BLa) 3 min after each of the three efforts. Peak power output (+ 11.3 ± 23.0%, p = 0.001), mean power output (+ 6.6 ± 6.8%, p = 0.001), and total work (+ 6.3 ± 5.4% p = 0.016) significantly increased from pre- to post-training, independently of condition. The time × group × interval interaction was significant (p = 0.05) for BLa. Compared to Pre-tests, BLa values during post-test were higher (+ 8.7 ± 10.3%) after about 2 in the normoxic group, although statistical significance was not reached (p = 0.08). Contrastingly, BLa values were lower (albeit not significantly) during post- compared to pre-tests after bout 2 (−9.3 ± 8.6%; p = 0.08) and bout 3 (−9.1 ± 10.7%; p = 0.09) in the hypoxic group. In conclusion, six RW training sessions over 2 weeks significantly improved RW performance, while training in hypoxia had no additional benefit over normoxia. However, accompanying BLa responses tended to be lower in the hypoxic group, while an opposite pattern was observed in the normoxic group. This indicates that different glycolytic and/or oxidative pathway adaptations were probably at play.

Effects of Endurance Training on Lactate Uptake Capacity and Its Related Proteins in Skeletal Muscles in Mice

AimsLactate has been recognized not merely as an end product of glycolysis in skeletal muscle but also as an energy fuel. Lactate also acts as a signaling molecule for muscle mitochondrial biogenesis (Hashimoto et al., 2007; Hoshino et al., 2015; Kitaoka et al., 2016). Therefore, lactate uptake to skeletal muscles is important for using lactate as a fuel and as a signaling molecule. The lactate uptake is regulated by monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) and mitochondrial content in skeletal muscles. Muscle MCTs and mitochondrial content markers are increased after chronic endurance exercise training in humans and rodents. Therefore, we aimed □ to estimate parameters related to lactate uptake capacity using blood lactate concentrations in lactate tolerance test, and □ to examine the relationship between the parameters and the protein levels of MCTs and mitochondrial enzymes in mouse skeletal muscles after 3 weeks of endurance training.MethodsWe used C57BL/6J mice and divided them into two groups, control group (CON) and endurance training (15 ~ 25 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week, 3 weeks) group (END). Lactate tolerance test was performed by lactate intraperitoneal (ip) injection (1 g/kg of body weight) 24h after the last bout of endurance training. We calculated area under the curve (AUC) and peak values of blood lactate concentration. Using the time‐series data of blood lactate concentration after ip injection, the parameter k and n in the following formula were estimated. d[lactate]/dt = k[lactate]nParameter estimation was performed using minimization of residual sum of squares between experimental and simulated data. Gastrocnemius muscles were harvested 24h after the lactate tolerance test. We measured protein levels of MCTs, mitochondrial electron transport chain protein (complex I~V), peroxisome proliferator‐activated‐receptor γ coactivator 1a (PGC‐1a), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and phospho‐fructokinase by Western blot.Results & DiscussionAUC and peak values of blood lactate concentration did not significantly differ between the two groups in the lactate tolerance test. Parameter k, which represents lactate uptake capacity, did not differ between the two groups. Muscle PGC1a was tended to be higher in the END than the CON (p = 0.095), but other protein levels did not significantly differ between the two groups. These results suggest that volume and/or duration of endurance training might not be enough. There was a positive correlation between the parameter k and protein levels of mitochondrial enzymes. This result suggests that the higher protein levels of mitochondrial enzymes in tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chainin gastrocnemius muscles lead to the higher lactate uptake capacity. However, the relationship was not seen in the END. It is likely that lactate uptake capacity was associated with other factors in the early stage of endurance training.ConclusionLactate uptake capacity was closely related to protein levels of mitochondrial enzymes in skeletal muscles, but the relationship disappeared in the 3‐wk endurance‐trained mice.

Parasympathetic activity delayed after self-paced exercise

The main purpose of this study was to compare the effect of the constant load and self-paced exercise with similar total work on autonomic control after endurance exercise. Ten physically active men were submitted to (i) a maximal incremental exercise test, (ii) a 4-km cycling time trial (4-km TT), and (iii) a constant workload test with identical total external work performed at 4-km TT. Gas exchange was measured throughout the tests, while blood lactate, heart rate, and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured during the passive recovery. Power output measured at the last lap (i.e. 3600–4000 m) of 4-km TT (316 ± 89 W) was statistically higher than power output measured at the end of the constant workload exercise (211 ± 42 W). The 4-km TT produced higher values of blood lactate concentration (8.8 ± 2.1 mmol L−1) than the constant workload test (7.8 ± 2.1 mmol L−1). The heart rate recovery measured at 60 s (constant workload: 37 ± 7 bpm; 4-km TT: 30 ± 6) and 120 s (constant workload: 57 ± 9 bpm; 4-km TT: 51 ± 9 bpm) were higher in the constant workload than in the self-paced exercise. The HRV (i.e. RMSSD30s) was statistically higher in the constant load exercise measured at 120, 420, 450, 480, 540, and 570 s than the self-paced exercise. These findings suggest that the autonomic control responses were dependent of the endurance exercise modalities, with parasympathetic activity being delayed after self-paced exercise, as evidenced by post-exercise heart rate indices.

The climbing protocol of the Swiss Alpine Club – an approximation of biological correlates?

Introduction: Sport climbing is becoming more and more popular however, protocols for analyzing technique do rarely exist. One common tool in Switzerland is the standard climbing protocol of SAC, which is oriented at the standard movement of climbing allowing to rate individual technique. In this study interaction of blood lactate concentration and its interaction with technique scores were analyzed. Methods: 12 sportclimbers of good leisure sport level with regular climbing activity performed 3 previously unknown routes with difficulties of 6–, 6, 6+ (UIAA Scale) in a climbing hall. Before and immediately after climbing blood lactate concentration was measured: Technical skills for all routes were rated with technical protocol of standard movement developed by the Swiss Alpine Club. Results: Average values of blood lactate concentration increased in route 6– from 1.9 ± 0.6 mmol/l to 3 ± 1.1 mmol/l, in 6 from 2 ± 0.6 mmo/l to 3.4 ± 1.2 mmol/l, in 6+ from 2.2 ± 0.7 mmol/l to 4.4 ± 1.8 mmol/l. Rated technical skills continuously decreased with increasing difficulties of climbing routes with interindividual large differences. Discussion: Principally, the inverse decrease of technique scores to lactate concentration implies, that the tested protocol not only measures technical skills but also physiological components. Furthermore, the identified relationship of technique and strength implies a close relationship in climbing of these two components.

Effects of caffeine, L-carnitine and their combination on 400-m freestyle performance in female swimmers

This study is aimed to examine the effect of caffeine ,L- carnitine, and their combination on lactate blood level, and exercise time during a 400 m freestyle swimming trial. 16 adolescent female freestyle swimmers were randomly divided into 4 groups; caffeine (3mg/kg), carnitine (1.5g), caffeine + carnitine (3 mg/kg + 1.5 g), and placebo. Supplements were consumed on 4 separate occasions before completing maximal 400-m freestyle trial. In each of the trials, Supplements were consumed 30 min prior to testing by Applying a single blind experimental design then the Statistical analysis was carried out on the relevant data using anova test. No significant differences (p =0 .05) were observed for performance in all groups whereas blood blood lactate concentration values in min 1 were lower in the caffeine trials compare to other groups. These findings showing that consuming 3mg/kg caffeine ,1.5 g L-carnitine and their combination has no meaningful effect on performance.

The Use of the Blood Lactate Curve to Develop Training Intensity Guidelines for the Sports of Track and Field and Cross-Country

The purpose of this study was to develop and field test a standardized system of training intensity guidelines for the sport of track and field/cross country, modeled after the standardized system of training intensity guidelines developed, adopted, and in use by U.S.A. Swimming. This study was quantitative and focused on the development and field-testing of standardized training intensity guidelines, based on the blood lactate curve and energy metabolism. The findings showed that as intensity increased so did participants’ blood lactate concentration, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion. A Pearson product-moment correlation analysis between the mean values of blood lactate concentration, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion, and the corresponding training intensity ranges revealed significant positive correlations between mean blood lactate values (r = 0.99, p < 0.001), mean heart rate (r = 0.96, p < 0.001); and ratings of perceived exertion (r = 0.99, p < 0.005). Correlation analyses between heart rate and measures of blood lactate were positive (r = 0.70, p > 0.05), as were heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion (r = 0.96, p < 0.005). Measures of blood lactate were positively and significantly correlated to ratings of perceived exertion (r = 0.82, p < 0.05). These findings validated the training intensity guidelines model.

Step Length and Individual Anaerobic Threshold Assessment in Swimming

Anaerobic threshold is widely used for diagnosis of swimming aerobic endurance but the precise incremental protocols step duration for its assessment is controversial. A physiological and biomechanical comparison between intermittent incremental protocols with different step lengths and a maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) test was conducted. 17 swimmers performed 7×200, 300 and 400 m (30 s and 24 h rest between steps and protocols) in front crawl until exhaustion and an MLSS test. The blood lactate concentration values ([La-]) at individual anaerobic threshold were 2.1±0.1, 2.2±0.2 and 1.8±0.1 mmol.l - 1 in the 200, 300 and 400 m protocols (with significant differences between 300 and 400 m tests), and 2.9±1.2 mmol.l - 1 at MLSS (higher than the incremental protocols); all these values are much lower than the traditional 4 mmol.l - 1 value. The velocities at individual anaerobic threshold obtained in incremental protocols were similar (and highly related) to the MLSS, being considerably lower than the velocity at 4 mmol.l - 1. Stroke rate increased and stroke length decreased throughout the different incremental protocols. It was concluded that it is valid to use intermittent incremental protocols of 200 and 300 m lengths to assess the swimming velocity corresponding to individual anaerobic threshold, the progressive protocols tend to underestimate the [La-] at anaerobic threshold assessed by the MLSS test, and swimmers increase velocity through stroke rate increases.

Ratings of Perceived Exertion-Lactate Association During Actual Singles Tennis Match Play

To examine the relationship between metabolic (i.e., blood lactate concentration) and perceptual (ratings of perceived exertion, RPE) responses and their association with variables describing the characteristics of the singles tennis match play. Eight trained and internationally ranked (Association of Tennis Professionals rankings) male tennis players were studied during singles matches (best of 3 sets) played on an outdoor clay court surface during a professional invitational tournament. Ratings of perceived exertion and blood lactate concentrations were determined at selected change overs during the game. The variables describing the characteristics of the matches, (a) duration of rallies (DR), (b) rest time, (c) effective playing time, and (d) strokes per rally (SR), were determined from video recordings. Significant correlations (r = 0.57-0.48; p < 0.01) were found for RPE-blood lactate responses during the games. Both RPE and blood lactate concentration values were significantly correlated with SR and DR (r = 0.80-0.61; p < 0.001) in service games. Average RPE was significantly higher (p < 0.05) following service games (13.5 +/- 1.9; n = 24) than following receiving games (12.2 +/- 2.0; n = 22). Mean blood lactate concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) following service games (4.4 +/- 2.4 mmol.L; n = 24) than following receiving games (3.0 +/- 1.3 mmol.L; n = 22). These results indicate that monitoring RPE may be a useful technique for regulating on-court tennis training intensity. Moreover, blood lactate may mediate the relation between RPE and tennis match play intensity.

Match activity and physiological responses during a junior female singles tennis tournament

Objective:To assess physiological load in conjunction with individual patterns of match-play activity in junior female tennis players during actual singles tennis competition.Methods:Eight elite junior female tennis players (n = 8;...

The Combined Effect of Time of Day and Menstrual Cycle on Lactate Threshold

This study examined the isolated and combined effects of time of day and menstrual cycle phase on the determination of the lactate threshold (Tlac) and blood lactate concentration. Eleven endurance-trained female athletes (mean age 32.4+/- 6.9 yr) were tested at 06:00 and 18:00 h and at two phases of the menstrual cycle, the midfollicular phase and the midluteal phase. Capillary blood (25 muL) was obtained from the tip of the toe at rest, and during the last 30 s of a continuous, multistage, 3-min incremental protocol on the Concept II rowing ergometer. To determine Tlac, a curve-fitting procedure (Dmax method), a visual method (Tlac-vis), and the fixed blood lactate concentration of 4.0 mmol.L (Tlac-4 mM) were used. Ventilatory threshold (Tvent) was also determined. In the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle, Tlac-4 mM occurred at a significantly higher exercise intensity, heart rate, and oxygen consumption than it did in the midfollicular phase. Blood lactate concentration at Tvent and at Tlac using the Dmax method was significantly lower in the midluteal phase. No significant interaction effects (menstrual cycle x time of day) were observed for any of the methods used to determine Tlac or for values of blood lactate concentration at rest and at maximum. These findings suggest that, when using fixed values of blood lactate in physiologic assessment, consideration should be given to the menstrual cycle phase in which the test is carried out.

Pre-exercise serum cortisol concentration and responses to laboratory exercise.

Relationships between the postexercise values of blood lactate concentration, pH, oxygen uptake, heart rate, power output on the one hand, and the pre- and postexercise blood cortisol concentrations on the other, were studied in 74 male and 40 female athletes (wrestlers and senior and junior rowers), performing graded exercise of increasing intensity. The senior rowers, junior rowers and wrestlers had different exercise protocols. The senior rowers of both sexes had significantly higher rest concentrations of serum cortisol than the junior athletes. A significant correlation between postexercise lactate concentrations and pre-exercise cortisol concentrations was found in all the male groups ("common" r = 0.515, P < 0.001), but not in the female ones (r = 0.162). It was concluded that the pre-exercise cortisol concentrations might condition anaerobic-glycolytic metabolism in physical exercise.

Distribution of lactate in plasma anderythrocytes during and after exercise in horses

The distribution of lactate between red blood cells (RBC) and plasma was examined at rest, during exercise and 30 min after exercise in six Standardbred horses. Lactate and water concentrations were measured in blood and plasma samples collected prior to exercise, during the last 15 s of each step of an incremental exercise test and at 5 min intervals during the first 30 min after exercise. The mean ratio of RBC lactate concentration (RBCLa) to plasma lactate concentration (PLa) prior to exercise was 1.02 +/- 0.34. Haemoconcentration during exercise was associated with more rapid accumulation of lactate in plasma than in RBCs. Mean whole blood lactate concentration (BLa) was only 59% of PLa in samples collected during exercise. BLa was highly correlated with PLa during exercise (r = 0.98; P < 0.001), but individual PLa values differed from predicted BLa values by up to 2.1 mmol l-1 when PLa exceeded 8 mmol l-1. At each exercise speed and time after exercise there was a large variation between horses in the ratio of BLa/PLa. During exercise at 11 m s-1 the ratio ranged from 0.46-0.73. The BLa/PLa ratio was significantly correlated with increasing exercise intensity, (r = -0.68, P < 0.001) and with haematocrit, (r = -0.69, P < 0.001). The effects of PLa and haematocrit on the BLa/PLa ratio during exercise and the post-exercise period varied greatly between horses. The ratio of lactate concentrations in water of RBCs and plasma varied greatly during and after exercise (0.61-1.22). The ratio also varied considerably between horses, with coefficients of variation ranging from 14-34%. Lactate concentrations in RBC and plasma water vary greatly between horses during and after exercise. We concluded that lactate is unevenly distributed between red blood cells and plasma in blood samples centrifuged immediately after collection, and the variability depends on haematocrit.

Effect of Storage on Measured Blood Lactate Concentration - A Research Note

It is not always convenient to analyse blood samples immediately after collection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of storage for 2 to 6 weeks on lactate concentration in whole blood samples. Following 219 outdoor running races, fingertip blood samples were obtained and immediately treated with an anticoagulant (EDTA), an erythrocyte-lysing agent (Triton X-100), and an anti-glycolytic agent (sodium fluoride). Samples were analysed shortly after they were obtained and then again after either 2 weeks (n = 73), 4 weeks (n = 73), or 6 weeks (n = 73). Results of ANOVAs revealed an effect of storage time on the measured concentration (F2,216 = 16.26, p < 0.01). There was no effect of storage for 2 or 4 weeks but, after 6 weeks, mean (+/- SD) blood lactate concentration values were 0.8 +/- 1.1 mM (+5%) higher than initially (t72 = 6.77, p < 0.01). It is concluded that blood samples treated with Triton X-100, EDTA, and sodium fluoride may be stored up to 4 weeks without appreciable effect on measured blood lactate concentration.

Independence of ventilation and blood lactate responses during graded exercise.

The effect of power output increment, based on an increase in pedal rate, on blood lactate accumulation during graded exercise is unknown. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the effect of two different rates of power output increments employing two pedal rates on pulmonary ventilation and blood lactate responses during graded cycle ergometry in young men. Males (n = 8) with an mean (SD) peak oxygen uptake of 4.2 (0.1) l.min-1 served as subjects. Each subject performed two graded cycle ergometer tests. The first test, conducted at 60 rev.min-1, employed 4 min of unloaded pedaling followed by a standard power output step increment (SI) of 60 W every 3rd min. The second test, conducted at 90 rev.min-1, employed 4 min of unloaded pedaling followed by a high power output step increment (HI) of 90 W every 3rd min. Venous blood was sampled from a forearm vein after 5 min of seated rest, 4 min of unloaded pedaling, and every 3rd min of graded exercise. Peak exercise values for heart rate, oxygen uptake (VO2), and ventilation (VE) were similar (P > 0.05) for SI and HI exercise, as was the relationship between VE and VO2, and between VE and carbon dioxide production (VCO2). However, the relationship between blood lactate concentration and VO2 was dissimilar between SI and HI exercise with blood lactate accumulation beyond the lowest ventilatory equivalent of oxygen, and peak exercise blood lactate concentration values significantly higher (P < 0.05) for SI [12.8 (2.6) mmol.l-1] compared to HI [8.0 (1.9) mmol.l-1] exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)