Blood Group Typing Research Articles

Real-world performance of a clinical droplet digital polymerase chain reaction assay for non-invasive foetal blood group and platelet antigen genotyping of alloimmunized pregnant women with antibodies directed against RhD, RhE, Rhc, RhC, K1, HPA-1a or HPA-5b: A 1-year experience.

To test the performance of a new droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) non-invasive foetal blood group and platelet antigen genotyping assay in the setting of a Dutch reference laboratory for foetal blood group and platelet antigen genotyping. Our population comprised 229 consecutive alloimmunized pregnant women who presented between April 2022 and March 2023 with 250 requests for non-invasive foetal RHD, RHE, RHc, RHC, K1, HPA-1a or HPA-5b blood group and platelet antigen genotyping. Samples were genotyped for blood group and platelet antigen alleles along with methylated RASSF1a (mRASSF1a) and sex-determining region of Y (SRY) and DYS14 as positive foetal controls. Negative blood group and platelet antigen results were issued only when foetal controls were positive; otherwise, such samples were classified as inconclusive. The assay achieved a success rate of 98.4% (246 of 250) because one case was lost to follow-up, one case was solved with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and one case precluded foetal typing due to RHD variant mothers. Only 10 cases needed a second sample and one case a third for a valid final result. We identified 116 maternal-foetal blood group and platelet antigen incompatibilities. Clinical non-invasive foetal blood group and platelet antigen typing of alloimmunized pregnant women via ddPCR is successful and represents an improvement over qPCR because of the addition of a foetal control and because ddPCR circumvents potential interference from maternal cell-free DNA (cfDNA) background for foetal HPA-1 and K1.

Is there a correlation between A, B, and O blood group system and dental anxiety in pediatric dental patients? An observational study.

Anxiety and fear are significant challenges in pediatric dentistry, often leading to avoidance of dental treatment. Some studies suggest a potential link between the dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene and the ABO gene. As ABO blood group type is determined genetically, it could serve as a bioindicator for assessing the impact of genetics on personality traits. The association between blood types and personality characteristics has long been debated. Eighty eligible children, meeting the inclusion criteria, were enrolled in the study. Blood group data were obtained from parents/guardians. Dental anxiety assessment was done using the RMS-Picture scale and pulse oximeter. The collected data were analyzed statistically. The study found no correlation between dental anxiety and ABO blood grouping.

Anemia Near Delivery is Prevalent, Pernicious, and Associated with Lower Neighbourhood Income: An Analysis of Over 50 000 Pregnancies

ObjectivesAnemia in pregnancy has negative impacts on maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and has been described as an issue of health equity. The primary aim of our study was to describe rates of anemia near delivery and assess whether this correlates with neighbourhood-level income status. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of pregnant individuals delivering from January 2012 through December 2022 at two large academic centres. We used log binomial regression to estimate the association between neighbourhood-level income quintile and anemia near delivery, defined as a hemoglobin <110 g/L within 30 days of delivery, controlling for maternal age, parity, thalassemia trait, number of fetuses, blood group, and service provider type. Secondary maternal and fetal outcomes were analyzed descriptively. ResultsA total of 51 782 deliveries were included; the majority were singleton (97%) pregnancies delivered vaginally (61%). While 77% of patients had a complete blood count done within 30 days of delivery, only 13% had a ferritin value checked within 9 months of delivery. Approximately 30% of all patients were anemic near delivery with higher rates of anemia in lower income quintiles; patients in the lowest income quintile were 18% more likely to be anemic than those in the highest income quintile (RR 1.18; 95% CI: 1.12–1.25). ConclusionEven within a high resource, academic setting, anemia in pregnancy is common. Given high rates of anemia in our study, particularly amongst patients in lower income quintiles, widespread targeted educational and system interventions are required to ensure equitable patient care.

Association between blood group antigens ABO, Rh, Kell, Kidd, Duffy and MNS and clinical forms of Chagas disease.

The mechanisms that determine the progression to cardiac or digestive forms of chronic Chagas disease (CD) are still unclear. We assessed the association between blood group antigens ABO, Rh, Kell, Kidd, Duffy and MNS, and chronic CD clinical forms. Patients were included consecutively between March 2013 and April 2016. Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained from electronic medical records and interviews. Classification of CD clinical forms followed the Brazilian Consensus on CD. The ID-Gel Card technology from Bio-Rad (Diamed/Bio-Rad Latin America, MG, Brazil) was used to analyze the blood group antigens. A total of 619 adult patients (56.9% women, mean age 60±12y) were included. Patients' clinical forms of CD were classified as follows: indeterminate 29.1%, cardiac 55.4%, digestive 5.5% and mixed 10.0%. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, comorbidities and time away from an endemic area revealed that the S+s- allele of the MNS blood type was associated with a lower odds of cardiac disease and that the B blood group type was associated with a higher odds of digestive disease. All other blood types did not have an association with CD clinical form. Blood group systems ABO and MNS were associated with chronic CD clinical forms.

Derajat Aglutinasi pada Pemeriksaan Golongan Darah Metode Tabung Berdasarkan Masa Simpan Test Sel A dan Test Sel B Hari Ke-0, Ke-2, Ke-4, Ke-6 dan Ke-8

Blood group examination is an examination that aims to determine the type of blood group. Cell test is a blood group examination reagent used to detect antibodies in the serum being examined. The long shelf life of cell tests that can only last for two days is considered less effective for agencies with a high level of blood services. The purpose of this study was to describe the degree of agglutination in blood group examination with cell test A and B stored on the 0th, 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th days. This study is a descriptive study with a Quasi Experimental research design. Test cell A and test cell B were made from red blood cell specimens of 3 blood type A and 3 blood type B respectively. Test cells are stored in a refrigerator with a temperature of 2-6° C. Test cells were then examined on the 0th, 2nd, 4th, and 6th day of storage. Calculation of samples and repetitions using the Federer formula with the number of treatments in this study is 5 treatments. Based on the calculation, one sample of test cell A and test cell B was obtained with five repetitions of each examination. The results showed that on the 0th, 2nd, 4th, and 6th day of cell test storage, the results of blood type examination were obtained, namely the degree of agglutination 4+ with erythrocytes in the cell test clumping into one bond, cells forming large agglutination with clear supernatant. On the 8th day of storage, the result of agglutination degree is 3+ with erythrocytes in test cells not clumping perfectly, there are erythrocyte granules and cloudy supernatant. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that test cell A and test cell B can be used optimally until day 6 storage.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and its Association with ABO Blood Group Type among Pregnant Women with Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension in Northwest Ethiopia: A Comparative Study

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and its Association with ABO Blood Group Type among Pregnant Women with Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension in Northwest Ethiopia: A Comparative Study

Exploring the Link between ABO Blood Groups and Obesity among Young Adults

Objective: To explore the link between the ABO blood groups and obesity among young adults of Hyderabad district, Sind, Pakistan. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2021 to January 2022, and included 582 randomly selected participants, including 301 males and 281 females, aged between 18 to 40 years, from various institutions of district Hyderabad, including students, faculty members, and employee of universities, colleges, hospitals. A simple random sampling technique was used for the collection of data. Before induction, verbal consent was taken from all the participants. Data was collected by a self-structured questionnaire including sociodemographic characteristics. A brief history was taken relevant to the parameters of the study followed by measuring Body Mass Index, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio. BMI was categorized with South Asian standards. Data collected through structured questionnaires and anthropometric parameters were analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. Results: In this study, the data of 582 participants were included out of 600 participants, as the remaining 18 could not provide complete data. The mean age in male participants was 27.83 ± 5.478 and in females was 22.27 ± 4.730. The average BMI in male participants was 25.81 ± 5.08 and in females was 24.00 ±4.90. Overall, 205 B blood group participants were found obese, which included 111 male participants and 94 female participants, followed by blood 197 group O participants, 130 A blood group participants, and 50 AB group individuals. In total, there were 536 Rh positives, and only 42 Rh negatives. Individuals with blood group B and Rh-positive status were identified at being greater risk of developing higher BMI, waist-hip ratio, and waist circumference. Conclusion: The evidence found in this study proved a positive association of the types of blood groups with BMI, waist-hip ratio, and waist circumference.

A supply-based scoring approach to account for biological disadvantages in accessing lung transplant.

The lung Composite Allocation Score (CAS) accounts separately for biological disadvantages stemming from candidate blood type and height using consensus-derived heuristics, which do not reflect the true supply of compatible organs available to candidates with specific combinations of blood type and height.Here, we develop an alternative CAS biological disadvantages subscore using a novel measure of donor supply. Using Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients data from February 19, 2015 to September 1, 2021, we modeled daily distance-adjusted supply of compatible donors, as a function of candidate blood type, height, and diagnosis group, using Poisson rate regression and applied the model to create a 10-point supply-based subscore. Substituting this subscore in place of the 10 total points allocated to blood type and height in CAS created a "Supply-Adjusted CAS". We simulated population outcomes under Supply-Adjusted CAS, original CAS (March 2023) and "ABO Modified" CAS (September 2023). The supply-based subscore was more responsive to variations in candidate blood type, height, and diagnosis group than corresponding CAS or ABO-Modified CAS subscores. In simulation, waitlist mortality improved from 13.95 per 100 waitlist years under CAS and 14.12 under ABO-Modified CAS to 13.09 under Supply-Adjusted CAS. Transplant rates improved from 121.6 and 126.2 under CAS and ABO-Modified CAS, respectively, to 128.8 under Supply-Adjusted CAS. Height disparities improved substantially, while blood type disparities grew slightly relative to ABO-Modified CAS. Supply-Adjusted CAS may improve lung transplant population outcomes overall while providing a more empirically based method to address equity.

Blood Groups and their Correlation with Physical Traits Affecting 100-Meter Performance

Background. Sport training has an impact on other sciences. Among these sciences is physiology, in which emerged to form what is called sports physiology. The recent development in the science of physical education is one of the important factors in measuring and determining the nature of athletes' physical, physiological and biochemical adaptations and responses. The blood circulatory system is important as manifested in finding the relationship between some blood groups and the basic physical characteristics and the completion of the 100-meter race. Objectives. The aim of this study is to identify the types of blood groups and their relationship to some physical traits, and the completion of the 100-meter race for some student athletes. Methods. the descriptive approach was used for its suitability to the research problem. The sample consisted of the students of second stage in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Mustaqbal University in Iraq. It was 143 students (35%) of the original research sample. With the a 143 sample size , the calculated confidence is 34.95 with standard deviation of ±3.87. Results. The study finds out a positive correlation between blood groups and some physical traits. There is also a positive correlation between blood groups and 100-meter sprint achievement as indicated from the statically data analysis and supported by the mean values 5.6 for O blood grouping. Conclusion. the blood group of athletes can take a role and impact on the speed and muscular strength tests. according to the results of this study the athletes who have AB and O blood group are more likely to win in 100 sprint races.

Trends of Toxoplasma gondii and common transfusable venereal infections among blood donors in Menoufia Province, Egypt

Blood transfusion has a hazard of transmission of many pathogens, including Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and other venereal infections. It is crucial to conduct epidemiological surveillance to detect the prevalence of these pathogens. The study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of T. gondii and common transfusable venereal infections among healthy blood donors in Menoufia Province, Egypt, and identify associated risk factors. Four hundred twenty individuals were recruited between January and April 2023 for cross-sectional descriptive research from the blood banks of Menoufia University medical hospitals. Collected blood samples were screened for anti-T. gondii IgM and IgG, HBsAg, anti-HCV antibodies, HIV p24 antigen and anti-HIV antibodies, and anti-Treponema pallidum antibodies. 46 (11.0%) and 22 donors (5.2%) individuals tested positive for anti-T. gondii IgG with a 95% CI (8.3–14.6) and IgM with a 95% CI (3.5–8.1), respectively, while one patient (0.2%) was positive for both antibodies. Regarding venereal infections, 12 (2.9%) were positive for HBV, 6 (1.4%) were positive for HCV, 7 (1.7%) were positive for HIV, and none of the tested population showed positivity for syphilis. Female gender, consumption of raw meat, agricultural environment, poor awareness about T. gondii, and blood group type (especially AB and O groups) were identified as independent risk factors for T. gondii infection. The study highlights the importance of testing blood donors for T. gondii and common transfusable venereal illnesses. Starting health education programs and preventative measures, such as suitable meat handling and cleanliness practices, is critical for minimizing the occurrence of these illnesses. Larger-scale additional study is advised to confirm these results and provide guidance for public health initiatives.

Effect of Rh- Positive Blood Group on Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission Input-Output Function.

The blood group system of human beings can impact the health and auditory system. There are correlations between various audiological test findings and blood groups. Studies have shown that persons with the O blood group have reduced resonance frequency of the middle ear and amplitude of otoacoustic emissions. Therefore, Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) results could be different across blood groups. The current study aimed to determine the difference in Distortion product otoacoustic emission input-output function in persons with varying groups of blood. A total of sixty college-going young female adults, aged between 18 and 25years, participated in the current study. They were divided into four groups, each with 15 participants based on the blood group type (A, B. AB. O). The subjects underwent Distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) input-output function on the following frequencies: 703Hz,1060Hz,1416Hz,2114Hz,2827Hz,4243Hz, and 5645Hz. The analysis showed no significant difference in the area and slope of the Distortion product otoacoustic emission input-output function at all frequencies. Thus, the study's result shows no effect of the blood group on Distortion product otoacoustic emission input- output function.

Evaluation of the Blood Feeding Preference of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) when Offered Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Blood.

Aedes aegypti (L.,1762) is a primary vector of arboviral infections like dengue, yellow fever, Zika. Female mosquitoes are influenced by various physical and chemical cues from host when blood feeding, e.g., they find some individuals with certain blood types or certain conditions more attractive than others. This study determined whether Ae. aegypti shows a preference when offered blood from a patient with diabetes mellitus (DM), an endocrine disorder associated with abnormal glucose metabolism, compared to healthy blood from non-DMs. In the dual feeding experiments, forty newly emerged female mosquitoes were provided with two blood feeding systems with blood from a non-diabetic (healthy) and diabetic patient using artificial feeders. Blood from 12 diabetic and 12 non-diabetic patients was matched by ABO blood type (e.g., diabetic type O blood was compared with non-diabetic type O blood). The number of mosquitoes that landed and fed from each membrane was counted every 2min for thirty minutes. Ae. aegypti species significantly preferred for blood from non-diabetic individuals (50-65% among the different blood type groups) compared to blood from diabetic individuals. Using multiplex allele-specific PCR it was also determined that, Ae. aegypti significantly preferred the O blood group regardless of blood sugar level compared to others. Ae. aegypti has less preference for diabetic blood to non-diabetics. Regardless people affected with this condition need to take preventive measures to reduce mosquito bites as they tend to have weaker immune systems and can experience more severe cases of dengue.

Single-exon fetal RHD genotyping: a 31-month follow up in the obstetric population of Western Sweden.

The Rh blood group system is highly complex, polymorphic, and immunogenic. The presence of RHD gene variants in RhD negative pregnant women is a challenge in fetal RHD genotyping as it may influence the antenatal management of anti-D prophylaxis. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of a non-invasive single-exon approach in the obstetric population of Western Sweden in a 31-month follow up. The frequency and type of maternal RHD variants were explored and the relation to the ethnicity was elucidated. Discrepant results between fetal RHD genotyping and serological blood group typing of newborns were investigated and clarified. RHD exon 4 was analysed with quantitative real-time PCR technique in a total of 6,948 blood samples from RhD negative women in early pregnancy. All cases with suspected maternal RHD gene and discrepant results observed in newborn samples, were further investigated using both serological and molecular technologies. A total of 43 samples (0.6%) had inconclusive fetal genotyping result due the presence of a maternal RHD gene. These findings were in most cases (>66%) observed in pregnant women of non-European ancestry. Additionally, two novel RHD alleles were found. Seven discrepant results between fetal RHD genotype and serological RhD type of the newborns, were shown to be related to D antigen variants in newborns. Assay sensitivity was 99.95%, specificity 100%, and accuracy 99.97%. The single-exon approach for fetal RHD screening early in pregnancy is an appropriate choice in the population of Western Sweden, with a very low frequency of inconclusive results caused by the presence of maternal RHD gene variants. Due to the high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the test, serological typing of neonates born to RhD negative women has no longer been performed at our laboratory since June 2023.

The Effect of Blood Group Types on Covid-19 Infection in Diabetic Patients

Background: A pandemic classification for COVID-19 was later issued. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was the cause of it. It spreads quickly and can result in severe respiratory failure at an early stage. Clinical research has demonstrated that the risk of infection is increased by both aging and chronic conditions. As such, blood group effects on the COVID-19 infection and its progression remain unknown. Aim: This study investigates possible relationships between patient blood group types, risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 in diabetic patients. Methodology: Age (41–60) was shown to be the age group most susceptible to infection with the SARS–COVID–19 virus, according to a statistical analysis of data from 90 individuals infected with COVID-19. Based on gender, the findings indicated that women had a greater incidence of diabetes than men did, with women having a 46% incidence of diabetes and men having a 44% infection rate. The blood types A and O were the most prevalent. According to the results of the current investigation, blood type O+ individuals had a higher prevalence of diabetes than blood type O-individuals. Based on gender, the findings indicated that women had a greater incidence of diabetes than men did, with women having a 46% incidence of diabetes and men having a 44% infection rate. Results: The results of the present study suggest that while blood group A might have a role in increased susceptibility to COVID-19 infection, blood group O might be somewhat protective. However, blood group type does not seem to influence clinical outcomes once infected.

The effects of drone transportation on routine laboratory, immunohematology, flow cytometry and molecular analyses.

Transportation of medical samples between laboratories or hospital sites is typically performed by motorized ground transport. Due to the increased traffic congestions in urban environments, drone transportation has become an attractive alternative for fast shipping of samples. In accordance with the CLSI guidelines and the ISO 15189 standard, the impact of this transportation type on sample integrity and performance of laboratory tests must be thoroughly validated. Blood samples from 36 healthy volunteers and bacterial spiked urine samples were subjected to a 20-40 min drone flight before they were analyzed and compared with their counterparts that stayed on the ground. Effects on stability of 30 routine biochemical and hematological parameters, immunohematology tests and flow cytometry and molecular tests were evaluated. No clinically relevant effects on blood group typing, flow cytometry lymphocyte subset testing and on the stability of the multicopy opacity-associated proteins (Opa) genes inbacterial DNA nor on the number of Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 (abl) housekeeping genesin human peripheral blood cells were seen. Forthreeofthe 30 biochemistry and hematology parameters a statistically significant difference was found: gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and thrombocyte count. A clinically relevant effect however was only seen for potassium and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Multi-rotor drone transportation can be used for medical sample transportation with no effect on the majority of the tested parameters, including flow cytometry and molecular analyses, with the exception of a limited clinical impact on potassium and LDH.

Phosphatidylethanol is a promising tool for screening alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is one of the leading causes of preventable developmental disabilities. A lack of objective screening methods results in an under-recognition of the phenomenon. Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) is a specific ethanol biomarker that reveals alcohol intake up to several weeks after alcohol use. So far, PEth has mostly been a tool for detecting moderate and heavy drinking. With lower PEth cut-offs, revealing even minor prenatal alcohol consumption is possible. We aimed to find out if a sensitive method for PEth analysis would give additional information about PAE and to assess the cut-off value for a positive alcohol result in prenatal screening. The study was an observational study of 3000 anonymous blood samples collected from the Helsinki University Hospital Diagnostic Center between June and September 2023. The Finnish Red Cross Blood Service received the samples originally for blood group typing and antibody screening as part of the prenatal blood screening program. We developed a sensitive PEth 16:0/18:1 analysis method using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) equipment after liquid-liquid extraction of PEth from whole blood. The lower limit of quantification was 1 ng/mL. PEth was ≥2 ng/mL in 5.2% of the cases, ≥8 ng/mL in 2.0%, and ≥20 ng/mL in 1.0%. The detection time of PEth can be several weeks, especially with low PEth concentrations and after heavy alcohol consumption. It remained unknown whether the positive PEth tests resulted from drinking deliberately during pregnancy or before pregnancy recognition. We suggest adding PEth 16:0/18:1 to a routine prenatal blood screening program with a cut-off of 2 ng/mL-and in positive cases, clinical evaluation and retesting in 2-4 weeks. In clinical settings, information on gestational week and alcohol consumption before pregnancy is relevant and needs to be considered when interpreting low PEth concentrations.

Molecular genotyping versus serological diagnosis for RH blood group typing in sickle cell patients

ABSTRACT Objectives High rate of alloimmunization in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients poses a significant challenge in finding compatible blood unit. Accurate determination of the blood group genotype of them can help reduce the alloimmunization risk. Tetra ARMS PCR is a novel method that has been utilized recently to investigate SNPs in diseases in a fast and reliable way. Methods Our study included 104 SCD and sickle thalassemia (Sβ) patients referred to Baghaei-2-Hospital of Ahvaz in 2019 using a nonrandom sampling method. Blood samples were collected for serological and molecular tests. Rh genotyping was performed using Tetra ARMS PCR and compared with the serological results. Results Based on the Tetra ARMS PCR method, out of 104 patients, 7 (6.7%) were d/d, 40 (38.5%) were D/d, 57 (54.8%) were D/D, 25 (24%) were C/C, 59 (56.7%) were C/c, 20 (19.3%) were c/c, 4 (3.8%) were E/E, 25 (24%) were E/e, and patients 75 (72.2%) were e/e. There were discrepancies in the serological and molecular results for 11 patients. Conclusion Use of Tetra ARMS PCR in combination with serological methods for determining the Rh blood group system in donors and transfusion-dependent patients represents a remarkable transformation in the field of immunohematology.

Human blood group type detection prototype focusing on agglutinin using microcontroller based photodiode

Blood is a fluid in the body that mainly serves as a medium for transporting various substances in the body. Detection of human blood group types with this microcontroller utilizes dark and light properties. The dark character appears due to agglomeration, while the light nature arises because of no agglomeration, for this to happen, a liquid reagent is needed. Administration of this liquid uses the aviator's breathing oxygen (ABO) system, which consists of reagent a, reagent b, and reagent c and mixing it with blood on the test paper. The number of blood samples in each reagent is based on blood lancet. Furthermore, the sensors used to detect these properties are photodiode and light emitting diode (LED) each of 3 pieces. The Arduino Uno is used to process sensor input while at the same time producing displayed human blood group type on the display screen. The test is carried out involving 12 blood samples and a medical officer. Medical officer are tasked reading directly the results of mixing between reagents and blood samples, after that are compared with the system. The results show that the deviation of the system reading is 0.167 for the sensor reading distance with the sample as far as 0.5 cm.

Going the distance: Geographic effects of the lung transplant composite allocation score

BackgroundIn March 2023, the lung allocation policy underwent major changes from a tiered structure to a composite allocation score (CAS). The goal was to improve allocation equity for disadvantaged groups by deprioritizing transplant distance. This study examines the effects of CAS on geographic trends and transportation efficiency. MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted using the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database, queried for adult lung transplants from 9/1/2022 - 9/1/2023. Outcomes were nautical distance of transplant, ischemic time, and flight required for transport (estimated as distance >100 miles). Perioperative complications and early survival were analyzed, with propensity-matching to account for baseline differences. ResultsA total of 1394 pre-CAS and 1197 post-CAS patients were included in the study cohort. Post-CAS recipients were less likely to be ABO type O (39.2% vs 47.3%, p<0.001), and were less likely to be an identical ABO match (82.7% vs. 91.0%, p < 0.001). The CAS cohort travelled significantly further (354.0 mi. [IQR:139 – 657] vs. 195.0 mi. [IQR:78 – 388], p < 0.001). CAS patients had longer ischemic times (6.8 hrs. [IQR: 5.3 – 8.9] vs. 6.0 hrs. [IQR:4.8 – 7.5], p < 0.001), and CAS procurements were more likely to require a flight for transport (n = 934, 78.0% vs. n = 991, 71.1%, p<0.001). However, waitlist time was shorter (28 days [IQR = 9 – 83] vs. 33 days [IQR = 11 – 109]) as was length of stay (24.21 ± 17.84 days vs. 31.44 ± 30.19 days, p<0.001) for CAS recipients, which remained true after propensity-matching. ConclusionThe lung CAS policy change was intended to eliminate geographic boundaries for disadvantaged patients but has expanded transplant distances, with an expected increase in ischemic time and need for flights which affect transplant economics. Although efforts were made to improve transplant availability for the disadvantaged ABO type O group, early assessment of the recipient cohort showed that recipients with blood group type O were actually less likely to be transplanted under the new policy. Positive effects include an overall decrease in waitlist time, but further investigation is warranted to evaluate the effectiveness, equity, and economic sustainability of the new policy.

Multimodal Biometric Analysis: Exploring Lip Print, Fingerprint, and Blood Group Correlations in the Firozabad Populations

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to establish a relationship between blood groups, fingerprint types, and lip prints that can be utilized to distinguish between genders when identifying a person. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted among 200 female and male participants ages 28 of Firozabad-based populations. Along with the blood types, finger, and lip print patterns were also gathered. For statistical analysis, SPSS Normal H. Nie, standford, california, united states was employed. The qualitative factors’ frequency and percentages were determined. Results: In the present study, overall Type II lip print in males and Type III lip print in females, loop fingerprint pattern and blood group O(+)ve in both sexes were most prevalent, and our findings were matched with the study of Harsha and Jayaraj, in which Type II (39.9%), loops 27 (42.2%), and blood group O(+)ve were observed predominantly. Conclusion: Personal identification of an individual can be greatly aided by personal characteristics such as blood group type, fingerprints, and lip prints. The most frequent patterns in our study were the Type II lip pattern in the males and Type III lip pattern in females, blood group O+, and the loop fingerprint pattern.