Blood Glucose Levels In Animals Research Articles

Metabolic effects of a submaximal dose of pink salt and monosodium glutamate in experimental rats

Background & objectivesPink salt and monosodium glutamate (MSG) are two typical food additives used in cooking to enhance flavour. However, excessive use of them has been associated to a variety of metabolic problems, including weight gain and hyperglycemia. The current study aimed to assess the metabolic changes caused by submaximal dosages of MSG and pink salt in experimental rats. MethodsTwenty-four 120–150 g Wister rats of both sexes were divided into three groups: control, pink salt-treated (0.8 g/kg daily for three weeks), and MSG-treated (3.6 g/kg daily for three weeks). The body weight, amount of food and water consumed, and blood glucose levels of animals were measured and recorded as indicators of their metabolic changes. Furthermore, after salt treatments at intervals such as week 1, week 2, and week 3, the survival rate and general toxicity manifestations were determined. The results were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA, with p < 0.05 being considered significant. ResultsThe study found that the group given a submaximal dose of MSG gained significantly more weight (p < 0.05), consumed more food and water, and had higher blood glucose levels than the control. Ninety percent of the MSG therapy group survived by the end of the third week, however, they suffered from negative effects like abdominal distention, respiratory problems, ptosis, and subcutaneous swelling. On the other hand, the consumption of food and drink was significantly (p < 0.05) increased upon the administration of pink salt. Only little changes were observed in the body weight, blood sugar levels, and general features (such as subcutaneous swelling, change in bowel colour, and loose stools). Additionally, it was shown that the survival rate remained unchanged, particularly after week 3. ConclusionAccording to study findings, MSG may induce metabolic issues, increasing the chance of death. While there was no discernible metabolic aberration linked to pink salt. Further research is required to fully understand the mechanism and consequences of these taste enhancers on the host system before pink salt can be deemed safe.

Assessment of sensitivity to the anesthesia in a diabetic rat model.

Diabetes mellitus and glucose regulation are important in deciding on surgical intervention in pre-surgical assessments. In our study, we aimed to investigate the correlations between the induction time of anesthesia, glucose level, and weight in a diabetic rat model. Weight-matched adult male Wistar rats were grouped as control (n=8) and diabetic (n=8). In the latter group, diabetes was induced with a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg streptozotosin. 72 hours after the injection, animals possessing a blood glucose concentration above 300 mg/kg were considered diabetic. The weights and blood glucose levels were observed for 7 days. In the end, 80 mg/kg ketamine and 12 mg/kg xylazine were administered to both groups, and the induction time of anesthesia was recorded. The success of anesthesia was confirmed with toe pinching by using a clamp. The Student's t- and Pearson's correlation tests were used for statistical analyses. The induction time of anesthesia was significantly reduced in the diabetic group compared to the controls (p<0.01). Diabetic animals weighed less than the control group (p<0.01). The correlation analysis in the diabetic group showed that the weight and blood glucose level of animals did not influence the induction time of anesthesia (respectively, p=0.80, r: 0.150; p=0.68, r: -0.300). A negative correlation between blood glucose concentration and weight was found in diabetics (p<0.05, r: -0.828). The dosage of anesthetic agents is important in the effectiveness of anesthesia, and surgical complications. Since our results indicate the susceptibility of diabetics to anesthesia, we suggest that the dose of anesthetics should be finely adjusted considering the presence of diabetes.

Synergistic antihyperglycemic effect of alpha lipoic acid with antidiabetic agents in the normoglycemic and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats

The current study's main goal was to assess the supplementation effect of alpha lipoic acid with antidiabetic medications (metformin and sitagliptin) on normal and streptozotocin-induced blood glucose levels in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. For this purpose, forty-two rats were randomly divided into two groups: normal control (n = 6) and diabetic (n = 36) groups, which were submitted to the following treatments: A: normal rats; B: diabetic rats; C: diabetic rats with sitagliptin (1 mg/kg); D: diabetic rats with metformin (10 mg/kg); E: diabetic rats with alpha lipoic acid (10 mg/kg); F: diabetic rats with a combination of alpha lipoic acid and sitagliptin; G: diabetic rats with a combination of alpha lipoic acid and metformin. The glycemia of these animals was monitored weekly; the use of alpha lipoic acid resulted in a significant decrease in glycemic levels. Combining alpha lipoic acid with either metformin or sitagliptin is most effective for reducing blood glucose levels in animals with acute and chronic hyperglycemia, even at different treatment times. Thus, associated with either metformin or sitagliptin, alpha lipoic acid improved their anti-diabetic effects.

Acalypha wilkesiana Exhibits Antihyperglycemic Potentials and Ameliorates Damages to Pancreas and Spleen of Diabetic Rat Model

Background: The present study investigated the antihyperglycemic and ameliorative effect of aqueous leaves extract of Acalypha wilkesiana on alloxan-induced diabetic male rats. The experimental rats were divided into six groups. Rats of the first group served as normal controls. Rats of the second group were negative control as they were induced with diabetes without treatment. The third group was treated with glibenclamide after induction of diabetes. The fourth, fifth and sixth groups were diabetic rats, treated with aqueous leaves extract of Acalypha wilkesiana at low dose (100mg/kg body weight), medium dose (200mg/kg body weight) and high dose (400mg/kg body weight) respectively. The blood glucose levels of the animals in each group were checked on day 5, 10 and 15 to examine the antihyperglycemic effect of the aqueous leaves extract of Acalypha wilkesiana. Also, on day 5, 10 and 15, the pancreas and spleen of experimental animals from each group were harvested for histological examination. Result: The result obtained showed that the graded doses of the extract significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced the blood glucose levels of the diabetic animals in a dose-dependent manner. Also, the histological examination of the pancreas and spleen of the experimental animals treated with aqueous leaves extract of Acalypha wilkesiana showed normal pancreatic islet (PI) filled with islet cells (Granular appearance) and pancreatic acini (PA), while normal spleen with white pulp containing periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS) and central arteriole (CA), splenic cord (SC) and sinusoids (SS) were seen in the same animals treated with the extract. The effect of the extract was similar in action to the standard drug glibenclamide. Conclusion: The aqueous leaves extract of Acalypha wilkesiana possesses antihyperglycemic potentials and ameliorates the pancreas and spleen of diabetic albino rats.

Efeito da dureza total em juvenis de tainha (Mugil liza) criados em água doce

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of three fresh-water samples with different hardness values (25, 250, and 750 mg L-1 CaCO3) and a control (sea water with salinity 15% and hardness 2500 ± 130.9 mg L-1 CaCO3) on Mugil liza (mullet) juveniles by conducting a long-term test (for 50 days). Zootechnical performance [weight gain (WG), feed conversion rate, specific growth rate, and survival (%)], stress indicator parameters (glucose), and physiological parameters in gill tissues were analyzed to determine the fresh-water hardness range that can allow the optimal survival, growth, and feed conversion for the species. Fish with a mean initial weight of 22 ± 2.84 g were maintained under constant conditions of temperature, pH, alkalinity, and ammonia concentration, and they were fed four times per day with a commercial diet. When evaluating zootechnical performance, only survival (%) was not significantly different among treatments. For the other variables—weight gain, feed conversion, and specific growth rate—the best results were found in the treatment with 15% salinity (control). Blood glucose levels in animals maintained at 15% salinity (control) were significantly lower than those observed in the other treatments. Histological analyses corroborated the zootechnical data, potentially indicating stress in fish maintained at very low and very high water hardness. In conclusion, for cultivating juvenile mullets in fresh water, the most suitable hardness value was 250 mg L-1 CaCO3, because the best final weight of fish was achieved in that condition.

The state of gluconeogenic liver function of white rats under the influence of a nanocomposite aqueous solution of fullerene С60

Biocompatible nanoparticles attract the attention of researchers as a means of correcting a wide range of diseases. The carbonbased nanostructure, fullerene C60, is one of the most promising compounds. However, the use of compounds based on fullerene nanoparticles remains limited. Therefore, the development of domestic innovative medicinal compounds based on fullerenecontaining nanoparticles is one of the priority areas of veterinary medicine. The research was carried out in the laboratory of the Department of "Morphology, Pathology of Animals and Biology" of the Saratov State Agrarian University named after N.I. Vavilov. The first group served as a control. An aqueous solution of fullerene C60 was administered at a dose of 1 ml per (DV 5 mg / kg) 1 kg of body weight (group 2 animals). A compound based on an aqueous solution of fullerene C60 was also introduced, including an aqueous solution of fullerene C60, Lcarnosine and succinic acid in the following ratio of components, wt. / mg: an aqueous solution of fullerene C60 stabilized with pluronic F-127– - 5 ml (5 mg by DV), Lcarnosine -50 mg, succinic acid - 50 mg per 1 kg of body weight (group 3). The studied compounds were administered intramuscularly, once. Glycerin loading was carried out 24 hours after the introduction of the studied compounds. It was found that aqueous solutions of fullerene C60 have a distinct effect on carbohydrate metabolism in the body of white rats. The initial blood glucose level in animals of all groups turned out to be approximately at the same level, but the highest rate of gluconeogenesis was found in animals of group 2. As for the gluconeogenic function of the liver, in animals after the introduction of aqueous solutions of fullerene C60, the increase in newly formed glucose and the rate of gluconeogenesis significantly exceeded the control values. The results obtained indicate a failure in glucose metabolism after the introduction of aqueous solutions of fullerenes.

FRACTIONATION AND BIOACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CALOTROPS PROCERA LEAF

Calotropis procera, a multipurpose plant that is native to Asia and Africa has been reported to possess remedies for several temperate and tropical ailments. The use oits leaf for management of diabetes mellitus is popular among Nigerian populace, but investigation into its fraction which actually possesses the antidiabetic property is unavailable. Thus, fractionation and bioactivity of aqueous extract of Calotropis procera leaf was carried out in the present study. The mean values of results showed that five (05) different fractions (F1 – F5) were obtained from the fractionation. Volatile oils constituted 60% of the crude extract fractions followed by alkaloids (10%), phenols (10%), saponins (10%) and glycosides (10%). The in-vivo toxicity study of the extract showed tha there were no extract-related moralities and pathological signs such as visual observations for behavioural pattern (restlessness, respiratory, distress, diarrhoea, convulsion, salivation, lethargy and sleep), changes in physical appearance, fur, injury, pain, and signs of illness in the normal rats administered different doses (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weights) of the extract of throughout the period of the treatment. The experimental animals administered the fractions generally and significantly showed increase (at Pg0.05) in body weight. Alloxan induction significantly increased (at Pg0.05) the blood glucose level of the experimental animals while the fractions mostly the volatile oil fraction also significantly decreased (at Pg0.05) the blood glucose level of the animals. The volatile oil fraction appeared to possess the most active principle(s) against hyperglycemia and eventual diabetes mellitus. Systemically, the animals administered the fractions were pharmaco-kinetic and pharmaco-dynamic stable. Therefore, an in-depth research work on the toxicity of the fractions is hereby recommended.

Ovarian Follicular Dynamics, and Hormonal and Biochemical Profile in Post-Pubertal and Postpartum Jaffrabadi Buffaloes

Jaffrabadi buffalo is one of the heaviest buffalo breeds of the world (800 kg) and is known for poor reproductive efficiency. There is a scarcity of normal physiological data regarding reproductive parameters of Jaffrabadi buffalo. The primary objective of this study was to elucidate ovarian follicular dynamics, hormonal and biochemical profiles in 10 post-pubertal heifers (n=5 each of age 42±2 and 48±2 months) and five &gt;90 days postpartum lactating buffaloes. Ultrasound monitoring of ovaries of animals was done at weekly interval and all follicles with diameter less than 4 mm (small follicles), 4-8 mm (medium follicles) and greater than 8 mm (large follicles) as well as CLs identified were recorded. Blood samples were also collected soon after each USG from all animals for assay of hormonal and biochemical profiles. The findings revealed that the average number of small, medium and large follicles, total number of follicles per ovary as well as diameters of largest and subordinate follicles varied greatly among periods between three groups. The size of corpus luteum ranged from 13.7 to 21.2 mm, 13.7 to 23.9 mm and 15.3 to 22.7 mm, respectively, in Group-I, II and III. In the first week of study, significantly higher (p less than 0.05) average numbers of small follicles in Group-I and III, and medium follicles and total numbers of follicles in Group-III were observed as compared to other groups. The diameter of largest follicles and subordinate follicles were non-significantly different among all groups at all periods of the study. Plasma estrogen levels were significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in Group-I as compared to Group-III and Group-II on first and second week, however, it increased significantly (p less than 0.05) in Group-II and I on fourth week of study period. Plasma insulin concentrations were significantly (p less than 0.01) lower in buffaloes (Group-III) than in heifers (Group-I and II) throughout the study period, while plasma total cholesterol and total protein levels were higher in Group-III on 3rd to 5th weeks of study. Further, there were no significant differences in the plasma FSH, LH, progesterone and blood glucose levels in animals of three groups between periods at any of the week. The ultrasonographic and endocrine profile suggested establishment of cyclicity with silent ovulation. However, the behavioural estrus was still not manifested by these post-pubertal heifers and postpartum lactating buffaloes. These results are helpful to diagnose anovulatory conditions and/or true anestrus and initiate estrus synchronization protocols for early conception in Jaffrabadi buffaloes.

Restoration of the Attenuated Neuroprotective Effect of Ischemic Postconditioning in Diabetic Mice by SGLT Inhibitor Phlorizin.

The study has been commenced to discover the potential of sodium dependent glucose co-transporters (SGLT) in neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning (iPoCo) in diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Cerebral ischemic injury in mice was induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) for 12 min followed by reperfusion for 24 hr. For iPoCo, three episodes of carotid artery reperfusion and occlusion of 10 sec each were instituted immediately after BCAO, followed by 24 hr reperfusion. Learning and memory were evaluated using the Morris water maze test. Motor coordination was assessed using rotarod test, inclined beam walking test, neurological severity score (NSS), and lateral push response. Glutathione and Thiobarbituric acid reactive species level was quantified to evaluate the oxidative stress; the cholinergic activity of the brain was estimated in terms of acetylcholinestrase activity, and the levels of myeloperoxidase were measured as inflammation marker. Cerebral infarct size was evaluated using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Fasting blood glucose levels of animals were taken before and 6 hr after the surgical procedure. BCAO resulted in impairment of memory and motor coordination and biochemical alterations along with a marked rise in cerebral infarct size and NSS. iPoCo diminished the deadly effect of BCAO in non-diabetic mice; however, it failed to abolish the deleterious effects of ischemia- reperfusion injury in diabetic mice. Pretreatment of Phlorizin (SGLT-inhibitor) potentiated the neuroprotective effects of iPoCo in non-diabetics and restored the protective effect of iPoCo in diabetic mice. It may be concluded that the neuroprotective effect of iPoCo is abolished in diabetic mice, and SGLT plays an important role in neuroprotection.

INVESTIGATION OF THE PREVALENCE OF KETOSIS IN COWS IN ARDAHAN REGION IN TURKEY

In the postpartum period, the energy requirement increases in high yielding dairy cows. According to the negative energy balance (NED) degree, clinical or subclinical ketosis may occur during this period. In this study; The aim was to investigate the prevalence of ketosis in dairy cows in Ardahan Region. The animal material to be used in the study was determined as 200 as a result of statistical analyzes of TUIK data. Animal material was selected from Ardahan city center, Göle, Çıldır, Hanak and Damal districts. The enterprises where, study is carried out are similar in terms of milk yield, management, maintenance and nutrition factors. Blood samples were collected on days 7 and 14 postpartum to determine the prevalence of ketosis. Beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and glucose levels were determined from the obtained samples. Patients with BHB concentration with 1.0<1.4 mmol / L were considered to have subclinical ketosis. Patients with BHB concentration with ≥1.4 mmol / L were considered to have clinical ketosis. The prevalence of clinical ketosis in the postpartum period in Ardahan was 1% (2/200) and the prevalence of subclinical ketosis in Ardahan was 10% (20/200). Blood glucose levels of animals with ketosis were significantly lower than the healthy animals.

Coumarin-chalcone hybrids targeting insulin receptor: Design, synthesis, anti-diabetic activity, and molecular docking

Four series of thirteen new coumarin-chalcone hybrids (DPCU 1–13, DPCT 1–13, DCCU 1–13 and DCCT 1–13) were designed and synthesized using Biginelli synthesis, Pechmann condensation, Acetylation, and Claisen-Schmidt reactions. Synthesized compounds were tested for insulin receptor in silico docking studies (PDB ID: 1IR3); DCCU 13 and DCCT 13 derivatives received the lowest docking score; Streptozocin (STZ) and Nicotinamide (NA) induced type II diabetes was tested for their anti-diabetic activity in rats. In vivo tests suggested that fasting blood glucose levels of animals treated with DCCU 13 (30 mg/kg body weight) and DCCT 13 (30 mg/kg body weight) were significantly and moderately suppressed, respectively, relative to fasting blood glucose levels of diabetic control animals. Similarly, therapy with DCCU 13 and DCCT 13 attenuated oxidative stress parameters such as lipid peroxidation (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and increased the glutathione (GSH) in the liver and pancreas in a dose-dependent manner. In comparison, therapy with DCCU 13 (30 mg/kg body weight) mitigated alterations in the histological architecture of the liver and pancreatic tissue. These results indicated that the hybrids DUUC 13 and DCCT 13 at 30 mg/kg had an anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant impact on STZ + NA mediated type II diabetes in rats. Further detailed work could be required to determine the precise mode of action of the anti-diabetic behavior of hybrids.

Assessment of Insulin Tolerance In Vivo in Mice.

Insulin resistance in humans and mice is an important hallmark of metabolic diseases. Therefore, assessment of insulin sensitivity/resistance in animal models provides valuable information in the pathophysiology of diabetes and obesity. Depending on the nature of the information required, we can choose between direct and indirect techniques available for the determination of insulin sensitivity. Thus, the complex hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic glucose clamps and the insulin suppression test assess insulin-mediated glucose utilization under steady-state conditions, whereas less complex methods, such as the insulin tolerance test (ITT), rely on measurements of blood glucose levels in animals subjected to intraperitoneal insulin loading. Finally, surrogated indexes derived from blood glucose and plasma insulin levels are also available for assessment of insulin sensitivity/resistance in vivo. In this chapter, we focus on the intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (IPITT) protocol for measuring insulin resistance in mice.

Levels of Blood Glucose in Animals Try Wistar White Mix (Rattus Norvegicus) Dined by Green Beans of Sari Bean Packaging

Functional food is food that is naturally or through a process that is beneficial to health. One functional food is a green bean juice packaging beverage that can reduce blood glucose levels. High fiber content, low glycemic index and flavonoids, and polyphenols in green beans (Phaseolus radiatus L) can reduce glucose levels in the blood. This study used experimental animals 7 tails. All experimental animals were given packaged mung bean juice 2 times a day for 9 days by means of a round. The mean results of an examination of blood glucose levels in white rat experimental animals before giving packaged green bean juice drinks was 85 mg dl, while the average results of an examination of blood glucose levels in experimental rats after administration of packaged green bean juice were 75 mg/dl. The results of the Paired T-test statistical test obtained p = 0,000 &lt;α = 0.05. Packaged green bean juice can reduce blood glucose levels in animals testing white rats.

Food and water intake, body temperature and metabolic consequences of interleukin-1β microinjection into the cingulate cortex of the rat

In order to elucidate whether cytokine mechanisms of the cingulate cortex (cctx) are important in the central regulation of homeostasis, in the present study, feeding-metabolic effects of direct bilateral microinjection of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) into the cctx of the rat have been investigated. Short- (2h), medium (12h) and long-term (24h) food and water intakes and body temperature were measured after the intracerebral administration of this primary cytokine or vehicle solution, with or without paracetamol pretreatment. The effect of IL-1β on the blood glucose level of animals was examined in glucose tolerance test (GTT), and concentrations of relevant plasma metabolites (total cholesterol, HDL, LDH, triglycerides, uric acid) were additionally also determined following the above microinjections. In contrast to causing no major alteration in the food and water intakes, the cytokine treatment evoked significant increase in the body temperature of the rats. Prostaglandin-mediated mechanisms were shown to have important role in the mode of this action of IL-1β, since paracetamol pretreatment partially prevented the development of the above mentioned hyperthermia. In the GTT, no considerable difference was observed between the blood glucose levels of the cytokine treated and control animals. Following IL-1β microinjection, however, significant decrease of HDL and total cholesterol was found. Our present findings indicate that elucidating the IL-1β mediated homeostatic control mechanisms in the cingulate cortex may lead to the better understanding not only the regulatory entities of the healthy organism but also those found in obesity, diabetes mellitus and other worldwide rapidly spreading feeding-metabolic disorders.

Nicolai Kravkov's pancreotoxine.

The article reviews the life and work of an outstanding Russian pharmacologist Professor Nikolai Kravkov (1865-1924). Among his many scientific achievements, he worked on an extract from the pancreas of animals in the early 1920s and was successful in isolating the internal secretion, which he named "pancreotoxine." This reduced blood glucose levels in animals and diabetic humans. Kravkov's work on the isolation of pancreotoxine was going on coincidentally with F. Banting's and C. Best's research of insulin, but their methods of isolation of the hormone were quite different.

The Hypoglycemic Effects of an Ethanol Extract of Peganum harmala in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Peganum harmala is a plant that is traditionally used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-helmintic, and antimutagenic agent. Moreover, it is used to treat a variety of human ailments, including depression. This study was conducted to investigate the antidiabetic activity of hydro alcoholic extract of this herb. A hydro alcoholic extract from seeds of this herb was prepared and administered at three doses of 30, 60 and 120 mg/kg to three groups of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Two additional groups were used as negative (normal saline plus solvent) and positive control (metformin). Blood glucose levels in animals from all groups were measured at 2, 4, and 6 hours after intraperitoneal injection of the extract to rats. Blood glucose levels decreased in the diabetic rats in comparison with normal rats (P < 0.05). Our finding showed that P. harmala seed extract has good antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Further studies need to isolate active compounds and to investigate their activity.

Nanolayer encapsulation of insulin-chitosan complexes improves efficiency of oral insulin delivery.

Current oral insulin formulations reported in the literature are often associated with an unpredictable burst release of insulin in the intestine, which may increase the risk for problematic hypoglycemia. The aim of the study was to develop a solution based on a nanolayer encapsulation of insulin-chitosan complexes to afford sustained release after oral administration. Chitosan/heparin multilayer coatings were deposited onto insulin-chitosan microparticulate cores in the presence of poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) in the precipitating and coating solutions. The addition of PEG improved insulin loading and minimized an undesirable loss of the protein resulting from redissolution. Nanolayer encapsulation and the formation of complexes enabled a superior loading capacity of insulin (>90%), as well as enhanced stability and 74% decreased solubility at acid pH in vitro, compared with nonencapsulated insulin. The capsulated insulin administered by oral gavage lowered fasting blood glucose levels by up to 50% in a sustained and dose-dependent manner and reduced postprandial glycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice without causing hypoglycemia. Nanolayer encapsulation reduced the possibility of rapid and erratic falls of blood glucose levels in animals. This technique represents a promising strategy to promote the intestinal absorption efficiency and release behavior of the hormone, potentially enabling an efficient and safe route for oral insulin delivery of insulin in diabetes management.

Biochemical and medical importance of vanadium compounds.

Vanadium belongs to the group of transition metals and is present in the air and soil contaminants in large urban agglomerations due to combustion of fossil fuels. It forms numerous inorganic compounds (vanadyl sulfate, sodium metavanadate, sodium orthovanadate, vanadium pentoxide) as well as complexes with organic compounds (BMOV, BEOV, METVAN). Depending on the research model, vanadium compounds exhibit antitumor or carcinogenic properties. Vanadium compounds generate ROS as a result of Fenton's reaction or of the reaction with atmospheric oxygen. They inactivate the Cdc25B(2) phosphatase and lead to degradation of Cdc25C, which induces G(2)/M phase arrest. In cells, vanadium compounds activate numerous signaling pathways and transcription factors, including PI3K-PKB/Akt-mTOR, NF-κB, MEK1/2-ERK, that cause cell survival or increased expression and release of VEGF. Vanadium compounds inhibit p53-dependent apoptosis and promote entry into the S phase of cells containing functional p53 protein. In addition, vanadium compounds, in particular organic derivatives, have insulin-mimetic and antidiabetic properties. Vanadium compounds lower blood glucose levels in animals and in clinical trials. They also inhibit the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. By activating the PI3K-PKB/Akt pathway, vanadium compaunds increase the cellular uptake of glucose by the GLUT4 transporter. The PKB/Akt pathway is also used to inactivate glycogen synthase kinase-3. The impact of vanadium compounds on inflammatory reactions has not been fully studied. Vanadium pentoxide causes expression of COX-2 and the release of proinflammatory cytokines in a human lung fibroblast model. Other vanadium compounds activate NF-κB in macrophages by activating IKKβ.

PA01.71. Determination of Anti-Diabetic Potential of DB 14201 in Streptozotocin induced Type I Diabetes Mellitus in Rats

Purpose: Study is part of an ongoing reverse pharmacology approach in new drug develpement for diabetes. It was designed to determine anti diabetic potential of DB 14201 in streptozotocininduced Type I Diabetic rats in a GLP compliant setting. Method: Male wistar rats of 8 10 weeks and weighing 180 230 gm were used. After acclimatization, streptozotocin was administered by intravenous bolus injection. Stabilization period of 14 days followed screening with Glucose Tolerance Test. 24 rats with fasting glucose > 130mg/dl during the GTT profile were considered as diabetic and randomized into 3 groups. 8 untreated wistar rats were considered as non diabetic controls. Group I, the Non diabetic control group received sterile deionized water in equivalent volumes to the treatment. Group II, Hyperglycemic vehicle control group, received Streptozotocin and sterile deionized water in equivalent volumes to the treatment dose. Group III, the Hyperglycemic rats receiving DB14201 250mg/kg/day, and Group IV, the Hyperglycemic rats receiving DB14201 500mg/kg/day, also received Streptozotocin. Observations comprised of mortality, general cage side and clinical observations, and weekly blood glucose estimation. Biochemical parameters estimated on day 1 and day 15 were Serum Insulin Levels, Serum Triglycerides, Total Cholesterol Levels, Serum Urea, Serum Creatinine, SGPT levels, SGOT levels, Hepatic glycogen content, Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Diarrhea and , Body weight. Result: After 14 days of continuous treatment with DB 14201 in 500mg/kg treatment group, the blood glucose levels decreased by 85.24% showing a significant (P<0.01) anti hyperglycemic potential of the test item with reference to the hyperglycemic control animals. While a decline in blood glucose levels of animals treated with 250mg/kg of the test item was observed, this was not found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: The study clearly demonstrates that DB14201 is able to effectively bring down blood sugar levels in hyperglycemic rats after 14 days continuous oral administration and this activity is seen best at a dose of 500mg/kg/day.

Effect of exposure to hyperbaric oxygen on diabetes-induced cataracts in mice

The growth-associated increase in the blood glucose level of animals with Type 2 diabetes is inhibited by moderate hyperbaric exposure at 1.25 atmospheres absolute (ata) with 36% oxygen, presumably due to an increase in oxidative metabolism. However, there are no data available regarding the effect of moderate hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on diabetes-induced cataracts. Four-week-old mice with Type 2 diabetes and cataracts were exposed to 1.25 ata with 36% oxygen, 6 h daily, for 12 weeks, followed by normal conditions at 1 ata with 21% oxygen for 16 weeks (cataract + hyperbaric group). Levels of blood glucose and derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs), used as an index of oxidative stress, and the turbidities of the lenses from these mice at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 32 weeks of age were compared with those of control and diabetic (cataract group) mice not exposed to HBO. Non-fasting and fasting blood glucose levels were lower in the cataract + hyperbaric group at 12, 16, and 32 weeks of age than in the age-matched cataract group. The levels of dROMs were lower in the cataract + hyperbaric group at 16 and 32 weeks of age than in the age-matched cataract group. The turbidities of the peripheral and central regions of the lenses were lower in the cataract + hyperbaric group at 12, 16, and 32 weeks of age than in the age-matched cataract group. Hyperbaric exposure at 1.25 ata with 36% oxygen delays cataract development and progression in mice with Type 2 diabetes.