Blood Glucose In Healthy Subjects Research Articles

577-P: Choroidal Thickness Is Dependent on BMI and Acute Changes in Blood Glucose

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication of diabetes that can lead to blindness. As diagnosis is often made when cell and vision loss are already existing, detecting retinal changes at early stages is crucial. Due to its high vascularization, changes in the choroid play an important role in the pathogenesis of retinal impairment and therefore might be an early diagnostic target. Aim: The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate BMI- and glucose-dependent changes in choroidal thickness (ChT) of healthy volunteers under standardized conditions. Methods: 18 healthy volunteers aged 19 to 42 years (mean±SEM: 26.2±1.7 years) with a body mass index (BMI) between 20 to 34 kg/m2 (24.9±0.8 kg/m2) were included. During an intravenous glucose tolerance test (ivGTT), blood glucose profiles were measured by a gold-standard laboratory system. Simultaneously, a second researcher assessed ChT by optical coherence tomography (OCT, company Heidelberg Engineering GmbH). Researchers were blinded to measurements done by the other one. Results: In general, ChT was positively correlated with BMI (r=0.229; P=0.045). Moreover, the steeper increase of blood glucose up to minute 6 of the ivGTT was significantly associated with greater ChT (r=0.254; P=0.039). Conclusion: ChT is modulated by BMI and short-term fluctuations in blood glucose in healthy subjects without any history of diabetes. It is tempting to speculate that increased ChT and/or reduced susceptibility to glucose dynamics could be a novel marker for early impairment of posterior eye structures. Ongoing studies evaluate ChT and its glucose-dependent variability in patients with diabetes. Disclosure S. Meyhoefer: None. B. Wilms: None. R. Chamorro: None. A. Pagels: None. H. Grein: None. S.M. Schmid: None. Funding German Center for Diabetes Research

Hand heating lowers postprandial blood glucose concentrations: A double-blind randomized controlled crossover trial

ObjectivesExamine effect of single hand heating with and without negative pressure on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and postprandial blood glucose (PBG). DesignDouble-blind randomized controlled trial with crossover design. SubjectsFBG experiment: 17 healthy subjects (4 males). PBG experiment: 13 healthy subjects (1 males). InterventionsDevices included one providing heat only, one heat and negative pressure, and one acting as a sham. For the FBG experiment the devices were used for 30 min. For the PBG experiment the devices were used for one hour during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Outcome MeasuresBlood glucose measurements were used to determine change in FBG, peak PBG, area under the curve (AUC), and incremental AUC (iAUC). ResultsTemperature: Change in tympanic temperature was ≤ 0.15 °C for all trials. FBG: There was no effect on FBG. PBG: Compared to the sham device the heat plus vacuum and heat only device lowered peak blood glucose by 16(31)mg/dL, p = 0.092 and 18(28)mg/dL, p = 0.039, respectively. AUC and iAUC: Compared to the sham device, the heat plus vacuum device and heat only device lowered the AUC by 5.1(15.0)%, p = 0.234 and 7.9(11.1)%, p = 0.024 respectively and iAUC by 17.2(43.4)%, p = 0.178 and 20.5(34.5)%, p = 0.054, respectively. ConclusionsHeating a single hand lowers postprandial blood glucose in healthy subjects.

Acute Effects of Passion Fruit Juice Supplementation on Cardiac Autonomic Function and Blood Glucose in Healthy Subjects

Ascorbic acid supplementation provides beneficial effects on enhancing cardiac autonomic function in patients with heart failure. Ascorbic acid also reduces blood sugar levels and enhances insulin activity, and encourages cardiac autonomic function. Passion fruit is rich in ascorbic acid and potential antioxidants. This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of passion fruit juice (PFJ) supplementation primarily on cardiac autonomic function and secondary on blood glucose in healthy subjects. A randomized cross-over trial was conducted in 14 healthy subjects aged 21.29±0.73 years. Subjects were supplemented with either 50% PFJ, or glucose and fructose solution as a placebo (PLA) at 3.5 mL/kg body mass with a 1-week washout between treatments in a single-dose design. Short-term heart rate variability and blood glucose levels were evaluated prior to supplementation (T0) and following supplementation for 30, 60, 90, and 120 min (T30, T60, T90, and T120, respectively). Indexes of cardiac autonomic function at T30, including high frequency power (P=0.03) and total power (P=0.01), were significantly higher and the ratio of low frequency/high frequency power was significantly lower (P=0.01) in the PFJ group compared to the PLA group. Blood glucose levels significantly increased at T30 in both PLA (P=0.00) and PFJ (P=0.00) groups. However, there were no significant differences between groups. A single administration of PFJ enhanced cardiac autonomic function through augmentation of parasympathetic activity, although it did not attenuate postprandial hyperglycemia. PFJ may be potentially recognized as beverage able to prevent cardiovascular disease.

Intranasal glucagon for hypoglycaemia in diabetic patients. An old dream is becoming reality?

In 1983 it was shown that glucagon administered intranasally (IN) was absorbed through the nasal mucosa and increased blood glucose in healthy subjects. Shortly thereafter, it was shown that IN glucagon counteracts with hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated diabetic patients. In spite of this evidence, IN glucagon was not developed by any pharmaceutical company before 2010, when renewed interest led to intensive evaluation of a possible remedy for hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated diabetic adults and children. IN glucagon is now being developed as a needle-free device that delivers glucagon powder for treatment of severe hypoglycaemia; the ease of using this device stands in stark contrast to the difficulties encountered in use of the current intramuscular glucagon emergency kits. Studies have demonstrated the efficacy, safety and ease-of-use of this IN glucagon preparation, and suggest IN glucagon as a promising alternative to injectable glucagon for treating severe hypoglycaemia in children and adults who use insulin. This would meet the unmet medical need for an easily administered glucagon preparation.

Reduction of postprandial blood glucose in healthy subjects by buns and flatbreads incorporated with fenugreek seed powder.

This study aimed to determine whether fenugreek seed powder could reduce the glycemic response and glycemic index (GI) when added to buns and flatbreads. In a randomised, controlled crossover trial, ten healthy human subjects (five men, five women) were given 50g glucose (reference food, twice); buns (0 and 10% fenugreek seed powder); and flatbreads (0 and 10% fenugreek seed powder) on six different occasions. Finger prick capillary blood samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min after the start of the meal. The palatability of the test meals was scored using Likert scales. The incremental areas under the glucose curve value of buns and flatbreads with 10% fenugreek (138±17mmol×min/L; 121±16mmol×min/L) were significantly lower than those of 0% fenugreek bun and flatbreads (227±15mmol×min/L; 174±14mmol×min/L, P=<0.01). Adding 10% fenugreek seed powder reduced the GI of buns from 82±5 to 51±7 (P<0.01) and to the GI of flatbread from 63±4 to 43±5 (P<0.01). These results suggest that replacing 10% of refined wheat flour with fenugreek seed powder significantly reduces the glycemic response and the GI of buns and flatbreads. Thus, fenugreek powder may be a useful functional ingredient to reduce postprandial glycemia.

Glycemic Response of some Local Nigerian Drinks in Healthy Subjects

Objective: This study was designed to determine the postprandial glycemic responses of healthy Nigerian subjects to five traditional drinks as a preliminary to the detailed study of the Nigerian mixed diet and identify drinks suitable for vulnerable groups such as diabetic patients. Subjects and methods: The drinks investigated were oil Palm-Wine, Bottled Raphia wine, ‘Kunu’, ‘Zobo’ drink, and Plantain-Wine. The proximate composition of the drinks were determined and the amounts that will deliver 50g carbohydrate were administered to the subjects after an overnight fast. Sixty healthy subjects were used for the study. Glucose (50g in 300ml) was fed to the control subjects. Glycemic response were calculated after 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes was calculated. Therefore, glucose response curves were constructed. Results: The results revealed that the Glycemic index GI was lowest for oil palm-wine (11±5). ‘Kunu’ had the highest GI value (63.0±8). Plantain, ‘Zobo’, and Raphia wine had 44.0±13, 33.0±3, and 36.0±4 respectively. Conclusion The local drinks elicit low to moderate postprandial rise of blood glucose in healthy subjects. Palm-wine should be the preferred choice for diabetic patients. These drinks are preferable to fizzy drinks in the Nigerian market.

ORAL CLONIDINE AS A GROWTH HORMONE STIMULATION TEST

A single oral dose of 0·15 mg/m 2 of clonidine was given to eighteen healthy children and adolescents and to seven patients with hypopituitarism. In healthy subjects there was a pronounced increase in plasma growth hormone from 4·9±1·3 ng/ml (±SEM) to 34·4±4·5 ng/ml. In the patients with hypopituitarism there was no change in growth-hormone concentrations. Clonidine induced a slight increase in blood glucose in healthy subjects and a slight decrease in patients with hypopituitarism. During the test systolic blood-pressure decreased by a mean of 20 mm Hg in the healthy subjects and by 25 mm Hg in the patients with hypopituitarism. The only side-effect observed was drowsiness. Oral administration of clonidine, a well-tolerated drug, seems to be a simple test for of GH reserves in children and adolescents.