Blood Flow Of Preovulatory Follicle Research Articles

Retraction Note to: Effect of amlodipine on blood flow of preovulatory follicle in women with clomiphene resistant polycystic ovaries: a randomized controlled trial.

Retraction Note to: Effect of amlodipine on blood flow of preovulatory follicle in women with clomiphene resistant polycystic ovaries: a randomized controlled trial.

Comparison Between Preovulatory Follicular Pulsed Doppler Indices Under the Effect of Mild Ovarian Stimulation by Clomiphene Citrate vs Letrozole

It was observed that embryos from oocytes resulting from well-vascularized follicles had a higher implantation rate than those from oocytes developed in poorly vascularized follicles. Neovascularization was recognized as primary in terms of ovulatory follicles growth and selection. Vascular endothelial growth factor serum level has a positive correlation with perifollicular blood flow. The 2D Color and Pulsed Doppler ultrasounds that allow visual observation of the flux of the blood in a limited part of the wall of the preovulatory follicles can be easily measured. To study the preovulatory follicle's blood flow parameters in infertile women undergoing different ovulation induction protocols. 50 infertile female patients who had undergone Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) procedures were classified into two groups which were letrozole or clomiphene citrate groups as induction protocol. Another ultrasound was performed on cycle day 11, 12, or 13 to evaluate growth follicles, also a Doppler study was done to measure perifollicular blood flow and endometrial thickness at the same time blood sample to measure vascular endothelial growth factor were taken. Human chorionic gonadotropin was injected and then after 36-40 hrs. IUI Procedure is done and follows up with the patient to do a pregnancy test after 14 days. The number of dominant follicles, endometrial thickness at HCG trigger, Perifollicular doppler blood flow vascular endothelial growth factor level, pregnancy rates were all measured in both groups. There were significant differences in Perifollicular RI (p<0.001) but there were no significant differences in Perifollicular PI (p=0.476). Regarding pregnancy rate, the letrozole group has a higher although not significant pregnancy rate (32%), if compared with those using CC (20%).

Effect of amlodipine on blood flow of preovulatory follicle in women with clomiphene resistant polycystic ovaries: a randomized controlled trial.

To detect whether amlodipine could increase pre-ovulatory follicular blood flow, thus enhancing ovulation and creating a better chance of conception in women with PCOS. 165 women were screened of which 124 were qualified and women were equally randomized to 62 receiving clomiphene citrate and amlodipine and 62 receiving clomiphene citrate and placebo. The primary outcome was to detect if amlodipine can improve pre-ovulatory follicle blood flow studied by colour and power Doppler Pulsatility index of ovarian arteries, with drug administration. The secondary outcomes were endometrial thickness and clinical pregnancy. The mean value of the ovarian arteries Pulsatility Index was significantly lower in the amlodipine group when compared to those of the placebo group (1.36 and 1.82, respectively, with P value 0.002). Mean endometrial thickness, for all women in both groups, on the day of detecting a mature follicle was significantly higher in the amlodipine group compared to the placebo group (8.99 and 7.0, respectively, with P value 0.003), and clinical pregnancy increased from 11% to 37% in the amlodipine group compared to the placebo group. Amlodipine improves ovarian blood flow and increases the chances of conception. Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.pactr.org). Trial No: PAC TR201708002485292.

116 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CORPUS LUTEUM SIZE, BLOOD FLOW, AND PLASMA PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATION AFTER OVULATION OF THE FIRST AND SECOND WAVE DOMINANT FOLLICLE

The characteristics of the corpus luteum (CL) are greatly affected by the characteristics of the preceeding preovulatory follicle, such as follicle size and function. A previous study reported that the concentration of oestradiol in follicular fluid and production of androstenedione and progesterone (P4) by cultured theca cells are higher in the first follicular wave dominant follicle than in the second follicular wave dominant follicle. In addition, blood flow in the wall of the preovulatory follicle is higher in the first follicular wave than in the second follicular wave. These results suggest that the characteristics of the dominant follicle in the first and the second follicular wave may be different. The objective of this study was to compare CL characteristics, such as diameter, cross-sectional area, blood flow area, and plasma P4 concentration after ovulation of the dominant follicle between the first and the second follicular waves. Preovulatory follicles and CL formed after ovulation of the first follicular wave (W1; n = 5) and second follicular wave (W2; n = 6) were examined in non-lactating Holstein cows. In W1, PGF2α and GnRH were administrated on D7 and D9 of the oestrus cycle (D0 = oestrus), respectively, to induce follicular maturation. In W2, GnRH was administrated on D6 to induce a new follicular wave; subsequently, PGF2α and GnRH were administrated on D14 and D16, respectively. Diameter and percentage of follicular circumference with blood flow of preovulatory follicle on D10 in W1 and D17 in W2 were measured by transrectal colour Doppler ultrasonography. Diameter, cross-sectional area, and blood flow area of CL formed after ovulation in W1 (W1CL) and W2 (W2CL) were also examined on Day 3, 6, and 9 after ovulation (Day 1 = ovulation day). Blood samples were collected from Day 1 to 9 for P4 measurement. Quantitative end-points for diameter and percentage of follicular circumference with blood flow of the preovulatory follicle were analysed between the groups by using the unpaired Student's t-test. Diameter, cross-sectional area, blood flow area of CL, and plasma P4 concentration were analysed by repeated-measures ANOVA followed by Scheffe's F-test as a multiple comparison test. Larger diameter and higher percentage of follicular circumference with blood flow of the preovulatory follicle were observed in W1 compared with those in W2 (P < 0.01). Diameter of CL was larger in W1CL than in W2CL regardless of day (P < 0.001). Cross-sectional area of CL was larger in W1CL than in W2CL on Day 6 and 9 but not on Day 3. Blood flow area of CL was larger in W1CL than in W2CL on Day 3 and 6 but not in Day 9. Plasma P4 concentrations were higher in W1CL than in W2CL on Day5 and 7 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, larger size and higher percentage of follicular circumference with blood flow of preovulatory follicle in W1 lead to a larger size and a blood flow area of CL as well as higher plasma P4 concentration. These results suggest that preovulatory blood flow status affects the morphology and function of CL.

124 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PREOVULATORY FOLLICLE AND CORPUS LUTEUM BLOOD FLOW IN MARES

Colour- and power-Doppler ultrasonography have recently been used as potential new technologies to assess the degree of vascular perfusion of the ovary and follicles for research and clinical studies of ovarian and follicle hemodynamics and to predict fertility in horses, cattle and humans. In the present study, the following hypotheses were tested: (1) preovulatory follicle (POF) diameter (≥30 mm), but not blood flow, is repeatable between cycles within the same mare; (2) POF diameter and blood flow are good indicators of follicle status; (3) double POF have similar blood flow; and (4) highly vascularized POF produce corpora lutea (CL) with greater blood flow. Non-lactating mares (n = 13; 5 to 21 years old) of mixed breeds were used from March to May in the Northern Hemisphere. Follicle diameter and vascularity of the follicle wall before the first and second ovulations of the season and vascularity of the first CL were measured daily using transrectal colour-Doppler ultrasonography. The vascularity of the follicle wall and CL was based on the display of the blood-flow signals visualised in a slow, continuous-motion evaluation. Statistical analyses were performed by the SAS MIXED procedure, ANOVA and Student's t-tests and Spearman's correlation. A total of 26 periovulatory periods were evaluated. Unexpectedly, there were 84.6% (11/13) and 61.5% (8/13) double dominant POF and 30.8% (4/13) and 46.2% (6/13) double ovulations in the first and second periovulatory periods, respectively. The POF diameters were highly correlated (r = 0.68; P < 0.0001) between the first and second periovulatory periods. The diameter of the POF 5 days before the first ovulation was larger (P < 0.004) than before the second ovulation of the year. However, the POF vascularity did not differ between those periods. For 4 days before ovulation (Day 0), the diameter and blood flow of the POF were greater (P < 0.05) than for those follicles that underwent atresia in single- and double-ovulatory mares. The POF diameter and blood flow were positively correlated in ovulatory (r = 0.51; P < 0.0001) and in atretic (r = 0.32; P < 0.02) follicles. In double-ovulatory mares, POF diameter and blood flow increased (P < 0.0006) for 5 days before ovulation, with no difference between the 2 follicles in the same cycle for each parameter. The POF blood flow was positively correlated (r = 0.32; P < 0.0009) with CL vascularity during the first periovulatory period (Day –7 to +6) of the season. Furthermore, a positive correlation (r = 0.58; P < 0.01) was observed between the maximum vascularity of the POF and its subsequent CL. In conclusion, although preliminary, our results demonstrated that (a) POF vascularity is not repeatable within individuals; (b) potential atretic POF have low blood flow; (c) double POF have similar vascularity; and (d) greater blood flow to the POF is associated with higher CL vascularity.

Efficacy of PGF2α on Pre‐ovulatory Follicle and Corpus Luteum Blood Flow

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cloprostenol administration on the blood flow of pre-ovulatory follicle (PF) and corpus luteum (CL), progesterone secretion and pregnancy outcome in buffaloes subjected to AI. The trial was performed on 75 Italian buffaloes at 182 ± 8 days in milk. Synchronized animals were randomly divided into two groups on the day of oestrus: Group T (n = 37) received a 0.524 mg intramuscular injection of cloprostenol and Group C (n = 38) received saline. Ultrasound examinations of the ovaries were performed 5 h after AI on the PF and 10 and 20 days after AI on the CL. Resistive (RI) and pulsatily index (PI) were calculated by colour-Doppler mode in each examination. Blood samples were collected on days 10, 20 and 25 after AI for progesterone assay and 25 days after AI, ultrasonography was performed to assess pregnancy, which was confirmed on day 45. Subjects pregnant on day 25 but not on day 45 were considered to have undergone late embryonic mortality (LEM). Statistical analysis was performed by anova. No differences were found in PF dimensions, CL size and blood flow on day 10 and 20 after AI between treated and control groups. Pre-ovulatory follicle area was higher in buffaloes that resulted pregnant on day 25 after AI compared to those that were non-pregnant (2.13 vs 1.66 cm in pregnant and non-pregnant buffaloes, respectively), while non-pregnant buffaloes showed higher values of RI (0.49 vs 0.30; p < 0.05) and PI (1.0 vs 0.37; p = 0.07) compared to pregnant subjects. Treatment by cloprostenol did not influence pregnancy rate both on day 25 (31/75; 41.3%) and 45 (27/75; 36.0%), progesterone levels and incidence of LEM (4/31; 12.9%). In conclusion, cloprostenol administration at the time of AI does not seem to affect PF and CL blood flow.