Blood Compatibility Tests Research Articles

Icariin-loaded chitosan/β-glycerophosphate thermosensitive hydrogel enhanced infection control and bone regeneration in canine with infectious bone defects.

Faced with infectious bone defects, the development of a thermosensitive hydrogel containing icariin (ICA) represents a promising therapeutic strategy targeting infection control and bone regeneration. In this study, we prepared and evaluated the physicochemical properties, in vitro and in vivo drug release, antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory properties, and bone repair effects of ICA/Chitosan/β-Glycerophosphate (ICA/CTS/β-GP) thermosensitive hydrogel. Our findings demonstrate that the ICA/CTS/β-GP thermosensitive hydrogel undergoes a liquid-to-gel transition at body temperature, which is crucial for maintaining local drug release at the defect site. Additionally, the hydrogel exhibited sustained release of ICA over 28days, showing high antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and good biocompatibility in blood compatibility tests. In a canine model of infectious bone defects, the ICA/CTS/β-GP thermosensitive hydrogel showed effective infection control and modulated inflammation, vascular formation, and bone factor expression, while also activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In conclusion, the ICA/CTS/β-GP thermosensitive hydrogel could control infection and repair bone tissue. Its antimicrobial and osteogenic properties provide hope for its clinical application.

Exploring the effect of hydroxyapatite nanoparticle shape on red blood cells and blood coagulation.

Aim: In this study, we evaluated the effects of two types of hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticles, sharing the same surface chemistry but differing in shape, on the biological characteristics of plasma, platelets and red blood cells.Materials & methods: Initially, two different shapes (rod-shaped and sphere-shaped) of HAPs were characterized. These HAPs were then co-cultured with plasma and red blood cells to examine their impact on coagulation and hemolysis. The impact of HAPs on white blood cells count in mice were evaluated following gavage and tail vein injection.Results: Sphere-shaped HAP is more likely to adsorb onto platelet surfaces, while rod-shaped HAP is more likely to cause hemolysis. Although there are differences in the in vitro experimental results between sphere-shaped HAP and rod-shaped HAP, both types demonstrate good blood compatibility at a 20mM concentration. Furthermore, in vivo experiments showed that sphere-shaped nano-HAP induced a more pronounced increase in white blood cell count, suggesting that it may exhibit greater toxicity.Conclusion: While differences exist in the blood compatibility test results between the two HAPs, these differences are minimal, with both results falling within a safe range. Overall, HAP demonstrates excellent blood compatibility.

Development of small-diameter vascular grafts using PCL/PLA/gelatin/PVA/hyaluronic acid nanofibers containing VEGF/enoxaparin

The extending demands for narrow-diameter vascular grafts to restore damaged arteries have captivated researcher's attention. The absence of appropriate vascular substitutes is due to the poor patency rate of small-caliber synthetic grafts caused by thrombosis and vessel hemodynamic mismatch that induce intimal hyperplasia. We developed small-diameter vascular grafts in two layers through electrospinning. The inner layer was fabricated by gelatin/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/hyaluronic acid/enoxaparin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFs) and the outer layer was manufactured via polycaprolactone (PCL)/polylactic acid (PLA)/hyaluronic acid. The products were characterized by atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), water contact angle (WCA), attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), swelling test, mechanical test, and release rate. Blood compatibility tests including blood clotting time, hemolysis, and human platelet sedimentation were measured. The interactions of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human endometrial stem cells (hEnSCs) with nanofibrous vascular grafts were detected by SEM, viability assay, and DAPI staining. The results exhibited the produced small-diameter vascular grafts had proper antithrombotic properties due to two factors of VEGF and enoxaparin. After two months of the subcutaneous implantation of the scaffolds on the back of rats, the tubular vascular grafts lacked any macroscopic and histological signs of acute inflammation and had appropriate degradation rates. Furthermore, lumen patency was observed after 2 months. Consequently, VEGF and enoxaparin improves cell and blood compatibility in the small-diameter vascular grafts.

Sulphated natural bio-polysaccharide grafted magnetic nanoparticles: Experimental and simulation towards safe and biocompatible polymeric membrane

Blood biocompatibility and permeability are major challenges that limit the wide implementation of polyethersulfone membranes for hemodialysis and bio-related applications. In this regard, polyethersulfone's surface modification is a commonly used strategy to improve permeability/selectivity, prevent protein-based fouling, and suppress the inflammation of the immune response. As a new approach to enhancing blood biocompatibility, this paper reports a feasible and effective method for the synthesis of heparin-like structures by modifying the polysaccharide guar gum macromolecule with magnetic nanoparticles and metanilic acid. The prepared magnetic, sulphated polysaccharide was blended with polyethersulfone to obtain a hydrophilic and biocompatible membrane surface. The modified membranes show an improved permeability of 144 L m−2 h−1 bar −1. A comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the protein adsorption on the membrane surface is also conducted. Blood compatibility tests reveal that the polyethersulfone-modified membrane demonstrates a low hemolysis rate, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, and low platelet adhesion. It is also performed simulation studies based on molecular docking between different guar gum-modified structures and each of human serum albumin and immunoglobulin. Accordingly, the docking results are in line with the practically obtained biocompatibility analyses. Through the obtained results, this study uniquely affirms that the modification of polyethersulfone membranes with magnetic and negatively charged guar gum has promising potential for effective usage in bio-related applications.

Electrospun polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane-poly(carbonate-urea) urethane for fabrication of hemocompatible small-diameter vascular grafts with angiogenesis capacity

The clinical utility of small-diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs) is limited due to the possibility of thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia. These features can delay the development of a functional endothelial cell (EC) monolayer on the luminal surface of grafts. Therefore, the development and fabrication of vascular grafts (VGs) with comparable extracellular matrix (ECM) functions are mandatory to elicit hemocompatible confluent EC monolayers, and angiogenesis behavior inside the body. To promote the interactions between ECs and the surface of electrospun polyacrylic acid-grafted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-poly(carbonate-urea)-urethane (PAAc-POSS-PCUU), in this research, the surface of nanofibers was modified by covalently immobilizing extracted soluble proteins from aorta (ESPA) using EDC/NHS chemistry. The ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, WCA, and SEM microscopy confirmed the binding of acrylic acid and soluble vascular proteins on the surface of electrospun fibers. The PAAc-POSS-PCUU nanofibers and engineered biomimetic Pro-PAAc-POSS-PCUU nanofibers exhibited excellent biocompatibility indicated by increased survival rate (p < 0.05). Western blotting revealed the increase of VE-cadherin, Tie-2, vWF, and VEGFR-2 in HUVECs after being plated on PAAc-POSS-PCUU and Pro-PAAc-POSS-PCUU scaffolds, indicating appropriate angiogenesis behavior (p < 0.05). Besides, the antioxidant capacity was induced by the increase of SOD and GPx activity (p < 0.05). Additionally, blood compatibility tests revealed that Pro-PAAc-POSS-PCUU nanofibers accelerate the formation of a single EC layer without hemolysis and platelet adhesion. Taken together, Pro-PAAc-POSS-PCUU nanofibers exhibited excellent blood compatibility, and angiogenesis behavior, making them a promising candidate for clinical applications.

Simulation of in vitro embolization effect of drug-loaded microspheres

Drug-loaded microspheres are widely used in transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Controlled drug release from drug-loaded microspheres reduces systemic toxicity, thus necessitating the development of microspheres with controlled release properties. In this study, three different sizes of sodium hyaluronate microspheres (SH) were prepared by a one-step solution drying method using 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) as a crosslinking agent. The average sizes of the three SH microspheres (small, medium and large) were 410 μm, 550 μm and 750 μm, respectively. The morphology of the small-sized SH microspheres (SS-SH) was solid spherical; the medium-sized SH microspheres (MS-SH) were semi-hollow spherical; and the large-sized SH microspheres (LS-SH) had a bowl with an opening on one side and a cavity inside. A drug-loaded microsphere (DOX@SH) was prepared by immersing SH microspheres in a doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) solution. The average size of the three DOX@SH microspheres increased to 607 μm, 876 μm and 1187 μm, respectively. The encapsulation efficiencies of small, medium and large-sized SH microspheres reached 97.09 %, 96.73 % and 74.87 % at 2 h in a 2 mg/mL DOX solution. The maximum drug loadings of the small, medium and large-sized SH microspheres were 0.38, 0.38 and 0.33 mg DOX/mg SH, respectively. All sizes of DOX@SH microspheres could be controlled and sustained to release and reach equilibrium after 48 h. The cumulative release rates of small, medium and large-sized DOX@SH microspheres (SS-DOX@SH, MS-DOX@SH and LS-DOX@SH) at 72 h were 24.3 %, 28.1 % and 33.8 % in a release medium of pH 6.5, respectively. Blood compatibility and cytotoxicity tests demonstrated that SH microspheres exhibit good biocompatibility. The cytotoxicity of DOX@SH microspheres to HepG2 cells and the uptake of DOX in HepG2 cells showed effective anti-tumor activity. Simulated embolization in vitro experiments indicated that the small-sized DOX@SH microspheres had a good embolization effect for 500–800 μm and 300–500 μm blood vessels. These findings indicate that the newly developed DOX@SH microspheres can be used as a promising drug-loaded embolization agent to enhance the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

How do transfusion services manage patients taking therapies such as anti-CD38 and anti-CD47 known to interfere with red blood cell compatibility testing?

Drugs such as daratumumab (Darzalex, anti-CD38) and Hu5F9-G4 (magrolimab, anti-CD47) may interfere with red blood cell compatibility testing as CD38 and CD47 are expressed on red blood cells. A survey of AABB member transfusion services was undertaken to understand their experiences of managing patients taking therapeutic monoclonal antibodies that are known to interfere with blood grouping and compatibility testing. The survey was distributed to the contact person at US-based AABB member transfusion services. The response rate was 27%. 172 of 240 (72%) indicated they had difficulties in performing compatibility testing in patients taking daratumumab and 66 of 91 (73%) reported difficulties in performing compatibility testing in patients taking magrolimab. Actions taken to provide compatible blood for these patients included referral of all samples to a reference center, blood group pheno/genotyping the patient in advance of starting the drug, treating reagent cells with 0.2 M dithiothreitol and using K-negative red cell units for patients taking daratumumab, and Gamma-clone (Immucor) anti-IgG for indirect antiglobulin testing for patients taking magrolimab. Lack of communication from clinical services about drug treatment was identified as a concern. The results of the survey demonstrate that transfusion services are having challenges with the transfusion management of patients taking therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, and further education is needed.

Designing of a new transdermal antibiotic delivery polymeric membrane modified by functionalized SBA-15 mesoporous filler

A new drug delivery system using an asymmetric polyethersulfone (PES) membrane modified by SBA-15 and glutamine-modified SBA-15 (SBA-Q) was prepared in this study by the aim of azithromycin delivery enhancement in both in vitro and ex vivo experiments. The research focused on optimizing membrane performance by adjusting critical parameters including drug concentration, membrane thickness, modifier percentage, polymer percentage, and pore maker percentage. To characterize the fabricated membranes, various techniques were employed, including scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle, and tensile strength assessments. Following optimization, membrane composition of 17% PES, 2% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 1% SBA-15, and 0.5% SBA-Q emerged as the most effective. The optimized membranes demonstrated a substantial increase in drug release (906 mg/L) compared to the unmodified membrane (440 mg/L). The unique membrane structure, with a dense top layer facilitating sustained drug release and a porous sub-layer acting as a drug reservoir, contributed to this improvement. Biocompatibility assessments, antibacterial activity analysis, blood compatibility tests, and post-diffusion tissue integrity evaluations confirmed the promising biocompatibility of the optimized membranes. Moreover, long-term performance evaluations involving ten repeated usages underscored the reusability of the optimized membrane, highlighting its potential for sustained and reliable drug delivery applications.

Novel MRI-compatible Zr–Mo–Nb alloys with superior mechanical performance, high corrosion resistance and good cytocompatibility for biomedical applications

Nowadays, MRI diagnostics have become indispensable in modern medicine, and the development of MRI-compatible materials is an urgent requirement for both modern medicine and materials science. Herein, MRI-compatible Zr–Mo–Nb alloys were developed by plasma arc melting and hot rolling process for biomedical applications. The Nb addition induces the composition segregation, β-Zr phase precipitations, and significant grain refinements in Zr–1Mo-xNb alloys, thereby contributing to an ultrafine α+β lamellar structure in hot-rolled (HRed) Zr–1Mo–3Nb alloys. Thanks to the nano-sized α+β lamellar structure, a high yield strength (YS) of 819.6 ± 20.9 MPa and an acceptable elongation of 11.8 ± 1% were realized in the HRed Zr–1Mo–3Nb alloy. Additionally, the incorporation of Nb with a high PB ratio and a relatively high equilibrium potential in the Zr–1Mo matrix enhances the stability of the passivation layer, leading to a more positive corrosion potential. Consequently, this significantly improves the corrosion resistance of HRed Zr–1Mo-xNb alloys. The Zr–1Mo–3Nb alloy exhibits lower magnetic susceptibility than the Zr–1Mo alloy, indicating improved MRI compatibility. Moreover, the HRed Zr–1Mo-xNb alloy shows excellent cytocompatibility to MC3T3-E1 cells, and good hemocompatibility of the experimental alloys were confirmed by the blood compatibility test. These findings highlight the potential of the MRI-compatible Zr–1Mo–3Nb alloy as a promising material for implants and devices in MRI environments, offering superior mechanical performance, high corrosion resistance and good biocompatibility.

Impact of Anti-M on Grouping and Cross Matching: The Challenges Faced in Three Cases

Anti-M, a frequently encountered antibody of the MNS blood group system, is commonly regarded as a naturally occurring saline agglutinin that can occasionally exhibit clinically significant behaviour. Particularly when reactive at 37°C or during the antiglobulin phase, it can complicate pretransfusion testing and patient management in the blood bank. Three distinct cases (2 males. 1 female) in varying clinical scenarios, ranging from surgery to acute coronary syndrome, are described. The present cases presented discrepancies in blood grouping and compatibility testing, highlighting the challenges posed by the presence of Anti-M antibodies that react at or above room temperature and during the antiglobulin phase, thus defying the usual expectations. It is imperative to provide antigen-negative red cells and those that are compatible by an Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT) when Anti-M is reactive at 37°C to ensure safe transfusion. Hence, there is a need to underscore the potential clinical implications in transfusion medicine, as well as the nuances of detecting, identifying, and managing the presence of Anti-M antibodies in patients requiring transfusion.

Immobilization of carbonic anhydrase on modified PES membranes for artificial lungs.

The introduction of carbonic anhydrase (CA) onto an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) membrane can improve the permeability of carbon dioxide (CO2). However, existing CA-grafting methods have limitations, and the hemocompatibility of current substrate membranes of commercial ECMO is not satisfactory. In this study, a 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)/N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS) activation method is adopted to graft CA with CO2-catalyzed conversion activity onto a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane, which is prepared by a phase inversion technique after in situ crosslinking polymerization of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (VP) and acrylic acid (AA) in PES solution. The characterization results reveal that CA has been grafted onto the modified PES membrane successfully and exhibits catalytic activity. The kinetic parameters of esterase activity verify that the grafted amount of active CA increases with an increase in the concentration of the CA incubation solution. The CA-grafted membrane (CA-M) can accelerate the conversion of bicarbonate to CO2 in water and blood, which demonstrates the special catalytic activity towards bicarbonate of CA. Finally, blood compatibility tests prove that the CA-M does not lead to hemolysis, shows suppressed protein adsorption and increased coagulation time, and is suitable for application in ECMO. This work demonstrates a green and efficient method for preparing bioactive materials and has practical guiding significance for subsequent pulmonary membrane research and ECMO applications.

The CD47-Blocking Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Maplirpacept Does Not Interfere with Blood Transfusion Compatibility Testing

CD47 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that delivers an anti-phagocytic (“do-not-eat”) signal by binding to signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) on the surface of macrophages. Many tumors express high levels of CD47 as a means to escape macrophage-mediated immune surveillance and blockade of the CD47-SIRPα pathway has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy with demonstrated anti-tumor activity both in vitro and in vivo (Petrova et al. 2017; Weiskopf 2017). Maplirpacept (PF-07901801, TTI-622) is a soluble human SIRPαFc fusion protein with an IgG4 domain which acts as an innate immune checkpoint inhibitor that prevents CD47-SIRPα binding, engages activating Fcγ receptors on macrophages, and promotes phagocytosis of malignant cells (Lin et al. AACR 2018). Maplirpacept is currently in clinical development to treat patients with ovarian cancer, multiple myeloma, acute myeloid leukemia and lymphoma. Additionally, CD47 is expressed on red blood cells (RBCs) and plays a role in the natural clearance of aged RBCs by splenic macrophages in vivo (Oldenborg et al. 2000). CD47 expression on RBCs was shown to interfere with pre-transfusion laboratory testing in patients treated with the anti-CD47 mAb, Hu5F9-G4 (Velliquette et al. 2019). Unlike anti-CD47 mAbs, minimal binding to human RBCs is observed with Maplirpacept (Lin et al. AACR 2018). In this study we investigated whether the minimal binding of Maplirpacept to human RBCs precludes interference with routine pre-transfusion laboratory tests. RBC suspensions from healthy donors representing all 8 ABO-Rh blood groups were spiked with Maplirpacept at 0.6, 1.2 or 2 mg/ml or anti-CD47 (clone Hu5F9). Blood typing was performed according to the manufacture's protocol (Seraclone, Biorad) and observed for the presence or absence of agglutination. For cross matching experiments, plasma was prepared from blood of healthy donors and spiked with Maplirpacept or anti-CD47 at the same concentrations used for the blood typing experiments. RBCs from two healthy donors were mixed with plasma and an indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) was performed according to the manufacture's protocol (Coombs Anti-IgG, Biorad). Using RBCs from healthy donors representing the 8 major ABO-Rh blood groups, we now show that the addition of Maplirpacept does not cause agglutination of test RBCs and produces the expected blood typing result in a standard forward blood typing test. No interference was observed at the highest concentration tested. However, addition of an anti-CD47 mAb caused pan-agglutination as well as false positive blood typing results (Table 1). In a standard IAT that mimics the in vitro compatibility cross matching test performed prior to a blood transfusion, the anti-CD47 mAb gave false positive results while Maplirpacept produced results identical to the control serum condition (Table 2). This data is consistent with a study demonstrating interference by Hu5F9 in routine pre-transfusion blood testing (Velliquette et al. 2019). Additionally, no interference was observed when Maplirpacept was added to conditions which produced agglutination in a standard IAT across a range of blood types. Interference with RBC panel testing has important consequences in transfusion medicine as the presence of irregular antibodies can complicate the selection of suitable RBC units for treated patients. Here we demonstrate that interference with blood compatibility testing is dependent upon the type of CD47-blocking agent. Decoy receptors such as Maplirpacept, unlike anti-CD47 mAb, do not interfere with blood group serologic testing, which may confer a significant clinical advantage by negating the need for additional approaches to prevent interference.

Microrheological characterisation of Cyanoflan in human blood plasma

Naturally occurring polysaccharidic biopolymers released by marine cyanobacteria are of great interest for numerous biomedical applications, such as wound healing and drug delivery. Such polymers generally exhibit high molecular weight and an entangled structure that impact the rheology of biological fluids. However, biocompatibility tests focus not so much on rheological properties as on immune response. In the present study, the rheological behaviour of native blood plasma as a function of the concentration of a cyanobacterium biopolymer is investigated via multiple particle tracking microrheology, which measures the Brownian motion of probes embedded in a sample, and cryogenic scanning electron microscope microstructural characterisation. We use Cyanoflan as the biopolymer of choice, and profit from our knowledge of its chemical structure and its exciting potential for biotechnological applications. A sol–gel transition is identified using time-concentration superposition and the power-law behaviour of the incipient network's viscoelastic response is observed in a variety of microrheological data. Our results point to rheology-based principles for blood compatibility tests by facilitating the assignment of quantitative values to specific properties, as opposed to more heuristic approaches.

B, P, and S heteroatom doped, bio- and hemo-compatible 2D graphitic-carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with antioxidant, light-induced antibacterial, and bioimaging endeavors

The synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) graphitic g-C3N4 and heteroatom-doped graphitic H@g-C3N4 (H: B, P, or S) particles were successfully done using melamine as source compounds and boric acid, phosphorous red, and sulfur as doping agents. The band gap values of 2D g-C3N4, B50@g-C3N4, P50@g-C3N4, and S50@g-C3N4 structures were determined as 2.90, 3.03, 2.89, and 2.93 eV, respectively. The fluorescent emission wavelengths of 2D g-C3N4, B50@g-C3N4, P50@g-C3N4, and S50@g-C3N4 structures were observed at 442, 430, 441, and 442 nm, respectively upon excitation at λ Ex = 325 nm. There is also one additional new emission wavelength was found at 345 nm for B50@g-C3N4 structure. The blood compatibility test results of g-C3N4, B50@g-C3N4, P50@g-C3N4, and S50@g-C3N4 structures revealed that all materials are blood compatible with <2% hemolysis and >90% blood clotting indices at 100 μg ml−1 concentration. The cell toxicity of the prepared 2D graphitic structures were also tested on L929 fibroblast cells, and even the heteroatom doped has g-C3N4 structures induce no cytotoxicity was observed with >91% cell viability even at 250 μg ml−1 particle concentration with the exception of P50@g-C3N4 which as >75 viability. Moreover, for 2D g-C3N4, B50@g-C3N4, and S50@g-C3N4 constructs, even at 500 μg ml−1 concentration, >90% cell viabilities was monitored. As a diagnostic material, B50@g-C3N4 was found to have significantly high penetration and distribution abilities into L929 fibroblast cells granting a great potential in fluorescence imaging and bioimaging applications. Furthermore, the elemental doping with B, P, and S of g-C3N4 were found to significantly increase the photodynamic antibacterial activity e.g. more than half of bacterial elimination by heteroatom-doped forms of g-C3N4 under UVA treatment was achieved.

The efficiency of fabricated Ag/ZnO nanocomposite using Ruta chalepensis L. leaf extract as a potent protoscolicidal and anti-hydatid cysts agent.

As a consequence of their eco-friendliness, simplicity and non-toxicity, the fabrication of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles using greener chemistry has been a highly attractive research area over the last decade. In this study focused on the fabrication of silver-Zinc oxide nanocomposite (Ag-ZnO NCs) using Ruta chalepensis leaf extract and evaluating its potential biological activities, against Echinococcus granulosus in an in vitro and in vivo model using BALB/c mice. In this study, the synthesis of Ag-ZnO NCs was accomplished using local R. chalepensis leaf extracts. The synthesized nanocomposites were identified using UV-Vis, SEM-EDX, XRD, and FTIR. For a short-term assessment of acute toxicity, BALB/c mice were given the prepared NCs orally. Dual sets of mice were also intraperitoneally injected with protoscoleces for secondary echinococcosis infection. Furthermore, a blood compatibility test was carried out on the nanocomposites. The synthesized Ag-ZnO NCs presented a surface plasmon peak at 329 and 422 nm. The XRD, SEM, and EDX confirmed the purity of the Ag-ZnO NCs. The FTIR spectra indicated the formation of Ag-ZnO NCs. Compared to the untreated infected mice, the treated-infected animals displayed an alteration in the appearance of the hepatic hydatid cysts from hyaline to whitish cloudy with a rough surface appearance. Lysis of RBCs at various doses of Ag-ZnONCs was significantly less than the positive contro,. These findings revealed that the Ag-ZnO NCs didn't cause any adverse symptoms and no mortality was observed in all administered groups of mice. The obtained outcomes confirmed that concentrations of up to 40μg/mL of the bio-fabricated Ag-ZnONCs induced no notable harm to the red blood cells.

Antibacterial chitosan-based composite sponge with synergistic hemostatic effect for massive haemorrhage

Uncontrollable acute bleeding and wound infection pose significant challenges in emergency treatment and surgical operations. Therefore, the research and development of highly efficient antibacterial hemostatic agents are of great importance in reducing the mortality rate among patients with massive hemorrhage. In this study, we utilized hydrophobically modified chitosan (HM-CS) and gallic acid chitosan (GA-CS) to create a composite sponge (HM/GA-CS) that exhibits complementary advantages. The composite sponge combines the alkyl chain and polyphenol structure, allowing it to adsorb blood cells and plasma proteins simultaneously. This synergistic effect was confirmed through various tests, including blood cell adhesion, plasma protein barrier behavior, and in vitro hemostatic testing. Furthermore, experiments conducted on a rat liver injury model demonstrated that the composite sponge achieved rapid coagulation within 52 s, resulting in significantly lower bleeding volume compared with traditional gauze. In addition, the incorporation of GA-CS into HM-CS enhanced the antibacterial properties of the composite sponge. The antibacterial rate of the composite sponge against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) reached 100 % and 98.2 %, respectively. To evaluate its biocompatibility, the composite sponge underwent blood compatibility and cell activity tests, confirming its suitability. The HM/GA-CS sponge holds promising applications in managing cases of massive hemorrhage.

Fabrication, characterization, and application of wound dressing based on PVP/PVA nanofibers containing β-cyclodextrin/curcumin complex: From in silico to in vitro studies

The β-cyclodextrin-curcumin (β-CD-Cur) complex was applied in this study to modify the PVP nanofibers. The complexation of the Cur with β-CD was investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics modeling. Geometries for all compounds were optimized based on DFT-D. Then, in order to adsorb compounds on the substrate, Monte Carlo calculations were used. The physicochemical properties (morphology, surface functional groups, water absorption, water vapor permeability, solubility, and tensile strength) and biological studies such as biocompatibility, blood compatibility, drug release, and antioxidant tests were performed. The Monte Carlo/Molecular Dynamics calculations strongly affirmed the complexation of Cur with β-CD andβ-CD /Cur over the polymer due to negative energies. The obtained results indicated that the β-CD /Cur complex increased the solubility of this compound in an aqueous medium. The amount of drug released reached its maximum in 48 h, which is suitable for wound healing applications. Compared to unmodified nanofibers, the amount of hemolysis decreased significantly, which indicates the favorable effects of introducing the complex and its appropriate blood compatibility for clinical studies. MTT studies showed that modified nanofibers increase cell viability after 24 and 72 h. This increase is directly related to improving the concentration of the complex from 5 to 15%. The current study provides data regarding the interactions between Cur and β-CD and their combination in the polymeric matrix. Moreover, experimental results revealed the promising potential of the fabricated structure as a nanofibrous wound dressing.

Daratumumab: A Drug with Transfusion Dilemma

Daratumumab (DARA) is an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody which has promising results in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). DARA interferes with blood compatibility testing by causing incompatible results while crossmatching by antihuman globulin phase and presenting as a panagglutination picture in the indirect antiglobulin test. Immunohematology workup must be done to rule out allo- or autoantibody and to issue compatible unit to the patient as transfusion support is vital for all these patients and must not be delayed. Here, we present a case report of one such patient who was undergoing treatment with DARA for RRMM and had incompatibility found during crossmatching. Out of the available methods to resolve this problem, we utilized the treatment of red cells with 2-mercaptoethanol at our blood center which was effective, time saving, feasible, and less resource demanding. During the progressive course of disease, our patient required transfusion on a regular basis, and we were able to provide compatible units on each instance utilizing the same technique.

PREVALENCE OF BLOOD GROUPA2 AMONG GROUPAAND AB DONORS

The ABO blood group antigens are clinically signicant and their discovery by Landsteiner in 1900 paved way for the performance of safe blood transfusions. These antigens are characterized by their distinct carbohydrate structures attached to the glycoprotein or glycolipid membranes of red blood cells (RBCs). Their expression can also be detected on various human cell and tissue surfaces including sensory neurons, vascular endothelium and platelets. [1] Subgroups of the ABO antigens occur and are characterized by reduced quantities of the antigens on the RBCs and saliva of secretors. [2] Landsteiner &amp; Levine subdivided blood group A into their principal subgroups, A1 and A2. The presence of Asubgroups is due to genetic variations in the coding region which leads to diminished amounts of A substance and higher amounts of H substance on red blood cells. There are weaker subgroups than A2 which do not frequently occur but when present; they show a characteristic decreased Aantigen sites on their RBC and a corresponding increased H antigen activity. [3] The difference between subgroups A1 and A2 is seen in their reactivity with the Dolichos biflorus lectin. The Dolichos lectin specically agglutinates A1 cells, leaving the A2 cells unagglutinated. The ABO antibodies occur naturally in the sera of individuals who do not have the corresponding antigens and can cause haemolysis in-vivo. They are mostly immunoglobulin M (IgM). These antibodies through complement activation can cause severe, life-threatening transfusion reactions due to incompatible ABO blood transfusions. Anti-A1 antibody appears as an atypical cold agglutinin in the sera of few people with group A2 or A2B who do not have the corresponding antigen.[4] One to eight percent of persons with blood group A2 and about 22-35% of persons with group A2B have serum anti-A1. These antibodies may cause discrepancies in ABO blood grouping which can further result in HTR.[5] Rare cases of haemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti-A1 have been reported.[4] It is estimated that about 80% of individuals with antigen A are A1 while the remaining 20% are A2. [5] Among Indians, the frequency of subgroup A2 among group A individuals is 6.58% whiles that of A2B among group AB is 8.99%.[6] Knowledge of the frequency and distribution of blood subgroup A2 will help to enhance blood compatibility testing, population genetic studies, investigation of transfusion reactions, studying disease associations and resolving some medico-legal issues.[7]

Blood compatible, fog-, frost- and bacterial-resistant dopamine-enabled zwitterionic glass interfaces

BackgroundHydration is at the core of the mechanisms rationalizing the ability of hydrophilic interfaces to resist fogging, frosting and biofouling, and to be hemocompatible. Although essential, very few biomedical interfaces and devices possess this set of properties. MethodsThis study sheds light on this combination of properties imparted to glass by a dopamine-enabled grafting of poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) moieties. Water contact angle (WCA), fogging, frost resistance antifouling and blood compatibility tests were then conducted. Significant FindingsThe very low WCA measured on the glass surface (8.4°) permitted to inhibit condensation and maintain optical transparency, whereas other hydrophilic graftings prepared using hydroxyethylmethacyrlate (HEMA) or poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGMA) lost 15% of their optical transparency. The strong hydration layer provided by the zwitterionic grafting almost entirely inhibited frost formation. While the virgin glass suffered from severe biofouling by various types of cells found in the medical field including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and whole blood, the grafted glass materials resisted biofouling efficiently (90% and 99% decrease using bacteria and whole blood, respectively). Hemocompatibility was supported by negligible haemolyis activity, and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT, 32.1 s) and prothrombin time (PT, 10.4 s) comparable to those measured with whole blood. Stability was also proven by carrying out antifouling tests after 1 month-immersion in an ultrasonic bath. Thus, these zwitterionic glass materials have potential for application in the biomedical field.