Blockchain In Internet Of Things Research Articles

Implementation of Multi Extension in Blockchain-Based IoT Platform for Industrial IoT Devices

The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to the creation of technologies to improve human life. IoT involves integrating the Internet with the physical world, spanning applications like smart homes, industries, supply chains, academia, and more. By the end of 2020, around 212 billion IoT devices were globally deployed, presenting substantial opportunities for manufacturers and diverse applications. There have been numerous implementations of IoT across various fields, including Blockchain IoT (B-IoT), Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT), Digital Twin, and new communication protocols like the Matter protocol. We conducted a comprehensive testing of the blockchain (B-IoT) extension system on various bandwidths and scenarios, such as blockchain API execution time, speed, retention performance, and smart contract vulnerability testing. Our testing has been successful, and several messaging systems were used. Kafka was recommended to overcome the pending transaction problem caused by unprocessed messages. Our smart contract exhibited high severity. The Artificial Intelligence of Things extension, tested on real environments for person and vehicle counters, has shown successful results. Digital Twin, integrated into the IoT platform to perform and control 3D assets such as the postgraduate PENS building, has demonstrated efficient performance. Matter protocol achieved an average task execution speed of 0.48 tasks per second. Matter P2P communication was also successfully tested in this research by implementing the Access Control List (ACL) command.

GLSBIoT: GWO-based enhancement for lightweight scalable blockchain for IoT with trust based consensus

Blockchain technology, which has gained much attention from researchers, faces challenges when applied to resource-constrained devices in the Internet of Things (IoT). These challenges include significant network overhead and energy-intensive processes. We propose a trust-based ensemble consensus and Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm to address these limitations. The trust-based ensemble consensus leverages Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus procedures to improve trust levels within the network. To boost scalability and throughput without sacrificing the security and privacy of IoT data, we utilize sidechaining with the efficient GWO algorithm, allowing the construction of parallel chains connected to the main blockchain. Our experimental results outperformed conventional models by increasing throughput by 12.5% while decreasing mining delay by 19.5% and energy usage by 18.3%. The conducted security analysis reveals the presented lightweight framework is robust against Finney, DoS, Sybil, and Masquerade attacks. These improvements suggest the potential of this approach to provide privacy, integrity, and anonymity in blockchain-enabled IoT systems for smart city applications.

Game-theoretic analytics for privacy preservation in Internet of Things networks: A survey

Privacy preservation of the big data generated, deposited, and communicated by smart IoT (Internet of Things) nodes is the major challenge in IoT networks. Anonymization, encryption, and routing protocol constitute the existing prevalent privacy-preserving approaches, most of which have successfully implemented the privacy preservation of data query, data mining and data aggregation. Nevertheless, there has been a gradual switch in the selection of privacy-preserving technology. Predictive game-theoretic analytics for privacy preservation in IoT networks has received significant attention since it can effectively settle the conflicts between attackers and defenders. In this survey, we explain the basics of various games mainly applied for IoT privacy preservation, such as simultaneous game, stochastic game, bargain game, differential game, mean field game, aggregation game, Stackelberg game, signaling game, repeated game, evolutionary game, and cooperative game. We then explore different applications for game theory-based privacy preservation in IoT networks, followed by discussing the differences among the existing solution of privacy-preserving issues using different games under specific IoT scenarios. Moreover, we consider the challenges and outline future research directions. In conclusion, this survey not only presents existing work on applying game theory to preserve privacy in current IoT networks including smart grids, intelligent transportation systems, crowdsensing, edge-based IoT, integrated energy systems, blockchain IoT, Social IoT and Industrial IoT, but it also encourages researches to further dig deeper into rare areas.

An All-Inclusive Taxonomy and Critical Review of Blockchain-Assisted Authentication and Session Key Generation Protocols for IoT

Authentication and Session Key Generation Protocols (SKGPs) play an essential role in securing the communication channels of connected Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Recently, through blockchain integration, scholars have tried to enhance the security and applicability of SKGPs. In brief, blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that can provide interesting features such as immutability, transparency, and accountability without any need for the active participation of trusted parties. This survey presents a comprehensive critical review of blockchain-assisted authentication and SKGPs, suggested for different IoT domains, including Internet of Vehicles, Internet of Drones, and Industrial IoT. Our survey categorizes existing schemes based on several criteria, including IoT application domains, security aspects, and blockchain components. By presenting an unbiased critical review and taxonomy of protocols, we aim to clarify the key challenges. Our review will specifically indicate what properties authors gained or lost through the integration of blockchain. To our best knowledge, this survey is the only one that offers all prerequisites for interested readers in blockchain-integrated SKGPs, such as security features and attacks, attack models, verification tools, blockchain types, blockchain platforms, and consensus mechanisms. Further, our survey elaborates existing research gaps in blockchain-assisted SKGPs. In doing so, we aim to guide future research in this field and provide researchers with the essential information they require.

Enhancing Privacy-Preserving Localization by Integrating Random Noise With Blockchain in Internet of Things

Enhancing Privacy-Preserving Localization by Integrating Random Noise With Blockchain in Internet of Things

International trade privacy data management system combining Internet of Things blockchain

Currently, international trade (Int’l Trade) often faces risks such as privacy data leakage and transaction security during transactions, which seriously affect the protection of privacy data in trade. Therefore, this article used the Internet of Things and blockchain to attempt to address these risk issues and improve the security of privacy data. By analyzing the security threats in Int’l Trade transactions, this article used additive aggregation functions to analyze the protection effect of privacy data and studied the core issues of Int’l Trade privacy data. This article analyzed the privacy protection model using the Internet of Things blockchain and proposed corresponding Int’l Trade privacy data protection strategies. Among the five surveyed enterprises, data audit and data backup were all above the standard value, while data query only exceeded the standard value for enterprises 2, 3, 4, and 5. The average abnormal value of the enterprise in data anomalies decreased by 0.06 compared to the standard value. Through experimental testing, it has been found that Internet of Things blockchain can effectively improve the privacy data protection effect of Int’l Trade and promote the convenience of Int’l Trade transactions.

Recent Trends of Integration of Blockchain Technology With the IoT by Analysing the Networking Systems: Future Research Prospects

In recent times, attention has surged towards entities with the potential to revolutionize various sectors. The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies, known as IoT-blockchain, offers numerous advantages, including heightened security, privacy, traceability, transparency, and reduced costs. This abstract delves into the taxonomy and prominent platforms of blockchain applications for IoT in networking systems, exploring recent advancements, obstacles, and future research avenues. IoT blockchain's crucial aspect lies in establishing decentralized networks, enabling secure collaboration and data interchange among diverse devices without a central governing entity. Platforms like Ethereum, Hyperledger, and IOTA facilitate the creation and management of these networks. Recent developments focus on enhancing security, scalability, and efficiency through novel consensus mechanisms and cryptographic techniques. Challenges persist, including the need for improved interoperability, integration with existing systems, efficient governance, regulatory structures, and the identification of use cases and business models for widespread adoption. The examination of successful governance, regulatory frameworks, and potential adoption catalysts completes the discourse on IoT blockchain technology.

IoT Applications, Platforms, Systems, And Framework based on Blockchain

The Internet of Things (IoT) has lately evolved as a new technology capable of providing real-time and cutting-edge sensing capabilities to numerous industries such as healthcare, agriculture, smart cities, smart homes, and supply chain. Because of this technology's inherent promise, it has already seen exponential growth in a wide range of use-cases across numerous application domains. As academics around the world continue to examine its capabilities, there is widespread consensus that in order to get the most out of this technology and fully realise its potential, IoT must be built on a flexible network architecture with strong support for security, privacy, and trust. Blockchain (BC) technology, on the other hand, has lately emerged as a breakthrough technology with the promise to give several beneficial qualities such as robustness, support for integrity, anonymity, decentralisation, and autonomous control. Several BC systems are offered, which may be appropriate for various use-cases, including IoT applications. As a result, the integration of IoT with BC technology is seen as a potential solution to some critical concerns. To do this, a good grasp of the requirements of various IoT applications and the viability of a BC platform for a specific application satisfying its underlying requirements is required. This project explains many ways such as the gateway process and sensor device. By addressing the present blockchain concerns, IoT may enable a variety of security services, all of which are described in detail. Various authors present some common facts on the use of blockchain in IoT, which aids in a thorough understanding of the concept. Blockchain improves security and privacy in IoT platforms. In this project, an extra immutable ledger is created using all of the resources and information mentioned in the existing procedure. [1].

Research analysis of blockchain IOT domain according to knowledge graph

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and organize the research in the field of Blockchain Internet of Things (BIoT) using knowledge mapping technology, in order to get a more comprehensive understanding of the research status and development trend in this field. By organizing and statistically analyzing the relevant literature in the field of blockchain IoT, information on keywords, topics, and hot issues of research in this field is obtained and presented in a visual way. At the same time, this paper also provides an in-depth analysis of the research in the field of blockchain IoT, including technical applications, development trends and other aspects. The research results show that the research in the field of blockchain IoT shows a rapid development trend and has received wide attention from academia and industry sectors. In terms of technical applications, the combination of blockchain technology and IoT technology has brought new ideas and technical means for the development of BIoT field. Meanwhile, with the application of knowledge graph technology, the research in the BIoT field has gradually developed in a more refined and in-depth direction. This study has certain reference value and practical significance for the research in the field of blockchain IoT, and can provide more scientific and accurate guidance for the development and application of this field.

The blockchain internet of things: review, opportunities, challenges, and recommendations

A new technology known as the internet of things (IoT) allows both physical and virtual items to be linked and communicated with one another, creating new digital services that enhance our fineness of sustenance. The IoT system has a number of benefits, but because of its present centralized architecture, there are several problems with regard to data integrity, security, privacy, and single points of failure. The future development of IoT applications is hampered by these difficulties. To tackle these problems, it might be best to integrate the Internet of Things with one of the distributed ledger solutions. The blockchain is one of the most frequent and well-liked varieties of distributed ledger technologies. Numerous advantages can result from integrating blockchain technology with the IoT called blockchain internet of things (BIoT). In this paper, we show a brief overview of blockchain, its components of blockchain, and its features of blockchain. Meanwhile, we describe the architecture of BIoT, Issues of BIoT, and BIoT applications. Additionally, this paper provides a future research challenge and open issues.

Survey Paper on Block-Chain in IoT

Abstract: IoT (Internet of Things) is one of the trendingtechnologies nowadays, due to its wide variety of applications butit has many limitations such as data security, centralization, etc. Block-chain can help us to resolve these issues through its decentralized and distributed ledger. There are many ways to integrate block-chain in IoT such as IoT-IoT, IoT- Block-chain, and Hybrid approach but challenges still exist.

Vehicle-to-Blockchain (V2B) Communication: Integrating Blockchain into V2X and IoT for Next-Generation Transportation Systems

As smart transportation systems evolve, secure and efficient V2X communication between vehicles and infrastructure becomes crucial. This paper introduces a Vehicle-to-Blockchain (V2B) communication architecture, leveraging blockchain technology for transparent and decentralized interactions. Our work contributes to the integration of blockchain into V2X and IoT for next-generation transportation systems. We propose several novel blockchain use cases, including a blockchain-based vehicle ownership system based on the multi-token standard, a vehicle scoring system, blockchain–IoT integration, and a decentralized ticket management system for transportation services. The architecture addresses key aspects, such as data integration, validity, and secure messaging, and introduces a decentralized payment system and marketplace for transportation in smart cities. We specifically emphasize the technical implementation of smart contracts for these use cases, underscoring their role in ensuring robust and reliable interactions. Through our decentralized approach, we pave the way for a transformative transportation ecosystem that is adaptable, resilient, and capable of meeting the evolving needs of smart cities.

A Survey of Blockchain IoT Integration

The Internet of Things (IoT) brings people increasingly more convenience nowadays. However, due to the simple structure of most IoT devices and the limited budget when designing and building IoT systems, there are often security vulnerabilities in IoT systems. In addition, the accelerated growth of IoT devices and the data they generate also puts greater pressure on traditional centralised computing centers. Due to its openness, transparency, secure communication, and decentralisation, blockchain technology may solve these problems. This paper mainly studies the research trends of blockchain, IoT, and their integrated systems in recent years and puts forward issues worthy of attention in future development. This paper aims to help beginners get started with blockchain and IoT by providing an overview of blockchain, IoT, and their integration through reviewing and analysing literature. It recommends focusing on chain-chain communication security, new information compression and extraction methods, multi-dimensional evaluation of blockchain IoT systems, information security mechanisms against quantum computers in blockchain IoT integrated systems, and so on.

Privacy-Preserving Techniques for IoT Data in 6G Networks with Blockchain Integration: A Review

Sixth-generation networks (6G) are predicted to be started use by 2030, supporting the complex communication requirements of a data-centric civilisation where everything is interconnected. The research and academics started to analyse the 6G wireless network technology after the implementation of the 5G technology globally. The 6G networks will be more deliberate to extend cell communication and network capabilities to reach ultra-high-speed connectivity which could precede into the regions where the generation before could not. The new security features need to be advanced to guarantee the data is secure and protect the network from being invaded. The technology of blockchain and integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) has the prospect to revolutionize the networking system. This paper explores the applications of blockchain in IoT networking, addressing challenges such as security, scalability, and trust. Blockchain also enhances security, audibility, and traceability in IoT networks. Use cases in the supply chain, management, healthcare, and smart cities demonstrate the benefits of this integration. Challenges include scalability, energy consumption, interoperability, and privacy concerns. Future research should focus on addressing these challenges to fully exploit the potential of IoT blockchain applications in networking systems.

Federated convolutional model with cyber blockchain in medical image encryption using Multiple Rossler lightweight Logistic sine mapping

Doctors' ability to diagnose and treat patients will be facilitated by the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), which can connect a variety of medical imaging devices to medical data network. A number of encryption techniques have been suggested and created in an effort to enhance medical picture encryption. This study suggests a unique method for classifying and encrypting medical images using machine learning and a blockchain IoT paradigm. Here, the input medical image has been learned with Federated convolutional adversarial learning (FCAL) and a blockchain model. This image has been encrypted utilising Multiple Rossler lightweight Logistic sine mapping (MRLLSM).For diverse medical imaging datasets, experimental analysis is done in terms of accuracy, precision, data security rate, and encryption time. A high level of security may be attained using the suggested technique while still performing well in terms of efficiency, according to extensive experimental findings and security analysis.

Evaluation of Correlation between Temperature of IoT Microcontroller Devices and Blockchain Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks.

Blockchain technology is an information security solution that operates on a distributed ledger system. Blockchain technology has considerable potential for securing Internet of Things (IoT) low-powered devices. However, the integration of IoT and blockchain technologies raises a number of research issues. One of the most important is the energy consumption of different blockchain algorithms. Because IoT devices are typically low-powered battery-powered devices, the energy consumption of any blockchain node must be kept low. IoT end nodes are typically low-powered devices expected to survive for extended periods without battery replacement. Energy consumption of blockchain algorithms is an important consideration in any application that combines both technologies, as some blockchain algorithms are infeasible because they consume large amounts of energy, causing the IoT device to reach high temperatures and potentially damaging the hardware; they are also a possible fire hazard. In this paper, we examine the temperatures reached in devices used to process blockchain algorithms, and the energy consumption of three commonly used blockchain algorithms running on low-powered microcontrollers communicating in a wireless sensor network. We found temperatures of IoT devices and energy consumption were highly correlated with the temperatures reached. The results indicate that device temperatures reached 80 °C. This work will contribute to developing energy-efficient blockchain-based IoT sensor networks.

Countering Active Attacks on RAFT-Based IoT Blockchain Networks

This paper considers an Internet of Things (IoT) blockchain wireless network consisting of a leader node and various follower nodes which together implement the RAFT consensus protocol to verify a blockchain transaction, as requested by a blockchain client. Further, two kinds of active attacks, i.e., jamming and impersonation, are considered on the IoT blockchain network due to the presence of multiple <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">active</i> malicious nodes in the close vicinity. When the IoT network is under a jamming attack, we utilize the stochastic geometry tool to derive the closed-form expressions for the coverage probabilities for both uplink and downlink IoT transmissions (which eventually translate to blockchain transaction success rate). On the other hand, when the IoT network is under an impersonation attack, we propose a novel method that enables a receive IoT node to exploit the pathloss of a transmit IoT node as its fingerprint to implement a binary hypothesis test for transmit node identification. To this end, we also provide the closed-form expressions for the probabilities of false alarm, missed detection, and miss-classification. Finally, we present detailed simulation results that indicate the following: i) the coverage probability (and hence blockchain transaction success rate) improves as the jammers’ locations move away from the IoT network, ii) the three error probabilities decrease (i.e., chances of corruption of the blockchain ledger data due to false data injection by malicious node decrease) as a function of the quality of the link between the transmit and receive IoT node.

Cybersecurity for Blockchain-Based IoT Systems: A Review

The Internet of Things (IoT) has become a pervasive technology with various applications ranging from smart homes and cities to industrial automation and healthcare. However, the increasing adoption of IoT devices has also raised significant concerns about cybersecurity and privacy. Blockchain, as a distributed and immutable ledger technology, has been proposed as a potential solution to enhance the security and privacy of IoT systems. Blockchain-based IoT systems offer several benefits, such as decentralization, transparency, and data integrity. However, they also pose unique cybersecurity challenges that need to be addressed for their secure and reliable deployment. In this paper, we review the existing literature and highlight the key challenges in cybersecurity for blockchain-based IoT systems. We categorize these challenges into three main areas: (i) IoT device security, (ii) blockchain security, and (iii) integration of IoT devices with blockchain (network security). Through an in-depth analysis, we present the current state of research and discuss potential solutions for each challenge. Additionally, we contribute by identifying future research directions to address these challenges and enhance the cybersecurity of blockchain-based IoT systems.

Theil-Sen Regressive Miyaguchi–Preneel-based Cryptographic Hash Blockchain for Secure Data Transmission Using Remote Sensing Data in IoT

Internet of things (IoT) is the most advanced version of the internet to maintain a number of applications that combines different intelligent devices used by management or individuals, such as remote sensing data processing, smart health with environmental monitoring, and other related fields. IoT devices interact and interfere with one another, posing a variety of security risks. Prior industrial IoT blockchain data transmission methods suffer from lower security, higher management costs for trading centres, and significant supervision challenges. To deal with this issue, Theil-Sen Regressive Miyaguchi-Preneel-based Cryptographic Hash Blockchain approach is proposed in this manuscript for securing data transmission utilizing remote sensing data in IoT (TSR-MPCHB-SDT-RSD). To enhance data transfer security, TSR-MPCHB is proposed. Remote sensing data are gathered using IoT devices. Miyaguchi-Preneel cryptographic function generates every data confusing value. It aids to enhance data privacy with an integrity ratio. The simulation of the proposed approach is done in Java. The performance metrics, namely data privacy ratio, data dependability ratio, process time average delay, average power consumption, and blockchain data transfer efficacy, is examined. The proposed approach attains higher data confidentiality rate of 31.06%, 12.24%, 15.64%, and 11.66% compared to existing such as Blockchain-Envisioned Secure Data Delivery along Collection Mode for 5G-Base IoT-Enabled Internet of Drones Context (BESDDC-IOD-RSD), BIoTHR: Electronic Health Record Service System in IoT-Blockchain Ecosystem (BIoTHR-SDT-RSD), Blockchain- LamportMerkle Digital Signature: Authentication tool in IoT healthcare (LMDSG-SDT-RSD), and Privacy Protection Blockchain Attain Safe and Dependable Sharing of IoT Data (ACOMKSVM-SDT-RSD).

SmartDID: A Novel Privacy-Preserving Identity Based on Blockchain for IoT

Internet of Things (IoT) applications have penetrated into all aspects of human life. Millions of IoT users and devices, online services, and applications combine to create a complex and heterogeneous network, which complicates the digital identity management. Distributed identity is a promising paradigm to solve IoT identity problems and allows users to have soverignty over their private data. However, the existing state-of-the-art methods are unsuitable for IoT due to continuing issues regarding resource limitations for IoT devices, security and privacy issues, and lack of a systematic proof system. Accordingly, in this article, we propose SmartDID, a novel blockchain-based distributed identity aimed at establishing a self-sovereign identity and providing strong privacy preservation. First, we configure IoT devices as light nodes and design a Sybil-resistant, unlinkable, and supervisable distributed identity that does not rely on central identity providers. We further develop a dual-credential model based on commitment and zero-knowledge proofs to protect the privacy of sensitive attributes, on-chain identity data, and linkage of credentials. Moreover, we combine the basic credential proofs to prove the knowledge of solutions to more complex problems and create a systematic proof system. We go on to provide the security analysis of SmartDID. Experimental analysis shows that our scheme achieves better performance in terms of both credential generation and proof generation when compared with CanDID.