Blockchain-based Supply Chain Research Articles

A framework for modeling and simulating blockchain-based supply chain traceability systems

Traceability improves supply chain operations transparency, benefiting the overall performance and the end customer perception. Blockchain technology is a promising alternative to create robust traceability systems, as it promotes trust and supports information sharing based on data immutability. Despite the hype surrounding blockchain technology and the vast literature in the field, the effectiveness and efficiency of blockchain-based supply chain traceability systems remain uncertain across multiple industry sectors, due to the lack of empirical evidence. Considering its characteristics, simulation is a valuable tool to evaluate the performance of supply chain management processes and technology alternatives. However, a structured guide to support the building process of simulation models regarding blockchain in the supply chain is still missing, making it hard for modelers to create realistic simulation models. Thus, this work proposes a novel methodological framework with guidelines to develop HS models regarding supply chain traceability capable of integrating the main blockchain concepts for managerial purposes. Scenarios with different granularity levels may be designed through the combination of both discrete-event and agent-based simulation paradigms. The proposed approach integrates concepts and terminologies from foundational references, including the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model and the Global Traceability Standard (GTS). In addition, it is anchored on the ADACOR holonic architecture for the agentification process. Following the Design Science Research methodology, a proof-of-concept application is presented, based on a real-scale industrial case of a lobster supply chain from Canada. Results obtained reflect the framework's versatility to assist the development of a hybrid simulation model, as traceability is explored through the perspectives of time to react, item separation, temporal screening, and blockchain participation rate.

Securing Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Management: Textual Data Encryption and Access Control

A supply chain (SC) encompasses a network of businesses, individuals, events, data, and resources orchestrating the movement of goods or services from suppliers to customers. Leveraging a blockchain-based platform, smart contracts play a pivotal role in aligning business logic and tracking progress within supply chain activities. Employing two distinct ledgers, namely Hyperledger and Ethereum, introduces challenges in handling the escalating volume of data and addressing the technical expertise gap related to supply chain management (SCM) tools in blockchain technology. Within the domain of blockchain-based SCM, the growing volume of data activities introduces challenges in the efficient regulation of data flow and the assurance of privacy. To tackle these challenges, a straightforward approach is recommended to manage data growth and thwart unauthorized entries or spam attempts within blockchain ledgers. The proposed technique focuses on validating hashes to ensure blockchain integrity. Emphasizing the authentication of sensitive data on the blockchain to bolster SCM, this approach compels applications to shoulder increased accountability. The suggested technique involves converting all data into textual format, implementing code encryption, and establishing permission-based access control. This strategy aims to address inherent weaknesses in blockchain within SCM. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed technique in providing security and privacy for various types of data within SCM. Overall, the approach enhances the robustness of blockchain-based SCM, offering a comprehensive solution to navigate evolving challenges in data management and privacy assurance.

The conceptual model of Indonesian palm oil supply chain based on blockchain

Abstract Indonesia is the world’s largest producer and consumer of palm oil. However, the palm oil supply chain faces numerous challenges related to actors, traceability, transparency, and sustainability. To address these issues, a conceptual model for a blockchain-based palm oil supply chain in Indonesia is proposed. The model aims to leverage the decentralized and immutable nature of blockchain technology. It incorporates components such as smart contracts, distributed ledgers, and data sharing mechanisms to enhance traceability, transparency, and sustainability in the palm oil supply chain. The research utilized the SSM (Soft System Methodology) and CATWOE (Customer, Actor, Transformation, Worldview, Owner, Environment) methodologies. The actors involved in the palm oil supply chain include smallholders, plantation companies, third-party suppliers, middlemen, traders, palm oil mills, refineries, distributors, retailers, and consumers. The blockchain conceptual model is structured based on a sustainable supply chain model that considers economic, social, and environmental aspects. Blockchain transactions regulate the process of supply chain actors, while stakeholders such as the government, financial institutions, palm oil research organizations, NGOs, and consumers are involved. The blockchain-based supply chain model is expected to address the key issues of the palm oil supply chain, aiming for a sustainable supply chain system. By implementing this model, it is anticipated that the palm oil industry can achieve greater accountability, transparency, and environmental sustainability.

BLOCKCHAIN BASED SYSTEM TO DETECT COUNTERFEIT PRODUCTS IN SUPPLY CHAIN

Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Management is a novel approach to enhancing the transparency, security, and trustworthiness of supply chains. In this study, we explore the design and implementation of a blockchain-based system that enables manufacturers, suppliers, and customers to collaborate seamlessly in tracking and verifying product information. The proposed system leverages blockchain’s inherent features, such as decentralization, tamper-resistance, and transparency, to reduce counterfeiting and build trust in the supply chain. We discuss the architecture and key components of the system, including the role of SQL databases and Metamask wallet integration. Additionally, we highlight the process flow, from manufacturers assigning unique serial numbers to customers verifying product authenticity through QR code scans. [1] This research presents a comprehensive solution for supply chain management, offering potential applications beyond product tracking, including in banking, healthcare, and e-commerce. Blockchain innovations have acquired interest in the course of the most recent years. One of the most talked about issues is currency exchange, but its application is not limited only to Digital currency. so it has the potential to influence different business sectors. Blockchain technology has brought greater transparency and ease in large transactions. We can detect counterfeit goods using blockchain technology. The question that arises when buying any item in today’s world is whether it is fake or not. And the lack of these things has been shown a huge impact on economic progress. Therefore, in order to curb all counterfeit goods, it is important to bring transparency about the goods to the notice of the consumers. The growing presence of counterfeit and unsafe products in the world is a cause for concern and blockchain technology has taken the next step towards its complete annihilation. [2] Key Words: Blockchain, Supply Chain Management, Counterfeiting, Transparency, Product Authentication, Fake Product Detection, Blockchain, Metamask

Counterfeit Products Detection using Blockchain

Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Management is a novel approach to enhancing the transparency, security, and trustworthiness of supply chains. In this study, we explore the design and implementation of a blockchain-based system that enables manufacturers, suppliers, and customers to collaborate seamlessly in tracking and verifying product information. The proposed system utilizes the intrinsic characteristics of blockchain, including decentralization, resistance to tampering, and transparency, to mitigate counterfeiting and establish trust within the supply chain.The proposed system leverages blockchain's inherent features, such as decentralization, tamper-resistance, and transparency, to reduce counterfeiting and build trust in the supply chain. We discuss the architecture and key components of the system, including the role of SQL databases and Metamask wallet integration. Additionally, we highlight the process flow, from manufacturers assigning unique serial numbers to customers verifying product authenticity through QR code scans. This research presents a comprehensive solution for supply chain management, offering potential applications beyond product tracking, including in banking, healthcare, and e-commerce. Key Words: Blockchain, Supply Chain Management, Counterfeiting, Transparency, Product Authentication

Innovating supply chain management with blockchain applications

Innovating supply chain management with blockchain applications

The Application of Blockchain Technology in Enterprise Value Chain Cost Management

This paper examines the application of blockchain technology in managing costs across the enterprise value chain. A literature review analyzes current research on blockchain-based supply chain management and cost optimization models. The methodology employs a case study approach to evaluate the implementation of blockchain platforms in reducing transaction fees, enhancing transparency, and streamlining operations. Results demonstrate measurable improvements in cost-efficiency, reporting accuracy, and partner collaboration. Tables illustrate quantitative impacts in areas including inventory holding reductions, contract enforcement savings, and lowered IT expenses. Findings suggest blockchain solutions enable robust tracking and coordination of end-to-end workflows, although further integration work is needed. In conclusion, blockchain technology shows promise in transforming enterprise value chains to be more responsive and economical.

Blockchain Based Supply Chain Financing: Research Trends and Future Research Directions

Blockchain Based Supply Chain Financing: Research Trends and Future Research Directions

Enhancing supply chain efficiency through blockchain technology: A centralized multidistributor and multi-retailer approach

Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative solution for supply chain management, offering a myriad of benefits to the industry. This paper explores the potential benefits of incorporating blockchain technology into supply chain management to enhance security and trustworthiness. We present a centralized supply chain system comprising a single manufacturer, multiple distributors, and multiple retailers. Geographical divisions have been assumed among distributors, each catering to a specific area with its own set of retailers. Mathematical expressions are developed to determine the optimal replenishment policies for the manufacturer, distributors, and retailers. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the results, and sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the model's responsiveness to parameter variations. Finally, managerial insights are discussed, shedding light on the implications and advantages of the proposed blockchainbased supply chain management system.

An Organizational Modeling for Developing Smart Contracts on Blockchain-based Supply Chain Finance Systems

Managing smart contracts in an Agile software development based on blockchain technology enables project managers to offer rules for software processes to meet the needs and expectations of stakeholders. On the one hand, smart contracts’ faster cycle time, lower fraud, and lower fees and charges have ensured that the business logic satisfies the stakeholder’s criteria. Agile approaches, on the other hand, are development processes that use incremental and iterative engineering methodologies to drive the system life cycle. Such methodologies are typically well-suited for incorporating and adapting management ideas early in the development life cycle. To reconcile both viewpoints, this work provides an organization modeling for constructing smart contracts on the blockchain utilizing organizational modeling techniques that allow all processes as well as the smart contracts management discipline in supply chain finance system development to be illustrated.

Blockchain-Based Inventory System considering Uncertain Carbon Footprints and Pandemic Effects

The global supply chain has been severely impacted with the outbreak of COVID-19. The continuous supply of essential products in the post-COVID-19 world is a truly effective and strategic contest. The security and useability of inventory management are a main burden for industries along with the pressure from the government to fulfil the targets of net-zero economy in an uncertain circumstance. One of the most potential keys to these issues is an accurate demand forecasting process by blockchain technology. This article addresses a basic outline for blockchain-based supply chain (SC) and reveals how blockchain technology (BCT) can aid policymakers to cut carbon footprint during and postpandemic time in a fuzzy environment. This study fuzzifies all the carbon factors as intuitionistic triangular fuzzy numbers and uses a signed distance method to defuzzify the model. We consider that the retailer can embrace BCT to enhance demand forecasting. The planned scenario is modeled as an optimization problem to maximize the profit with low carbon emissions and suggest a solution method to solve it. A numerical example is also given to validate the model. We compare the optimal decisions of the SC with and without BCT. We discover that the pandemic and BCT have considerable influences on the optimal results. The study also shows that practitioners should exercise caution when developing operational strategies for maximizing profit with the least amount of carbon emissions during and postpandemic time.

ProChain: A privacy-preserving blockchain-based supply chain traceability system model

The inherent immutability of blockchain technology offers a promising solution for product supply chain traceability. However, the open and transparent nature of the blockchain raises concerns about the vulnerability of shared product information and the identity information of participants in the supply chain to falsification. To address these concerns, we propose a privacy-preserving blockchain-based scheme for supply chain traceability. Our approach leverages zero-knowledge proof technology to enable participants to enter the system using a one-time pseudonym, thereby protecting their identity information. Additionally, we propose a secure and reliable method for sharing product information by using attribute encryption technology to encrypt product information stored in the blockchain. We set flexible access control policies for product information ciphertext through smart contracts. To validate our approach, we implemented a system prototype named ProChain on the Hyperledger Fabric platform. Our evaluation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our scheme in protecting the identity information of manufacturers and the shared product information of all participants in the traceability system.

Toward Sensor Measurement Reliability in Blockchains.

In this work, a secure architecture to send data from an Internet of Things (IoT) device to a blockchain-based supply chain is presented. As is well known, blockchains can process critical information with high security, but the authenticity and accuracy of the stored and processed information depend primarily on the reliability of the information sources. When this information requires acquisition from uncontrolled environments, as is the normal situation in the real world, it may be, intentionally or unintentionally, erroneous. The entities that provide this external information, called Oracles, are critical to guarantee the quality and veracity of the information generated by them, thus affecting the subsequent blockchain-based applications. In the case of IoT devices, there are no effective single solutions in the literature for achieving a secure implementation of an Oracle that is capable of sending data generated by a sensor to a blockchain. In order to fill this gap, in this paper, we present a holistic solution that enables blockchains to verify a set of security requirements in order to accept information from an IoT Oracle. The proposed solution uses Hardware Security Modules (HSMs) to address the security requirements of integrity and device trustworthiness, as well as a novel Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) based on a blockchain for authenticity, traceability, and data freshness. The solution is then implemented on Ethereum and evaluated regarding the fulfillment of the security requirements and time response. The final design has some flexibility limitations that will be approached in future work.

Predicting the Impact of Data Poisoning Attacks in Blockchain-Enabled Supply Chain Networks

As computer networks become increasingly important in various domains, the need for secure and reliable networks becomes more pressing, particularly in the context of blockchain-enabled supply chain networks. One way to ensure network security is by using intrusion detection systems (IDSs), which are specialised devices that detect anomalies and attacks in the network. However, these systems are vulnerable to data poisoning attacks, such as label and distance-based flipping, which can undermine their effectiveness within blockchain-enabled supply chain networks. In this research paper, we investigate the effect of these attacks on a network intrusion detection system using several machine learning models, including logistic regression, random forest, SVC, and XGB Classifier, and evaluate each model via their F1 Score, confusion matrix, and accuracy. We run each model three times: once without any attack, once with random label flipping with a randomness of 20%, and once with distance-based label flipping attacks with a distance threshold of 0.5. Additionally, this research tests an eight-layer neural network using accuracy metrics and a classification report library. The primary goal of this research is to provide insights into the effect of data poisoning attacks on machine learning models within the context of blockchain-enabled supply chain networks. By doing so, we aim to contribute to developing more robust intrusion detection systems tailored to the specific challenges of securing blockchain-based supply chain networks.

Counterfeit Products detection using Blockchain

Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Management is a novel approach to enhancing the transparency, security, and trustworthiness of supply chains. In this study, we explore the design and implementation of a blockchain-based system that enables manufacturers, suppliers, and customers to collaborate seamlessly in tracking and verifying product information. The proposed system utilizes the intrinsic characteristics of blockchain, including decentralization, resistance to tampering, and transparency, to mitigate counterfeiting and establish trust within the supply chain.The proposed system leverages blockchain's inherent features, such as decentralization, tamper-resistance, and transparency, to reduce counterfeiting and build trust in the supply chain. We discuss the architecture and key components of the system, including the role of SQL databases and Metamask wallet integration. Additionally, we highlight the process flow, from manufacturers assigning unique serial numbers to customers verifying product authenticity through QR code scans. This research presents a comprehensive solution for supply chain management, offering potential applications beyond product tracking, including in banking, healthcare, and e-commerce. Key Words: Blockchain, Supply Chain Management, Counterfeiting, Transparency, Product Authentication

BFSF: A secure IoT based framework for smart farming using blockchain

Many smart applications, including smart cities, healthcare, smart agriculture, manufacturing, etc., have widely adopted the Internet of Things (IoT). Smart Farming (SF) integrates a set of technologies, such as cloud and edge computing and greenhouse concepts, to improve agricultural processes. Due to its capacity to generate fresh agricultural products at an incredible pace of development and output, the greenhouse business has recently attracted the attention of the farming community. However, the cost of labor and energy consumption causes the greenhouse’s production cost to rise by roughly 40%–50%. To avoid this, SF concepts have been introduced. Data management in SF has received a lot of attention in recent years due to its high potential for more accurate and cost-effective agriculture. Traditional client–server and cloud-based data management systems are plagued by single faults, data protection, centralized data management, and system vulnerabilities. In this paper, an IoT-based framework is proposed for SF to improve the productivity of crops. AI-based precision model is introduced in the framework, which can be integrated with remote sensor data for correct prediction of crop growth in smart agriculture. The result shows that the random forest model works better with 97% accuracy compared to Support Vector Classifier (SVC) have 93%, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) have 90%, and Logistic Regression 84%. This technology helps to reduce costs while also improving the overall quality of the agricultural process and product management with blockchain-based supply chain management to enhance farmers’ economic backdrop. The blockchain performance is evaluated on gas consumption, execution time, throughput and latency.

*-chain: A framework for automating the modeling of blockchain based supply chain tracing systems

Nowadays, creating a blockchain-based system for supply chain tracing is a complex task. This paper defines a model, a graphical domain specific language, and a set of tools aimed at helping supply chain domain experts to create blockchain based tracing systems for their supply chains. Starting from a graphical representation of the supply chain, the solidity smart contracts implementing the related tracing system are automatically generated by our framework. Small interventions of programmers are required to customize and finalize such smart contracts. A set of web based interfaces to interact with such smart contracts are also automatically generated. We are confident that our results will increase blockchain usage for supply chain traceability thanks to the automatic process of smart contract generation.

Design and implementation of blockchain-based supply chain framework with improved traceability, privacy, and ownership

Design and implementation of blockchain-based supply chain framework with improved traceability, privacy, and ownership

Green Supply Chain Circular Economy Evaluation System Based on Industrial Internet of Things and Blockchain Technology under ESG Concept

A green supply chain economy considering environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors improves the chances of functional growth through minimal risk factors. The implication of sophisticated technologies such as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and the blockchain improves the optimization and evaluation of ESG performance. An IIoT-Blockchain-based Supply Chain Economy Evaluation (IB-SCEE) model is introduced to identify and reduce functional growth risk factors. The proposed model uses green blockchain technology to identify distinct transactions’ economic demands and supply distribution. The flaws and demands in the circular economy process are validated using the IIoT forecast systems relying on ESG convenience. The minimal and maximum risks are identified based on economic and distribution outcomes. The present investigation highlights the significance of ongoing ESG-conceptualized research into blockchain-based supply chain economics. Companies who recognize the blockchain’s potential can improve corporate governance, environmental impact, and social good by increasing transparency, traceability, and accountability. A more sustainable and responsible future for global supply chains can be shaped through further research and development in this field, which will make a substantial contribution to the scientific world. This information is individually held in the green blockchain for individual risk factor analysis. The proposed model improves the recommendation and evaluation rate and reduces the risk factors with controlled evaluation time.

The Effect of Blockchain Technology on Supply Chain Collaboration: A Case Study of Lenovo

Blockchain technology, as a revolutionary technology that has emerged in recent years, holds significant potential for application in supply chain operations. This paper provides a systematic review of blockchain-based supply chain case studies. The existing literature primarily focuses on the food, agriculture, and pharmaceutical sectors, highlighting the advantages of blockchain technology in terms of traceability and transparency. However, there is a limited number of studies addressing the improvement of collaboration efficiency in supply chains, particularly within the realm of information technology enterprises. By conducting semi-structured interviews, we present a case study of Lenovo, a leading enterprise utilizing blockchain technology, to elucidate the advantages of using blockchain technology. Subsequently, it proposes a conceptual model for a blockchain-based information collaboration system and discusses the potential applications of blockchain technology in supply chain collaboration. Our study contributes to the existing work on blockchain applications to enhance supply chain collaboration.