Tests on a high-speed train braking platform with friction blocks of different thicknesses revealed data on friction heat, wear, and friction-induced vibration and noise (FIVN). A finite element model (FEM) was developed using a finite element software, and then a thermal-mechanical-wear coupling simulation method was proposed to simulate the high-temperature wear of friction blocks. The results show that thicker friction blocks led to higher temperatures, eccentric wear, and increased wear debris, forming a stiff third body layer causing high-intensity FIVN. Thinner blocks showed better tribological properties and reduced FIVN. Although block thickness affects FIVN, the main frequency differences are minor. Therefore, friction block thickness should be considered as an important factor in brake pad design to manage high-temperature tribological behavior.