Block Layout Research Articles

TreeHouse: An MLIR-based Compilation Flow for Real-Time Tree-based Inference

Tree-based ensembles stand as the prominent resource-efficient approaches for real-time inference. To optimize their performance, researchers have developed several solutions to accommodate their unique program structure, i.e., consecutive branches and eliminate the floating-point arithmetic operations, which are usually costly at the embedded computing systems. Most of them are realized at the level of source code and a standard compilation is applied subsequently. Therefore, an end-to-end compilation flow may consolidate these methods and provide a holistic optimization. In this work, we introduce TreeHouse, a compilation flow based on MLIR designed for real-time inference of tree ensembles. First, we optimize the layout of basic blocks to reduce the expected branches during inference. Moreover, we provide a solution to facilitate LLVM register allocation for further efficiency. In addressing the suboptimal performance of floating-point operations in edge systems, we incorporate methods to convert data into integer format. We implemented and evaluated TreeHouse using two tree-based ensembles: boosting trees and random forests. Overall, boosting trees exhibited performance gains ranging from 1.38 × to 8.24 × on x86, 1.70 × to 6.61 × on ARMv8, and 1.75 × to 4.52 × on RISC-V compared to state-of-the-art decision tree research. Random forests achieved performance gains of up to 1.6 × on x86, 2.03 × on ARMv8, and 2.9 × on RISC-V.

How to get high-rise residential design to respond road traffic noise

Rapid urbanization causes acute contradictions of road traffic noise on residents' health. Although many works have been done in this field, specific investigations of how to get a design of residential area to correspond road traffic noise is still limited, especially in a high population dense area. This paper, therefore, focused on high-rise residential blocks, researching relations between design variables and distribution of road traffic noise. In the study, a typical high population dense city, Shenzhen was employed as study case. Based on noise map simulation, design element, block layout, design of individual buildings was proved important in traffic noise impact. The results discovered that the noise reduction effect is relatively significant when the building setback is within 30 - 40 meters of setback curb. To minimize traffic noise impact, flexible layout of board point perimeter type might play an important role. Lowering building heights with increasing the number of building rows, two-story podiums around high-rise buildings, and the addition of balcony railing plate could result in significant noise reductions. Focusing on design elements, this work developed an overall evaluation to improve acoustic environment of high-rise residentials based on noise map simulation, and provided significant contributions in responding road traffic noise.

Effect of Pinching on Growth, Yield, and Quality of African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda

Marigold is a very common and a hardy flower crop cultivated throughout the world. Pinching is an important intercultural practice commonly followed in cultivation of marigold however, this needs to be standardized for getting higher yields in commercial cultivation. Hence, the present investigation was conducted at Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur, Division of Horticulture, during 2020-21 and 2021-22 to standardize the commercial pinching practice for getting higher productivity. Three levels of pinching (no pinching, single at 20 days and double at 20 and 40 days after transplanting) were used in the course of the research arranged using a factorial randomized block layout with three replications applied to African marigold variety Pusa Narangi Gainda. The results revealed that treatment P0 (No pinching) was discovered to be the finest in increment in height of plant, early flower bud initiation flower opening and treatment P2 (Double pinching) in boosting spread of plant, primary branches, length of leaf, leaf width, leaf area, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, total biomass, root- shoot ratio, 50% flowering, flower diameter, stalk and ray floret length, fresh and dry flower weight, mass and number of flower per plant, flower yield additionally improved quality characteristics like chlorophyll and xanthophyll content in marigold. Hence, it might be concluded that application of double pinching can be helpful and recommended in improving yield as well as quality characteristics in commercial cultivation of marigold.

Effect of urban morphology on microclimate and building cluster energy consumption in cold regions of China

Building energy consumption (BEC) is influenced by the combination of urban morphology and microclimate. This study investigated the influence of urban neighborhood morphology on microclimate and building energy consumption through sixty representative street blocks in cold regions of China. The following conclusions were drawn from the multiple regression analysis, and random forest (RF) in this research: 1) The impact of urban morphology on microclimate and vice versa on energy use intensity (EUI) varies according to the season. 2) Annual temperature (TEMP.), solar radiation (SR), building site cover (BSC), average building height (BH), road area ratio (RAR), and block orientation (BO) were significantly positively correlated with EUI, and the floor area ratio (FAR) was negatively correlated. 3) The FAR is positively correlated with BEC and has a significant negative correlation with relative humidity (RH) which contribution rates are 82.3 % and 7.3 %, respectively. Based on the analysis, the research proposed feasible recommendations to optimize the layout of blocks. The results of this study can be used to predict the energy consumption of new and existing street blocks in cold-climate cities quickly and accurately. Additionally, it provides quantitative strategies for energy-saving and emission reduction in urban planning.

Natural ventilation potential of teaching building complexes with different block shapes and layout patterns

Natural ventilation significantly enhances building energy efficiency and indoor air quality, thereby reducing virus transmission risks, especially crucial in teaching buildings on university campuses frequently occupied by large numbers of students. This study investigates the design impacts of teaching building complexes on indoor and outdoor wind environments, aiming to propose practical design recommendations. Firstly, a typological analysis of teaching building complexes from ten universities in Guangzhou University Town (GUT) was conducted, screening out several archetypes representing diverse design features. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were then performed on 16 hypothetical teaching building complexes derived from these archetypes. The wind velocity distributions and area-weighted wind velocities across various hypothetical scenarios were compared and analyzed, allowing for a thorough assessment of the natural ventilation performance associated with different block shapes and layout patterns. The findings reveal that canyons between buildings have a marginal impact on natural ventilation within scenarios characterized by aligned layouts. In contrast, staggered layouts notably enhance natural ventilation, particularly with orthogonal prevailing winds. Furthermore, semi-enclosed courtyard blocks outperform fully enclosed courtyard blocks in natural ventilation, especially when their openings align with prevailing wind directions. Finally, several practical recommendations were summarized for achieving sustainable teaching building design in similar climate regions. Key contributions include demonstrating the significant influence of block shape and layout on ventilation performance and offering novel insights into optimizing building designs for improved natural ventilation.

Physiological, biochemical, and functional changes in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) under potassium and zinc applications in drought stress conditions

The utilization of chelated fertilizers at specific concentrations could serve as an efficient method to mitigate the effects of drought stress in plants, considering it a global climatic issue. The objective of this study was to ascertain the influence of potassium and zinc chelate fertilizers on improving drought tolerance in quinoa plants. The experiment was conducted over two cropping years, 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. It followed a split-plot factorial design within a randomized complete block layout, in three replicates. The results indicated that the foliar application of the combined treatment of 50K + 50Zn significantly increased grain yield, particularly in the Q26 cultivar, under drought-stress conditions. However, the best harvest index was related to the Q26 cultivar under 100Zn application conditions. Nevertheless, the application of chelated fertilizers significantly enhanced these traits under stress compared to the non-application conditions. Furthermore, the content of glycine betaine and proline in the plant increased under the influence of 100K and 100Zn applications in the Q29 cultivar in 25% FC. Based on the obtained results for Catalase enzyme activity at 25% FC and in the presence of 100Zn foliar application and for Peroxidase at 25% FC and the presence of the combined 50K + 50Zn foliar application in the Q29 cultivar, the highest activity of these enzymes was observed. Consequently, considering the increased contents of glycine betaine and proline in the foliar application, as well as the enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes contributing to improved drought tolerance in these plants, the application of potassium and zinc chelates as fertilizers is recommended.

Interactive effects of mycorrhizal, Azospirillum and nitrogen+phosphorus with limited irrigation on yield and morpho-physiological traits of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) in arid and semi-arid regions

Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) is a valuable medicinal plant known for its oil, which is rich in gamma-linolenic acid. However, the productivity and quality of evening primrose can be significantly affected by drought stress, a common challenge in arid and semi-arid regions. Water deficit stress not only limits plant growth and development but also affects physiological and biochemical processes. To mitigate the adverse effects of drought, the use of chemical and biological fertilizers has been explored. Mycorrhizal fungi and Azospirillum are known for their ability to enhance plant resilience to abiotic stresses, including drought, by improving nutrient uptake and promoting plant growth. Nitrogen and phosphorus (N+P) are essential nutrients that play crucial roles in plant metabolism and stress tolerance. This study aimed to assess the impact of mycorrhizal fungi, Azospirillum, and N+P on evening primrose under drought conditions. One experiment was conducted in two locations, Tehran (semi-arid) and Varamin (arid) in 2014 and 2015, using a greenhouse for growing plants and through field transplantation. Using a split factorial design within a randomized complete block layout, three irrigation regimes (50 %, 40 %, and 30 % of field capacity) constituted the main plots, while the subplots included three chemical fertilizer treatments (none, 50 %, and 100 % of N+P) and four biological fertilizer treatments (non-inoculated and inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi and Azospirillum) in factorial combinations. The study revealed that drought, both moderate and severe, resulted in reduced plant height, shoot dry weight, leaf area index, seed yield, harvest index, phosphorus content, relative water content, and oil yield. Notably, the highest water use efficiency occurred under moderate water deficit stress. Severe water deficit stress, however, led to the highest root dry weight, root ratio to shoot dry weight, and catalase activity. The application of chemical and biological fertilizers alleviated the negative effects of water deficit stress on plant growth and yield. Evening primrose water use efficiency increased under moderate water deficit stress, particularly when coupled with the application of chemical (N+P) and biological (mycorrhizal fungi and Azospirillum) fertilizers. The study emphasized the positive impact of mycorrhizal and Azospirillum inoculation on enhancing evening primrose growth under water deficit stress.

Container Yard Layout Design Problem with an Underground Logistics System

In recent years, underground logistics systems have attracted more and more attention from scholars and are considered to be a promising new green and intelligent transportation mode. This paper proposes a yard design problem considering an underground container logistics system. The structure and workflow of the underground container logistics system are analyzed, and key features are recognized for the yard design problem, such as the container block layout direction, the lane configuration in the yard, and the number of container blocks. We formulate the problem into mathematical models under different scenarios of the key features with the comprehensive objective of maximizing the total throughput and minimizing the total operation cost simultaneously. An improved tabu search algorithm is designed to solve the problem. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can generate a satisfactory layout design solution for a real-size instance. Our research studies different container yard design options for introducing the underground logistics system into port terminals, which provides an important scientific foundation for promoting the application of underground container logistics systems.

Optimizing Solar Power Generation in Urban Industrial Blocks: The Impact of Block Typology and PV Material Performance

The block-scale application of photovoltaic technology in cities is becoming a viable solution for renewable energy utilization. The rapid urbanization process has provided urban buildings with a colossal development potential for solar energy in China, especially in industrial areas that provide more space for the integration of PV equipment. In developing solar energy resources, the block layout and the PV materials are two critical factors affecting the distribution of solar radiation and generation. However, few studies have analyzed how to select the most suitable PV materials for different layouts of industrial blocks to obtain the best generation. This study considered the layout of industrial blocks and PV materials simultaneously, and the generation yield was calculated when combined. A total of 40 real industrial block cases were constructed, and radiation distribution data on building surfaces of different block cases were calculated. Data on both were combined to calculate the generation of different PV materials for each block type. The findings indicated that single-story industrial blocks possessed the highest potential for solar radiation, primarily due to the higher percentage of roof area. The influence of PV materials on the installation rate of different building facades varied, with the installation rate of the west facade being the most impacted by PV performance and the roof being the least impacted. Using different PV materials in industrial blocks could lead to a 59.2% difference in solar generation capacity. For single-layer industrial blocks, mono crystalline and poly crystalline silicon were preferable to achieve higher power generation. In contrast, multi-story and high-rise industrial blocks were best suited for a-Si and CIGS to attain higher cost performance. The methods and results of this study guided the selection and installation of PV equipment in various block typologies, thereby improving the refinement of solar resource development, maximizing solar resource utilization, and promoting the development of energy conservation and carbon reduction in cities.

Unraveling genetic complexity: Identifying black gram (Vigna mungo L.) genotypes for rice fallow conditions

A study on generation mean analysis was conducted to determine suitable genotypes of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) for rice fallowconditions, considering various agronomic traits controlled by quantitative inheritance. The Hayman’s six-parameter model, utilizinga Random Block layout with two replications over six generations viz., P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1, and BC2 involving six parents viz., MDU 1, VBN(BG) 6, Mash-114 and ADT 3, PU 31 and CO 6 was followed. The filial generations derived from four crosses, along with their parentsinvolved in the hybridization, were evaluated at TRRI, Aduthurai, during the summer of 2019 under rice fallow conditions. The focus ofthe evaluation was on yield and its nine component traits, including plant height, branches per plant, 50% flowering, pods per cluster,pod number, 100 seed weight, and single plant yield. The study revealed a predominant influence of the duplicate dominant gene onthese yield attributes, indicating the complexity of the genetic basis. This complexity suggests that conventional selection methods may be hindered, making heterosis breeding or bulk method/recurrent selection more favorable for obtaining the desired gene combinations in genotypes suitable for rice fallow conditions.

Exploring the Impact of Urban Morphology on Building Energy Consumption and Outdoor Comfort: A Comparative Study in Hot-Humid Climates

Research simultaneously examining building energy consumption and outdoor thermal comfort within urban environments remains limited. Few studies have delved into the sensitivity of design parameters based on building energy consumption and outdoor thermal comfort. The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlations between urban morphological design parameters and performance indicators, focusing on building energy consumption and outdoor thermal comfort (UTCI), across different urban block layouts in hot-humid regions, like Guangzhou. By establishing six fundamental morphological models—three individual unit layouts and three group layouts—the research explores both control and descriptive parameters through extensive simulation studies. Scatter plot visualizations provide insights into the impacts of various design parameters on energy consumption and UTCI, facilitating a comprehensive analysis of trends and quantitative relationships. Additionally, the study conducts sensitivity analyses on design parameters under different layout conditions to highlight their influences on target performance indicators. The findings reveal common trends, such as the significant impacts of plan dimensions and the Floor Area Ratio (FAR) on energy efficiency and outdoor comfort, as well as differential patterns, such as the varying sensitivities of the Shape Factor (S/V) and the Sky View Factor (SVF), across individual and collective layouts. Ultimately, this study offers a nuanced understanding of urban block morphology’s role in creating sustainable, comfortable, and energy-efficient urban environments, providing valuable guidelines for urban form design in hot-humid climates.

Perancangan Ulang Tata Letak Fasilitas pada Industri Garmen dengan Metode BLOCPLAN

Currently, developments and changes are occurring very rapidly in the garment industry. Technological advances and the recent Covid-2019 pandemic have led to a significant increase in online product purchases. This has had quite a big impact, as the movement of materials within the industry can change significantly. Such changes can render material movement less efficient, leading to a decrease in work productivity. Therefore, it is necessary to redesign the layout to ensure efficient material movement. The goal of this layout redesign is to minimize the total distance moved. Computer-aided layout (CAL) has garnered much interest from researchers, as it offers benefits such as generating numerous alternative layout improvements in a short time. The method used for redesigning the layout in this research is one CAL method, namely the Block Layout Overview with Layout Planning (BLOCPLAN) method. In this case study, data processing will be carried out using BLOCPLAN-90 software. The total material movement distance in the initial layout is 119,885.25 meters per month, while the total distance of material movement in the proposed layout is 61,840.33 meters per month. This indicates a decrease in the total material movement distance of 58,044.92 meters per month, or a reduction of 48.42 percent. With a decrease in the total material movement distance, it is expected that work efficiency and productivity will increase.

Physical vulnerability of pedestrians under the joint effect of wind and floodwater and its application in urban block flooding: Effects of urban block layout, building form and building array skyline

It has become urgent to formulate the physical vulnerability of pedestrians exposed to the compound hazard of strong wind and flooding in an urban landscape and identify the pedestrian risk characteristics within urban building arrays. In this study, the physical vulnerability of pedestrians subject to a joint effect of wind and floodwater is quantified theoretically based on a mechanical analysis in terms of floodwater velocity, depth and wind speed. Laboratory experiment regarding the instability of a dummy is performed to calibrate this vulnerability formula. The formula is adopted to quantify the pedestrian risk rating within different urban building array configurations in conjunction with computational fluid dynamics simulation, including the urban block layout, building form, and building array skyline. It is found that (i) the reverse wind reduces the area of the extreme instability risk zone of pedestrians but improves the safety zone area in comparison to the forward wind; (ii) in comparison to the determinant layout, the enclosed layout is indeed favorable to pedestrian safety; however, the staggered layout causes pedestrian safety to deteriorate; (iii) either corner modification or a change in building form leads to a large reduction in pedestrian risk; and (iv) For a parallel building skyline array, a low street aspect ratio (i.e., the ratio of building height to street width) yields an increased pedestrian risk when the aspect ratio is smaller than unity; however, a large aspect ratio produces an increased pedestrian risk when the aspect ratio exceeds unity. The protuberant skyline leads to more high-risk zones than the parallel skyline, while a concave skyline does not alter the risk distribution except for the last row of buildings. The ascending skyline configuration leads to a more complex and more uniform risk distribution pattern, while the descending skyline does not change the general risk distribution trend. These results might be referenced by engineers and managers to implement tailored measures (for example, optimizing urban array configurations) for mitigating and reducing pedestrian risk in urban regions.

Research on Optimal Cooling Landscape Combination and Configuration Based on Local Climate Zones—Fuzhou, China

The deterioration of the urban thermal environment has seriously affected the quality of life of urban residents, and studying the optimal cooling landscape combination and configuration based on local climate zones (LCZs) is crucial for mitigating the thermal environment. In this study, the LCZ system was combined to analyze the spatial and temporal changes to the thermal environment in the central area of Fuzhou, and the 159 blocks in the core area were selected to derive the optimal LCZ combination and configuration. The conclusions are as follows: (1) From 2013 to 2021, the building layout of the study area became more open and the building height gradually increased. The high-temperature areas were mainly clustered in the core area; (2) The LSTs for low-rise buildings (LCZ 3 (41.67 °C), LCZ 7 (40.10 °C), LCZ 8 (42.61 °C), and LCZ 10 (41.85 °C)) were higher than the LSTs for high-rise buildings (LCZ 1 (38.58 °C) and LCZ 4 (38.50 °C)); (3) The thermal contribution index for low building types was higher for dense buildings (LCZ 3 (0.4331), LCZ 8 (0.3149), and LCZ 10 (0.2325)) than for open buildings (LCZ 6 (0.0247) and LCZ 9 (0.0317)); (4) Blocks with an average LST of 36 °C had the most cost-effective cooling, and the combination and configuration of LCZs within such blocks were optimal. Our results can be used to better guide urban planners in managing LCZ combinations and configurations within blocks (the smallest planning unit) at an earlier phase of thermal environment design, and for appropriately adapting existing block layouts, providing a new perspective on urban thermal environment research with important implications for climate-friendly city and neighborhood planning.

Low-carbon-oriented commercial district urban form optimization and impact assessment analysis

Commercial buildings have become one of the main sources of carbon emissions. However, the current research on urban form optimization has lacked analyses of the low-carbon indicators of buildings. With the Beijing commercial district as an example, a low-carbon-oriented urban form optimization path is established in this study, and a new method of urban form optimization is developed from a low-carbon perspective. With the help of the parametric platform and multiobjective optimization algorithm, a dynamic optimization model of urban morphology based on parametric modeling, numerical simulation and algorithm optimization is developed, and the morphological characteristics of low-carbon commercial blocks in Beijing are assessed with a Pareto-optimal solution set. Through principal component regression analysis, the correlations between urban form factors and low-carbon evaluation indicators are discussed. The study shows that the multiobjective optimization algorithm effectively optimizes the low-carbon indicators of buildings at the block scale. The urban forms obtained from the Pareto solution set display several commonalities reflected from three perspectives: building type, vertical dimension and building orientation. It is found that the optimal block layout form reduces the building carbon emission intensity and the building outer skin radiation difference, and the renewable energy-based carbon reduction is large. The urban form factors that have a significant impact on the carbon emission intensity of buildings include the maintenance coefficients, the average area to perimeter ratio, and the sky view factor, with respective impact coefficients of 0.301, −0.309, and −0.319.

Perencanaan Desain Layout Optimal pada Unit Pelaksana Teknis Dinas Rumah Kemasan

UPTD Rumah Kemasan established by the Southeast Minahasa Small and Medium Enterprises Cooperative Office is a packaging service center for Small and Medium Industries (SMI), the construction of the Rumah Kemasan is based on the number of Small and Medium Industries (SMI) which has increased from year to year. The correcting problem faced by the UPTD Rumah Kemasan is related to the layout of machinery and equipment. The problem faced by the UPTD Rumah Kemasan is related to the layout of machinery and equipment. The conditions in the current areas of the Rumah Kemasan have not been determined and there is no planning and arrangement, this will certainly have a major impact on the operation of the UPTD Rumah Kemasan. There are two methods used to solve the packaging house problem, the first is BLOCPLAN (Block Layout Overview with Layout Planning) and the second is the CORELAP method (Computerized Relationship Layout Planning Algorithm) which can provide solutions related to optimal initial layout planning for the UPTD Rumah Kemasan. The results of data processing after being compared, the recommended layout is the output of the CORELAP (Computerized Relationship Layout Planning Algorithm) method, with the most optimal results, seen from several indicators and the results of the distance obtained based on the activity of the operating process map 49.2 meters and based on the distance of machines and equipment 65.78.

Evaluation of Summer Squash Genotypes (Cucurbita pepo L.) under Tropical Conditions

The investigation was carried out in a farmer’s field Sorakalnatham, Natrampalli taluk, Tirupattur district, Tamil Nadu during 2022. The experimental design used was randomized block layout with three replications and twenty genotypes. In results indicate the genotype were significantly differed in growth and yield attributes. According to the grand mean data, the CP 13 genotype of summer squash showed the best performance in the tropical condition. Significantly greater than the grand mean in the growth attributes viz., plant height (66.54 cm), least value was recorded in days taken for fifty per cent female flowering (40.54 days). The yield attributes was maximum than grand mean in term of single fruit weight (1200.18 g), number of fruits plant-1 (4.75), fruit yield plant-1 (5.64 kg).

A study on urban block design strategies for improving pedestrian-level wind conditions: CFD-based optimization and generative adversarial networks

Urban block layout design presents a critical and challenging task for urban planners, as block layout directly influences the physical structure of the urban area, the interaction between people and their environment, and the microclimate in urban areas. Thus, developing appropriate design strategies plays a decisive role in this process. This research uses the generative adversarial networks (GAN) technique to explore block layout design strategies. The GAN technique can effectively generate real and diverse urban blocks based on learning existing morphological properties. Therefore, it can be a powerful approach to urban block layout research. Genetic algorithms not only help to identify the ideal design solution but also enable the summary of key design strategies by numerous evolutionary periods. The study presents a CFD-based optimization framework that utilizes a genetic algorithm and 3D block models generated by the GAN technique to improve the urban wind conditions at the block scale. By comparing solutions, the study successfully optimized three objectives by 68.36%, 51.74%, and 41.83%. Ridge regression models examined the relationship between objective functions and urban morphological indices. The maximum R2 value of the ridge regression models reached 0.801, indicating that the models can effectively predict wind conditions by morphological indicators. Design strategies for wind-friendly blocks were developed by regression models and validated by case studies. The design strategies suggest that architects should prioritize the building layout, the building height at boundary areas, and the building shape, as these factors significantly affect the urban outdoor wind conditions.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Yield and Yield Attributes in Scented Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The current study was conducted at Barrister Thakur Chhedilal College of Agriculture and Research Station, Bilaspur, India, during the autumn season of 2019-20. The research focused on integrated nutrient management in scented rice, incorporating both organic and inorganic nutrient sources along with the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) at 100:60:40 NPK kg ha-1. The experimental design employed a randomized block layout (RBD) with ten treatments and three replications, utilizing the Chhattisgarh Sugandhit Bhog variety of scented rice. The findings revealed noteworthy outcomes among the various organic and inorganic treatments. Notably, Treatment 6 (75% RDF + 5 tonnes of Vermicompost ha-1 enriched with consortia) exhibited the highest grain yield of 35.78 q ha-1, signifying significant superiority over other treatments. Treatment 5 (75% RDF + 5 tonnes of FYM ha-1 enriched with consortia) closely followed with a grain yield of 34.24 q ha-1, demonstrating comparable performance. Additionally, Treatments 4, 3, 2, and 10 showed promising results in terms of yield attributes. The superior performance of Treatment 6 in terms of higher yield and yield attributes, including the highest number of panicles per m2 (349.36), underscores its effectiveness and significance in the context of integrated nutrient management for scented rice cultivation.

Influences of different plant spacing on growth and yield of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.)

In summer squash correct spacing is one of the most vital factors in agricultural plant growth because it helps plants to develop to their maximum potential above and below ground. Plant density is another major factor influencing production. Inter-species competition, in general, reduces production at too high populations. However, with very low populations, environmental elements such as light, space, water, and soil are not properly exploited, resulting in an overall decrease in yield. A field experiment was conducted during July - September in 2022, at the farmer’s field at Sorakalnatham, Natrampalli taluk, Tirupattur district, Tamil Nadu. The experimental design used was randomized block layout with three replications and four treatments. In respect of growth parameter wider plant spacing T4 (2m x 1m) i.e., lower plant density produced maximum plant height (69.52 cm), number of branches/plant (3.63), number of leaves/plant (17.85) and number nodes/plant (15.39). The flowering characters was lowest value was recorded in wider plant spacing viz., days to first male flower (28.49), days to first female flower (33.42), and lowest number of male flower/plant (25.46), highest number of female flower plant-1 (7.79). And also yield parameters of fruit length (41.94 cm), fruit girth (33.54 cm), single fruit weight (1.29 kg), number of fruits/plant (5.45) and fruit yield/plant (6.51 kg) was maximum was produced in wider plant spacing except fruit yield/ha (54.15 t/ha) at closer spacing. The above said treatment was found to be on par with the treatment T3 (2m x 0.5m).