Block Factor Research Articles

Can milk replacer allowance affect animal performance, body development, metabolism, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy in pre-weaned dairy kids?

We aimed to evaluate performance, body development, metabolism, and expression of genes related to skeletal muscle hypertrophy in non-castrated male dairy kids fed with different levels of MR during the pre-weaning period. Sixty newborn male kids, not castrated, from Saanen and Swiss Alpine breeds, with an average body weight (BW) of 3.834 ± 0.612 kg, were distributed in a randomized block design. Breeds were the block factor in the model (random effect). Kids were allocated into 2 nutrition plans (n = 30 kids per treatment) categorized as follows: low nutritional plan (LNP; 1L MR/kid/day) or high nutritional plan (HNP; 2L MR/kid/day). All kids were harvested at 45 d of life. The majority of nitrogen balance variables were affected by the nutritional plan (P < 0.050). Morphometric measures and body condition score (2.99 - LNP vs. 3.28 - HNP) were affected by nutritional plan (P < 0.050), except hip height, thoracic depth and hip width. The nutritional plan affected the body components (P < 0.050), except esophagus and trachea. Animal performance and carcass traits were influenced by nutritional plan (P < 0.050), except carcass dressing (48.56% on average). Nutritional plan affected (P < 0.050) some blood profile variables as the total cholesterol (141.35 vs. 113.25 mg/dL), triglycerides (60.53 vs. 89.05 mg/dL), LDL (79.76 vs. 33.66 g/mL) and IGF-1 (17.77 vs. 38.55 ng/mL) for LNP and HNP respectively. Hypertrophy was greater in HNP than LNP animals (P < 0.050), being represented by the proportion of sarcoplasm (39.76 vs. 31.99%). LNP had a greater mTOR abundance than HNP (P = 0.045), but AMPK was not affected by the nutritional plan. Our findings show that a higher milk replacer allowance enhances animal performance, body development, metabolic parameters, and cellular hypertrophy in pre-weaned dairy kids.

Field Evaluation of Experimental Maize Hybrids for Resistance to the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a Warm Temperate Climate.

The polyphagous fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, has become an invasive pest worldwide in recent years. To develop maize germplasm with multiple pest resistance and understand genetic inheritance, 12 experimental hybrids (six pairs of reciprocal crosses) with diverse genetic backgrounds and four commercial checks were examined for FAW resistance in 2013 and 2014. The experiment utilized a randomized complete block design with four replications as the block factor. FAW injury on maize plants was assessed at 7 and 14 d after the artificial infestation at the V6 stage, and predatory arthropod taxa and abundance on maize seedlings were recorded 7 d after the infestation. Spodoptera frugiperda resistance varied significantly among the 16 hybrids. Two reciprocal crosses ('FAW1430' × 'Oh43' and 'CML333' × 'NC358') showed the least FAW injury. Eleven arthropod predators [i.e., six coleopterans, three hemipterans, earwigs (dermapterans), and spiders (or arachnids)] were also recorded; the two most common predators were the pink spotted ladybeetle, Coleomegilla maculata, and the insidious flower (or minute pirate) bug, Orius spp. Predator abundance was not correlated to FAW injury but varied greatly between 2013 and 2014. Principal component analysis demonstrated that, when compared with FAW resistant (or Bt-transgenic) checks ('DKC69-71', 'DKC67-88', and 'P31P42'), five pairs of the reciprocal crosses had moderate FAW resistance, whereas a pair of reciprocal crosses ('NC350' × 'NC358' and NC358 × NC350) showed the same FAW susceptibility as the non-Bt susceptible check 'DKC69-72'. Both parents contributed similarly to FAW resistance, or no maternal/cytoplasmic effect was detected in the experimental hybrids.

Application of the block factor analysis in the implementation of hydraulic fracturing during oil fields development

The relevance of this study is due to the need to optimize the oil production process in the fields of the West Siberian province. At the moment, the actual oil recovery factor often deviates from the design values, which leads to inefficient production and loss of resources. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to develop a meth-odology for optimizing the process of monitoring and regulating an oil field development facility using block factor analysis and de-signing hydraulic fracturing cracks. The work uses methods such as block factor analysis, 3D modeling, hydrodynamic modeling, and mathematical modeling. The result of the study is a developed methodology for optimizing the process of monitoring and regulat-ing an oil field development facility. The article also discusses the main reasons for the deviation of actual oil production from calcu-lated values, including hydraulic fracturing technology. Unsuccess-ful cases of this procedure and their causes were identified. The features of the block factor analysis tool and the proactive analysis method are described, as well as how to use it at the design and modeling stage of hydraulic fracturing to improve the efficiency of the well-stimulation operation. Successful implementation of hy-draulic fracturing allows one to approximate the actual oil recovery factor to design values, which is important for increasing the effi-ciency of production at the field and optimizing the use of re-sources.

Non-Local Means Hole Repair Algorithm Based on Adaptive Block

RGB-D cameras provide depth and color information and are widely used in 3D reconstruction and computer vision. In the majority of existing RGB-D cameras, a considerable portion of depth values is often lost due to severe occlusion or limited camera coverage, thereby adversely impacting the precise localization and three-dimensional reconstruction of objects. In this paper, to address the issue of poor-quality in-depth images captured by RGB-D cameras, a depth image hole repair algorithm based on non-local means is proposed first, leveraging the structural similarities between grayscale and depth images. Second, while considering the cumbersome parameter tuning associated with the non-local means hole repair method for determining the size of structural blocks for depth image hole repair, an intelligent block factor is introduced, which automatically determines the optimal search and repair block sizes for various hole sizes, resulting in the development of an adaptive block-based non-local means algorithm for repairing depth image holes. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm’s performance are evaluated using both the Middlebury stereo matching dataset and a self-constructed RGB-D dataset, with performance assessment being carried out by comparing the algorithm against other methods using five metrics: RMSE, SSIM, PSNR, DE, and ALME. Finally, experimental results unequivocally demonstrate the innovative resolution of the parameter tuning complexity inherent in-depth image hole repair, effectively filling the holes, suppressing noise within depth images, enhancing image quality, and achieving elevated precision and accuracy, as affirmed by the attained results.

Lightweight nitrogen‐doped phenolic composites with enhanced thermal ablation‐insulation performance by improving pyrolysis gas blocking effect

AbstractLightweight phenolic ablative composites are considered to be the most reliable materials for thermal protection systems. However, improving the thermal ablation‐insulation performance of heritage phenolic aerogel‐based ablators for extremely complex environments is still necessary. Herein, from the perspective of enhancing the gas‐blocking effect, we design and fabricate a series of needle quartz fiber‐reinforced melamine‐phenolic aerogels (NQF/MPAs) composites by polycondensation of melamine and phenolic in a sol–gel process, followed by ambient drying. The effects of melamine content on the comprehensive performance are analyzed. The prepared nitrogen‐doped phenolic aerogel composites exhibit low density of 440–490 kg/m3, high tensile strength of 36.3–39.1 MPa, and low thermal conductivity of 0.041–0.043 W/(m·K) at room temperature. Simultaneously, the modified composite exhibits excellent high‐temperature insulation property with lower equivalent thermal conductivity of 0.045 W/(m·K) at 1000°C. In arc wind tunnel testing of 130 kW/m2 for 1000 s, the linear recession rates of the composites show a great improvement from 3.7 × 10−6 to 2.5 × 10−6 m/s with the proper introduction of melamine. Furthermore, a one‐dimensional finite element model is stablished, which indicate the introduction of melamine can significantly improve the mass flow rate of pyrolysis gas and the corresponding block factor is enhanced from 0.958 to 0.848.Highlights Economic sol–gel method and ambient drying for composites production. Phenolic aerogel‐based ablative composite with enhanced gas blocking effect. The pyrolysis gas blocking effect is controllable with melamine content. Combined experimental‐simulation approach for ablators designing.

Grazing and precipitation addition reduces the temporal stability of aboveground biomass in a typical steppe of Chinese Loess Plateau

Few studies on the effects of human activities and global climate change on temporal stability have considered either grazing or precipitation addition (PA). How community stability responds to the interaction between PA and grazing in a single experiment remains unknown. We studied the impact of grazing and PA on the temporal stability of communities in four years field experiment conducted in a typical steppe, adopting a randomized complete block design with grazing was the main block factor and PA was the split block factor. Grazing and PA had negative impacts on the temporal stability of communities. PA reduced the community stability through decreasing the stability of subordinate and community species richness (SR), whereas grazing reduced the community stability through decreasing the stability of the SR and dominant species. In contrast, grazing and PA maintained community stability through increasing species asynchronism and promoting the decoupling of asynchronism and stability. Our results revealed the different mechanisms of grazing and PA on community stability. Exploring the response characteristics of population dynamics to global climate change and pasture management is key to understanding future climate scenarios and changes in community stability under grazing.

Exploring Senior High Schoolers’ Inhibiting Factors in English Writing Activities

This explanatory sequential mixed method study aims to determine the students’ attitudes toward the main inhibiting factor of English writing activity and skill development supported by the teacher’s perception. Beyond writing being one of the most complex languages and communication skills to be mastered, the success or failure of students in writing could also be influenced by various factors. This study discusses five factors: affective factor, writing apprehension, linguistic factor, writer’s block, and tactical factor. The eleventh-grade students and a senior English teacher of one public school in Malang became the participants in the study. This study has two types of data: qualitative and quantitative. The quantitative data are collected first, then qualitative data to support explaining or elaborate on the quantitative result. This research uses two instruments: 1) a closed-ended questionnaire to obtain quantitative data on learners’ perceptions, and 2) a semi-structured interview to draw the teacher’s perspective. The qualitative data analysis was conducted using statistical analysis and supported by statistical software, SPSS. A descriptive analysis was applied to analyze and describe the qualitative data. The main inhibiting factor in English writing activity faced by the eleventh graders of Senior High school 1 Malang was the writer’s block factor related to students’ motivational block at the beginning or during the writing process and their difficulties in developing and connecting different ideas.

Inertial accelerated SGD algorithms for solving large-scale lower-rank tensor CP decomposition problems

The stochastic gradient descent (SGD) method has been applied to the tensor CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) decomposition problem to reduce the computational cost. However, SGD usually takes numerous iterations to converge. In this paper, we propose inertial accelerated SGD methods for the subproblems of CP decomposition concerning one block factor. We consider two methods for the selection of a block index in the subproblem: the stochastic manner with replacement and the randomly permuted order without replacement. First, we propose an inertial accelerated block-randomized SGD algorithm for CP decomposition (iBrasCPD) and show each cluster point is a stochastic stationary point. Then we introduce a randomized permutation inertial stochastic algorithm (RP-iSPALM) for randomized order without replacement. Under some mild conditions, we show the global convergence and convergence rate of RP-iSPALM under the Kurdyka-Łojasiewicz (KL) property. Numerical experiments on six real datasets demonstrate that our proposed algorithms are efficient and can achieve better performance than the existing state-of-the-art methods.

AGRONOMIC EVALUATION OF TROPICAL GRASSES ASSOCIATED WITH Canavalia brasiliensis IN DRY TROPIC

Livestock production in some tropical regions is characterized by the use of naturalized forages in extensive management with low production rates. The use of improved grass-legume associations represents a sustainable intensification opportunity for this type of agroecosystems. The objective was to evaluate the production in establishment of forage associations for grazing systems in the dry tropics of Colombia. In a randomized complete block design with slope as the block factor and experimental units of 2700 m2 with four replications, the agronomic and nutritional quality characteristics of six treatments were compared: Urochloa hybrid cultivar Mulato II, U. brizantha cultivar Toledo and Megathyrsus maximus cultivar Mombasa, established alone or associated with Canavalia brasiliensis, against the control Dichantium aristatum, a naturalized forage of the region. Mulato II, Toledo and Mombasa alone and in association showed greater (p ≤ 0.05) vigour, height, cover and forage production than the control. Mombasa produced 10.7 Mg ha-1 MS (Megagrams of dry matter per hectare), exceeding (p ≤ 0.05) by 74, 53 and 84 % that were recorded in Mulato II, Toledo and control, respectively. C. brasilienses promoted higher productivity in the association with Mulato II and improved nutritional characteristics in the associations with Toledo and Mombasa compared to specific monocultures and the control. The improved grasses alone or associated with C. brasiliensis were a better forage option than Dichantium aristatum. It was concluded that M. maximus and Urochloa hybrid associated with C. brasiliensis are relevant forage options for agroecologically similar regions to the Colombian dry tropics.

Integration of critical thinking and reasoning skills into lessons through block factor game for finding factors of a number

Many researchers and philosophers recognize the importance of critical thinking and reasoning skills in the life of all students. However, they failed to address the question of how such skills may be incorporated into mathematics lessons or activities. While such skills are often included in mathematics curriculum, they are not always seen in the lesson. This paper presents the integrations of critical thinking and reasoning skills into a sample lesson through block factor game for teaching factors of a number to young learners to play and list factors of a given number. Scholars have agreed that making mathematics practical using concrete materials in the form of game makes it interesting and fun for learners. Two participants in primary 2 and primary 6 were involved in this study through qualitative research design of case study. Data collection was done through audio-and-videotaped. The students’ responses to questions and tasks indicated conceptual understanding and acquisition of critical thinking and reasoning skills. Critical thinking and reasoning skills are incorporated into lesson through critical questions, and games or well constructed tasks in appropriate context. Also, the participants were able to list factors of a given number correctly and also determine the divisibility of a number by another number using block factor game.

Experimental study on the spray characteristics of a pintle injector element

A liquid–liquid pintle injector element was used as the test object to analyze its spray characteristics from four aspects: spray morphology, spray dynamic characteristics, spray velocity distribution, and the relation between spray cone angle and momentum ratio. Experimental results indicated that the range of the spray area can be adjusted using the total momentum ratio. When the total momentum ratio changes in the scale of 0.04–0.2, the spray cone angle remains between 45° and 70°, where the semi-open fan-shaped spray area exhibits the most significant dynamic characteristics, the most uniform dynamic energy distribution, the largest high-speed velocity range, and the best atomization. The smaller the block factor, the more sensitive is the spray cone angle to changes in the total momentum ratio. In particular, an expression including the local momentum ratio as an independent variable can be used to accurately predict the spray cone angle in a liquid–liquid pintle injector.

Asymmetric structure design of a vanadium redox flow battery for improved battery performance

In this study, asymmetric porous electrode compression and asymmetric blocked serpentine flow field designs are proposed. With a well-developed 3-D VRFB model incorporating electrode compression effect, the compression ratio for each half-cell and the block factor of each flow field are delicately optimized, and their impacts on battery performance as well as power loss mechanism were analyzed in detail. Results indicate that the optimal asymmetric structure with four design variables are negative electrode compression rate of 0.38, positive electrode compression rate of 0.5, negative block factor of 0.9 and positive block factor of 0.6 at flow rate of 80 mlmin−1 and current density of 200 mAcm−2. As compared with the optimal symmetric structure design (i.e., electrode compression rate of 0.41 and block factor of 0.8 for both electrodes), the optimal asymmetric structure shows 3.3%-5.4% increment in the net discharge power for various state of charge from 0.1 to 0.9, which is mainly due to the decreased reaction loss and pump loss in negative side as well as the reduced ohmic loss in positive side. Also, it was shown that the same optimal structure with four design parameters can also be achieved by using genetic algorithm, which indicates the reliability of the present optimization.

Effects of two dietary fiber levels on nutrient digestibility and intestinal fermentation products in captive brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba).

Herbivorous primates present a selective consumption profile and morphological adaptations to use the fibrous fraction of their diets. Brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba) are generalist herbivores; however, when kept under human care, they usually receive diets rich in fruits and with insufficient amounts of fiber. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in howlers on apparent total tract digestibility coefficients (ATTDC), fecal consistency, and intestinal fermentation products. A group of 26 adult howler monkeys, 13 males and 13 females, were fed two diets formulated to have 33% or 40% NDF for 11 days, according to a randomized block design (N = 26). The block factor was the enclosures with one, two, or three individuals (each enclosure corresponded to an experimental unit), totaling in eight replicates per treatment. There were no differences in dry matter and nutrients intake between treatments (p > 0.05). The diet with 33% NDF resulted in higher (p < 0.05) ATTDC of crude proteinand crude energy. However, lower fecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and dry matter were observed in the treatment with 33% NDF in contrast to the 40% NDF group (p < 0.05). We recommend the inclusion of higher fiber levels (40% NDF) in the diet of howler monkeys since there is evidence of greater production of SCFA and improvement in fecal consistency.

КОМПЛЕКСНЫЙ ПОДХОД К ПРИМЕНЕНИЮ МЕТОДОВ АНАЛИЗА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ СИСТЕМЫ ЗАВОДНЕНИЯ НЕФТЯНЫХ ПЛАСТОВ

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью обобщения накопленного опыта и информации по применению общепринятых методов анализа эффективности системы поддержания пластового давления, выявления достоинств и недостатков каждого отдельного метода и формирования рекомендаций по упрощению процесса проведения анализа эффективности при одновременном увеличении глубины и качества анализа, в перспективе обеспечивающих сокращение потерь добычи нефти. Целью исследования является формирование рекомендаций по совершенствованию процесса анализа эффективности системы заводнения нефтяных пластов на месторождениях, находящихся на поздних стадиях разработки. Объект: южная лицензионная территория Приобского месторождения (Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ). Методы: сравнительный анализ существующих методов оценки эффективности систем заводнения нефтяных пластов, выявление достоинств и недостатков, формирование комплексного подхода к применению методов анализа эффективности системы заводнения, оценка перспективности применения результатов исследования. Результаты. Рассмотрена методика оптимизации процесса анализа эффективности системы заводнения нефтяных месторождений путём разделения их на более мелкие гидродинамически замкнутые участки пласта – блоки (ячейки заводнения). Для повышения качества проводимого анализа предложен переход от реактивного подхода диагностики потерь к проактивному подходу, позволяющему предсказать и предотвратить снижение добычи нефти. На основании тенденции к укрупнению участков пласта, подлежащих анализу, по сравнению с традиционными методами анализа, и внедрения проактивного подхода предложен алгоритм повышения эффективности управления базовой добычей – проактивный блочно-факторный анализ. Рассмотрена перспективность применения результатов блочно-факторного анализа на примере одного из блоков Приобского месторождения (Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ). Возможно применение представленного алгоритма анализа для схожих геолого-физических условий других пластов с целью адаптации данной технологии на территории других месторождений.

One Dimensional Discrete Scan Statistics for Dependent Models and Some Related Problems

The one dimensional discrete scan statistic is considered over sequences of random variables generated by block factor dependence models. Viewed as a maximum of an 1-dependent stationary sequence, the scan statistics distribution is approximated with accuracy and sharp bounds are provided. The longest increasing run statistics is related to the scan statistics and its distribution is studied. The moving average process is a particular case of block factor and the distribution of the associated scan statistics is approximated. Numerical results are presented.

Nearly Resolution V Plans on Blocks of Small Size

In the present paper we aim at constructing plans (designs) for symmetrical experiments on small blocks such that factorial effects (main effects or interactions) are ‘orthogonal through the block factor’. Specifically, given an initial plan, we derive sufficient conditions on the set of ‘generators’ for a desired change in the relation between a pair of factorial effects in the generated plan—non-orthogonality turning to orthogonality and aliased effects turn into non-aliased. We illustrate the theory with plans for two- and three-level factors on blocks of size four or less, estimating main effects as well as two-factor interactions. The plans constructed have the following features. They are inter-class orthogonal, in the sense that each effect of interest is orthogonal to all effects except the ones in its own class. The sizes of the classes are small, so that amount of non-orthogonality is limited. In particular, in the plans for experiments with three-level factors, most of the main effects are orthogonal to all others.

Roughness of holes in metal and polymer composite bags

The article presents the results of the research on the influence of cutting modes on the parameters of surface roughness during finishing of holes in mixed packages containing composite and metal materials. The object of the study is a mixed package containing layers of polymer composite material (CFRP), as well as layers of titanium and aluminum alloys. The main technological equipment used in the study is an automatic drilling machine. Cutting tool -carbide six-toothed reamer. For carrying out of researches ranges of variation of modes of cutting have been chosen and the plan of experiment by means of software Statistica 6 is made. Two factors are considered under the plan of experiment: speed of cutting and delivery, the parameter of the allowance on expansion is introduced as the block factor. The models of multifactor dispersion analysis, which determine the influence of modes on the roughness of holes, were obtained empirically. Optimization of cutting modes has been carried out, the surface of desirability has been constructed, and recommendations on the choice of technological parameters of the process have been given.

Growth Performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) reared on deep litter and cages in the hot humid tropics of Southern Bénin Republic

The performance of male and female quails reared separately in cages and on deep litter was investigated. One hundred and eighty 3-week old quails managed for five weeks. There were three replicates per treatment with stocking densities of 120cm2/bird in cage and 180cm2/bird on deep litter and sex as a block factor. Data on weekly body weight, weight change, daily feed and water intakes, feed: gain, carcass yield and costs of production were analysed. Daily water consumed by quails between the housing systems (62.76±11.21mL/d on deep litter vs. 66.96±12.18mL/d in cage system, p&gt;0.05) were same. However, quails housed on deep litter consumed more feed from 43-56 days of age (25.34±1.77g/d vs. 22.99±1.55g/d). Quails reared on deep litter also grew faster during the first week of that period (3.33±1.70g/d vs. 0.69±0.87g/d). However, gain in body weight was noticed from day 22 to day 49 but a sudden decline thereafter for all quails regardless of sex and housing system. Carcass yield was not affected by housing system but values for thighs, empty gizzard and liver of quails kept on deep litter were higher (respectively 12.95±0.86% vs. 11.99±0.83%, 2.12±0.18% vs. 1.84±0.20%, 2.11±0.59% vs. 1.88±0.43%; p&lt;0.05). Production costs were the same (p&gt;0.05) whether on deep litter (3414.30±172.95CFA/kg) or in cages (3283.43±77.72CFA/kg). However, the production cost per kilogram of carcass of male quails was lower compared to females (3205.88±138.95CFA/kg vs. 3484.35±131.57CFA/kg, respectively) regardless of the housing system. Sex and age of quails affect performance and not the type of housing system.

Glass fibre-reinforced polymer circular alkali-activated fly ash/slag concrete members under combined loading

Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforced alkali-activated fly ash/slag concrete (AAFS) could potentially be used as a durable construction material, especially in aggressive environments. This study aims to examine the structural behaviour of circular GFRP-reinforced AAFS members under combined loading, and introduces a geometrical factor for predicting the load and moment interaction of circular members. A total of 17 reinforced AAFS columns and beams (14 with longitudinal GFRP bars and 3 with steel bars) was constructed. GFRP spirals were used in all the specimens as transverse reinforcement. The effect of the number of longitudinal bars, the spiral pitch, the material of longitudinal bars and load eccentricities on confinement, load and moment capacity and failure modes was investigated. The GFRP reinforcement resulted in slightly reduced load capacities of 10%, however with an average improved ductility of 24% compared to steel reinforcement. The confinement was found to be affected by a combination of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. The differences in load capacities between columns with 40 mm and 80 mm spiral pitches gradually diminished as the eccentricity increased. Interaction diagrams were constructed and validated based on the experimental data. The introduced geometrical factor could be used safely and effectively to obtain the equivalent stress block of circular sections. The calculation with a smaller stress block factor was the most accurate to the experimental results of AAFS members due to their reduced stress block size.

Robust Invisible Digital Image Watermarking Using Hybrid Scheme

Digital image watermarking is a technique to protect copyright of the image owner in the world of digital communication, and robustness is the major property to be addressed effectively. We propose an invisible hybrid watermarking scheme which is composed of blind and non-blind watermarking techniques. First, blind scheme is used as inner watermarking scheme and then non-blind watermarking scheme as outer watermarking scheme. A secret binary image is taken as a watermark and is embedded in an inner cover image using discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) with the help of the blind watermarking scheme in association with predefined binary digit sequence block and gain factor $${\varvec{\upalpha }}$$ to get inner watermarked image. Then, this inner watermarked image is embedded into an outer cover image using DWT and singular value decomposition by non-blind watermarking technique to get hybrid watermarked image. On the contrary, to extract the secret binary image, first non-blind watermark extraction and then blind watermark extraction techniques are used. From the experimental results, it is shown that this hybrid watermarking approach is robust against—rotation, JPEG compression, salt and pepper noise, Gaussian noise, speckle noise and Poisson noise.