Blind Watermarking Technique Research Articles

Improve a secure blind watermarking technique for digital video

In recent years, digital watermark video has become increasingly popular in a range of industries, but because it is widely available on the Internet, it is simple to make unlawful copies and tamper with digital video. Watermarking digital video has become more popular as a method of detecting changes and preventing illegal duplication. This paper presents a video copyright protection system that is secure, blind, and robust. Two approaches that are resistant to diverse attacks are proposed in this research. The initial step is to encrypt a hybrid watermark (Message, Image) using two different encryption techniques (RSA and AES).The second is a steganography technique based on LSB-based robust watermarking, which embeds an encrypted secret bit Message and Image in key frames of an MP4 video file by utilizing the mean of the grayscale images that differ and take the most significant differences between the two images. The intensity of the histogram will become more consistent across all pixels as the encryption quality improves. For keyframe watermarking in the spatial domain, the proposed methods can maintain the watermarked information while achieving high imperceptibility and a Peak Single to Noise Ratio [PSNR] equivalent to more than 50 db, where quality measures (MSE, PSNR, and correlation coefficient) that calculate the levels of distortion caused by embedding a watermark in digital video produce good results.

Design a system for an approved video copyright over cloud based on biometric iris and random walk generator using watermark technique

Copyright is a tool for preventing anyone forged to copy an electronic work from another person and claim that electronic work is referred to him. Since the identity of the person is always determined by his name and biometrics, there is a concern to handle this information, to preserve the copyright. In this paper, a new idea for copyright technology is used to prove video copyright, by using blind watermarking technique, the ownership information is hidden inside video frames using linear congruential generator (LCG) for adapted the locations of vector features extracted from the name and biometric image of the owner instead of hidden the watermark in the Pseudo Noise sequences or any other feature extraction technique. When providing the watermarked vector, a statistical operation is used to increase randomization state for the amplifier factors of LCG function. LCG provides random positions where the owner's information is stored inside the video. The proposed method is not difficult to execute and can present an adaptable imperceptibility and robustness performance. The output results show the robustness of this approach based on the average PSNR of frames for the embedded in 50 frames is around 47.5 dB while the watermark remains undetectable. MSSIM values with range (0.83 to 0.99).

Design of optimal blind watermarking technique based on MOEA/D

In image watermarking, the quality of the watermarked image and the watermark's robustness are the main indicators for evaluating the performance of the watermarking scheme, but they contradict each other, making it difficult to design a rational watermarking method. In this study, the multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D) is employed to solve the multi-objective optimisation problem to ensure the balance between contradictory objectives. The watermark is embedded by selecting the regions with the lowest human visual characteristics in the host image and modifying the frequency coefficients of the discrete cosine transform. At this time, the determination of the positions of embedding coefficients and parameters related to the modifications results in the multi-objective optimisation problem on the robustness and imperceptibility, and the optimal solution is determined by finding the approximate Pareto set. Simulation results for various attacks on watermarked images demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed watermarking technique.

False-positive free transparent and optimal watermarking for colour images

Digital image watermarking serves as a tool for protection of ownership of the media shared on common platform. This paper presents a robust, blind watermarking technique for colour images based on singular value decomposition (SVD) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Watermark is embedded in mid-frequency sub-bands of two-level DWT. These sub-bands are divided into non-overlapping blocks of size 4 × 4, each of which undergoes SVD. The singular values (SV) are updated based on watermark bit and using Lagrange's optimisation principle using two keys. Experiments show that the proposed technique is imperceptible with PSNR > 40 dB. Also, the technique can resist general image processing operations (attacks) on the images with the structural similarity index measure (SSIM) nearly 1 and sufficiently high bit correct ratio (BCR).

False-positive free transparent and optimal watermarking for colour images

Digital image watermarking serves as a tool for protection of ownership of the media shared on common platform. This paper presents a robust, blind watermarking technique for colour images based on singular value decomposition (SVD) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Watermark is embedded in mid-frequency sub-bands of two-level DWT. These sub-bands are divided into non-overlapping blocks of size 4 × 4, each of which undergoes SVD. The singular values (SV) are updated based on watermark bit and using Lagrange's optimisation principle using two keys. Experiments show that the proposed technique is imperceptible with PSNR > 40 dB. Also, the technique can resist general image processing operations (attacks) on the images with the structural similarity index measure (SSIM) nearly 1 and sufficiently high bit correct ratio (BCR).

An Approximate Schur Decomposition-Based Spatial Domain Color Image Watermarking Method

In this paper, an approximate Schur decomposition-based spatial domain blind color image watermarking method is proposed to protect the copyright of color images, which has low computation complexity similiar to the watermarking technique in the spatial domain and strong robustness similiar to the watermarking technique in the transform domain. First, the approximate maximum eigenvalue of Schur decomposition is calculated in the spatial domain by the proposed method. Second, the approximate maximum eigenvalue is used to embed and extract the color watermark image in the spatial domain without the true Schur decomposition. Moreover, the procedures of the proposed watermarking method are given in detail. The proposed technique is performed on the spatial domain based on the approximate Schur decomposition and belongs to blind watermarking technique. The experimental results on two publicly available image databases (CVG-UGR and USC-SIPI) have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of invisibility, robustness, and the real-time feature.

A Blind Audio Watermarking Scheme Employing DCT–HT–SD Technique

In this paper, a blind audio watermarking technique using discrete cosine transform (DCT), Hadamard transform (HT) and Schur decomposition (SD) is presented. The embedding of watermark is carried out by modifying the DCT coefficients through HT and SD. Watermark is embedded in the selected high-energy low-frequency frames of audio signal. The watermark bits are adaptively embedded in the unitary matrix obtained from SD. To make the proposed watermarking technique fully blind, embedding of watermark is performed by effectively utilizing the ratio between the first column elements of unitary matrix. Experimental results confirm that the proposed technique is robust to various signal processing attacks, such as re-sampling, re-quantization, noise addition, filtering, scaling and compression. The comparison of payload and robustness reveals that the proposed watermarking technique outperforms the existing techniques.

Copyright Protection for Digital Certificate using Blind Watermarking Technique

This paper proposes a copyright protection system for digital certificate image using blind watermarking technique by applying discrete wavelet transform algorithm (DWT). The proposed technique utilizes three interrelated watermarks namely, Red watermark (RW), Green-watermark (GW) and Blue-watermark (BW). Firstly, RGB cover and RGB watermark image are divided for three color space R,G,B. Then the R component is chosen for embedding (RW), the B component is selected for embedding the (BW) and the G component is selected for embedding the (GW), R,G and B of the cover image are converted into the transform domain using DWT, and is subsequently decomposed into three levels viz. LH1, LL2 and LL3 sub-bands. RW, GW and BW are then embedded onto LL3. Experimental results show that the performance of the proposed technique is very encouraging with average PSNR of 44 db, and NCC value of more than 0.99 for extracted watermarks after performing several types of attacks.

A New Blind Medical Image Watermarking Based on Weber Descriptors and Arnold Chaotic Map

Protecting the personal patient’s information in distributed health infrastructures seems to be a crucial task. As a solution of this issue, image watermarking is widely used to secure and prevent the content alteration. Moreover, it is necessary to find a new blind watermarking technique way that could decrease the latency and preserve the quality of medical images. This paper presents a new watermarking technique for medical image. Our technique consists in combining the DCT transform, Weber descriptors (WDs) and Arnold chaotic map. This combination brings three significant steps. First, the watermark image is scrambled using Arnold chaotic map. Second, the DCT is performed on each medical image block, and the watermark data are embedded in the DCT middle- band coefficients of each block. Finally, a new embedding and extracting technique is proposed, based on WDs without any loss by selecting the right coefficients. We improve the robustness of the proposed algorithm against several scenarios of attacks such as noising, filtering and JPEG compression. The obtained results make our algorithm eligible to be practicable.

Performance analysis of 2 level DWT-SVD based non blind and blind video watermarking using range conversion method

The recent availability of inexpensive digital recording and storage devices have created an environment to obtain, replicate and distribute digital content without any loss in quality. Hence copyright protection and authentication have become inevitable. Leading to a need, to develop an efficient scheme for video watermarking, involving 2-level discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and proficient decomposition technique of singular value decomposition (SVD). Performance parameters like processing time, peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and normalized correlation (NC) are compared for non-blind and blind watermarking techniques. Focusing the PSNR and NC values are obtained as an average value of 40 dB and 0.99 respectively, when subjected to formidable noise attacks such as geometrical, filtering, salt and pepper noises. Range conversion method improves PSNR for challenging attacks like salt and pepper, Gaussian and Gamma noises.

Features Classification Forest: A Novel Development that is Adaptable to Robust Blind Watermarking Techniques

A novel watermarking scheme is proposed that could substantially improve current watermarking techniques. This scheme exploits the features of micro images of watermarks to build association rules and embeds the rules into a host image instead of the bit stream of the watermark, which is commonly used in digital watermarking. Next, similar micro images with the same rules are collected or even created from the host image to simulate an extracted watermark. This method, called the features classification forest, can achieve blind extraction and is adaptable to any watermarking scheme using a quantization-based mechanism. Furthermore, a larger size watermark can be accepted without an adverse effect on the imperceptibility of the host image. The experiments demonstrate the successful simulation of watermarks and the application to five different watermarking schemes. One of them is slightly adjusted from a reference to especially resist JPEG compression, and the others show native advantages to resist different image processing attacks.

Framework for robust blind image watermarking based on classification of attacks

With the widespread internet usage, digital contents are easily distributed throughout the world. To eliminate concerns of producers and owners of digital contents, watermarking techniques are extensively being used. Robustness against intentional and unintentional attacks is a major quality of watermarking systems. Since different attacks tend to target different parts of the frequency spectrum, in this paper we propose a framework for blind watermarking which determines the type of attack that the image has gone through before extracting the watermark. Within this framework, we propose an attack classification method to identify the region of the frequency spectrum that is less damaged. The watermark which is redundantly spread throughout the spectrum can be extracted from the less damaged regions. Experimental results show functionality of the framework by producing better results in comparison with well-known blind watermarking techniques.

Robust and blind watermarking technique in DCT domain using inter-block coefficient differencing

In this paper, a robust blind watermarking technique, based on block-based DCT coefficient modification is proposed. The difference between two DCT coefficients of the adjacent blocks at the same position is calculated. Depending upon the watermark bit to be embedded; this difference is brought in a particular predefined range which is achieved by modifying one of the two DCT coefficients. The amount of modification to a DCT coefficient of a block depends upon the scaling variable, DC coefficient and median of certain zig-zag ordered AC coefficients of that block. The robustness of the proposed scheme has been examined for various singular and hybrid attacks. Comparison results reveal that the proposed technique has a higher degree of robustness against various singular and hybrid attacks. Further a watermark of good quality is extracted even after various simultaneous attacks on the system.

Blind Watermarking Scheme based on U matrix Through QSVD Transformation

In this paper, a novel blind color image watermarking technique using U matrix through QSVD transformation is proposed to protect the intellectual property rights of color images. The proposed method tries to insert the watermark through moderating the coefficient of the quaternion elements in U matrix. .In this method, the color image is considered as an array of pure quaternion numbers. Then the array of pure quaternion is divided into non-overlapping blocks and we perform QSVD to the block to get the U matrix. The watermarking is inserted into the coefficient of the quaternion elements in the first column of the U matrix. Besides, in the procedure of watermark insertion and extraction, ensuring higher fidelity and robustness and resilience to several possible image attacks have been considered. The experimental results showed that the proposed method performance created watermarked images with better PSNRs and more robustness versus several attacks such as Salt &Pepper noise, Brightness adjustment, Sharpen and Blurring and Clipping.

Robust Digital Speech Watermarking For Online Speaker Recognition

A robust and blind digital speech watermarking technique has been proposed for online speaker recognition systems based on Discrete Wavelet Packet Transform (DWPT) and multiplication to embed the watermark in the amplitudes of the wavelet’s subbands. In order to minimize the degradation effect of the watermark, these subbands are selected where less speaker-specific information was available (500 Hz–3500 Hz and 6000 Hz–7000 Hz). Experimental results on Texas Instruments Massachusetts Institute of Technology (TIMIT), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Mobile Biometry (MOBIO) show that the degradation for speaker verification and identification is 1.16% and 2.52%, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed watermark technique can provide enough robustness against different signal processing attacks.

A Semi-Fragile Blind Digital Watermarking Technique for Medical Image File Authentication using Stationary Wavelet Transformation

Electronically stored health information enhances resource sharing, help us to reduce the number of errors, speed up clinical communication and assist doctors in diagnosis and treatment. Medical image watermarking is a special type of watermarking technique where the watermarked medical images should not differ perceptually from the original images, because the diagnosis must not be affected due to the presence of watermark. This paper presents a new blind watermarking technique for medical image using Stationary Wavelet Transformation (SWT). In the proposed method multiple watermarks containing patient’s information are embedded and original image is not needed for the extraction of those watermarks. General Terms Watermarking, Medical Image, SWT

An Improved Blind Color Image Watermarking using DCT in RGB Color Space

In this paper a novel blind watermarking technique for color images using DCT has been proposed. Inproposed technique cover image is decomposed into 3 planes, namely R, G, B and for watermarking B plane is selected. B plane is divided into blocks of size 8×8. DCT is applied to each 8×8 sized block and middle frequency coefficients are selected for embedding watermark. Finally binary watermark is embedded into each8×8DCT block by adjusting middle frequency coefficients DCT(4,3) and DCT(5,2). Experimental results shows that the proposed technique is imperceptible as well as robust against wide variety of attacks like Gaussian noise, Salt –pepper noise, Gaussian filter, Median filter, Histogram equalization etc and achieves average PSNR as 58.90 dB. Proposed technique does not require cover image at the time of watermark extraction then too watermark is extracted completely and better than its counterparts available. General Terms Image Processing, Digital Watermarking,Watermark Embedding, Watermark Extracting

A Blind Watermarking Technique for Color Image based on SVD with Circulation

Digital watermarking is a method for protecting copyrighted materials such as digital images. This paper presents a new color watermark embedding technique with circulation, based on non-overlapping Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) for hiding important information in images. First, the real-color original image is decomposed into three components R, G and B. The blue component and the watermark performed by Chebyshev chaotic map are divided into non-overlapping blocks, respectively. Then an SVD is performed on each partitioned blocks. Second, the Singular Values (SVs) of watermark are embedded into the singular value matrix of blue component with circulation. Extracting any consecutive four rows and columns from the blocked watermarked image can get complete watermark information. Every watermark bits have been embedded several times and their embedding position are consecutive in the selected original image. That is why, our proposed scheme is naturally secure to geometric attacks and compound attacks, and it is also strongly robust against common image processing attacks. Index Terms—Copyrighted materials, Circulation, Chebyshev chaotic map, Singular values

Fast and robust watermarking in still images based on QR decomposition

A blind watermarking technique based on QR decomposition is proposed on still images. The method is presented in spatial as well as transform domains and its robustness against some well-known imag...

A blind chaos-based watermarking technique

This paper presents a robust blind frequency domain watermarking scheme based on chaotic maps. The proposed scheme embeds a black and white watermark logo in the midband components of a host image according to a discrete wavelet transform. Each watermark bit is embedded into a small submatrix of selected second level subbands of an image resulting from iterated applications of a two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform. This scheme embeds two copies of the watermark using two different methods, in two different subbands of the image. At the cost of embedding capacity, this results in improving the security and robustness of the watermarking scheme. Experimental results demonstrate that the suggested scheme provides imperceptibility and robustness against image processing attacks such as JPEG compression, low-pass filtering, median filtering, Gaussian noise, scaling, rotating, cropping, histogram equalization, and gamma correction. Experimental results also show superior robustness of the suggested scheme over existing algorithms with a similar approach. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.