Blind Adaptive Detection Research Articles

Blind adaptive detection using approximate oblique projector for synchronous DS/CDMA communication

This article presents a blind adaptive detector based on an approximate oblique projector (AOP) for interference cancellation in direct‐sequence code‐division multiple‐access (DS/CDMA) system. An expression for obtaining the AOP from the inverse of the correlation matrix of received signals without a prior knowledge about the structured interference subspace is derived. Applying the matrix inversion lemma to compute the inverse of the correlation matrix is useful for updating the AOP. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed blind adaptive detector is suitable for a dynamic environment. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A robust blind adaptive multiuser detection based on maximum correntropy criterion in satellite CDMA systems

AbstractSatellite code‐division multiple‐access systems use multiuser detection (MUD) methods to deal with multiple‐access interferences. Among the different kinds of MUD, blind adaptive MUD regarding the system as a state‐space model is widely used for its tracking capability and independence of training sequences. The innovation process noise of the state‐space model is usually assumed to follow the Gaussian distribution, and the minimum mean‐square error criterion is the default criterion for most conventional blind adaptive MUD methods. In the past few years, the impulsive noise of the innovation process has attracted attention, declaring that a Gaussian distribution is not suitable for simulating the impulsive noise. Thus, more criteria are proposed to enhance the robustness of the blind adaptive MUD. This paper improves the robustness of MUD methods under impulsive noise by bringing forward a new cost function based on the maximum correntropy criterion and deduces the expression of the blind adaptive detector. Simulation results show that the proposed method achieves superior performance in terms of bit error rate, convergence, and robustness compared with other methods.

A Charrelation Matrix-Based Blind Adaptive Detector for DS-CDMA Systems.

In this paper, a blind adaptive detector is proposed for blind separation of user signals and blind estimation of spreading sequences in DS-CDMA systems. The blind separation scheme exploits a charrelation matrix for simple computation and effective extraction of information from observation signal samples. The system model of DS-CDMA signals is modeled as a blind separation framework. The unknown user information and spreading sequence of DS-CDMA systems can be estimated only from the sampled observation signals. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the improved performance of the proposed algorithm in comparison with the existing conventional algorithms used in DS-CDMA systems. Especially, the proposed scheme is suitable for when the number of observation samples is less and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is low.

A subspace-based blind detector with rapid channel tracking structure for TH-UWB systems over time-varying multi-path channels

In this paper, the applicability of the subspace-based blind adaptive detector in multiple access time-hopping ultra-wideband (TH-UWB) systems is investigated. The subspace-based blind adaptive detector is highly sensitive to sudden changes in a time-varying channel. The sudden changes in such an environment result in significant performance degradation of the adaptive detector and slow convergence to the steady state. To overcome this shortcoming, we propose a simple decision mechanism, called "decision timing instant" (DTI), to detect the sudden changes. The results show that the subspace-based blind adaptive detector with DTI mechanism can improve both the system performance and convergence speed over time-varying multi-path channels.

Decision Fusion for Structural Damage Detection: Numerical and Experimental Studies

This paper describes a decision fusion strategy that can integrate multiple individual damage detection measures to form a new measure, and the new measure has higher probability of correct detection than any individual measure. The method to compute the probability of correct selection is presented to measure the system performance of the fusion system that includes the presented fusion strategy. And parametric sensitive studies on system performance are also conducted. The superiority of the fusion strategy herein is that it can be extended to deal with the multiresolution subdecision or blind adaptive detection, and corresponding methodologies are also provided. Finally, an experimental setup was fabricated, whereby the vibration properties of damaged and undamaged structures were measured. The experimental results with the undamaged structural model provide information for producing an improved theoretical and numerical model via model updating techniques. Three existing vibration-based damage detection methods with varied resolutions were utilized to identify the damage that occurred in the structure, based on the experimental results. Then the decision fusion strategy was implemented to join the subdecisions from these three methods. The fused results are shown to be superior to those from single method.

Blind adaptive affine projection algorithm-based multiuser detector over a multipath fading channel

In this paper, we propose a novel blind adaptive multiuser detector based on the affine projection algorithm (APA) for asynchronous direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems over a multipath fading channel. Computational complexities of least mean-squares (LMS), Kalman filter and APA-based blind adaptive multiuser detector are compared. The proposed detector is shown to outperform the LMS detector and has similar convergence and detection properties as the Kalman filtering with much reduced computation cost.

Blind adaptive and iterative interference cancellation receiver structures based on the constant modulus criterion in multipath channels

Blind adaptive and iterative interference cancellation (IC) receiver structures for direct sequence code division multiple access systems in multipath channels are proposed. A code-constrained constant modulus design criterion based on constrained optimisation techniques and adaptive algorithms for receiver and channel parameter estimation are described for successive IC (SIC) and parallel IC (PIC) detectors and a new hybrid IC (HIC) scheme in scenarios subject to multipath fading. The proposed HIC structure combines the strengths of linear, SIC and PIC receivers and is shown to outperform the conventional linear, SIC and PIC structures. A novel iterative detection approach that generates different cancellation orders and selects the most likely symbol estimate on the basis of the instantaneous minimum constant modulus criterion is also proposed and combined with the new HIC structure to further enhance performance. Simulation results for an uplink scenario assess the algorithms, the proposed blind adaptive IC detectors against existing receivers and evaluate the effects of error propagationof the new cancellation techniques.

Blind Adaptive and Iterative Algorithms for Decision-Feedback DS-CDMA Receivers in Frequency-Selective Channels

In this paper, we examine blind adaptive and iterative decision-feedback (DF) receivers for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access systems in frequency-selective channels. Code-constrained minimum variance and constant modulus design criteria for DF receivers based on constrained optimization techniques are investigated for scenarios subject to multipath. Computationally efficient blind adaptive stochastic gradient and recursive least squares algorithms are developed for estimating the parameters of DF detectors along with successive, parallel, and iterative DF structures. A novel successive parallel arbitrated DF scheme is presented and combined with iterative techniques for use with cascaded DF stages in order to mitigate the deleterious effects of error propagation. Simulation results for an uplink scenario assess the algorithms and the blind adaptive DF detectors against linear receivers and evaluate the effects of error propagation of the new cancellation techniques against previously reported approaches

A Blind Adaptive Decorrelating Detector Using Spatial Signature Estimation

The decorrelating detector is one of the detecting methods in a direct sequence code division multiple access systems. We investigate the blind adaptive decorrelating detector (BADD) using only the signature of the desired user (DU) according to the assumption that the algorithm is used in downlink. When the BADD is constructed with an antenna array, both the spatial and temporal signature must be taken into consideration for signal detection. We propose the BADD incorporated with the blind estimation of spatial signature (SS) of the DU only from the received signals. As the estimation procedure of SS, the orthogonal projection approximation and subspace tracking algorithm is adopted. The proposed BADD presented the BER improvement with using antenna array. The BER performance has a lower limit with increasing the number of antenna array elements.

Diversity Reception of an Asynchronous Blind Adaptive Multiuser Detector Through Correlated Nakagami Fading Channel

In this paper, blind adaptive multiuser detection (MUD) technique is developed for uplink transmission in multiuser space diversity DS-CDMA system to overcome multipath fading effect and multiple access interference. The system consists of a space diversity, a precombining blind adaptive detector (PBAD), and a weight adaptation technique based on the minimization of the mean output energy (MOE). The bit error rate (BER) performance of this receiver for asynchronous DS-CDMA signals with independent and correlated antenna branches under Nakagami fading channel for BPSK system is evaluated. It has been seen that the use of antenna diversity can yield substantial improvement in performance even if the correlation between the antenna elements is relatively large (up to 0.795). However, the large correlation values pose a significant reduction in the diversity gain in comparison with the zero correlation situation. It has also been confirmed by simulations that the PBAD provides a significant receiver performance in comparison with the RAKE receiver employing antenna diversity.

Adaptive multiuser interference suppression for CDM satellite systems

This paper deals with the application of linear multiuser detectors in mobile terminals of code division multiplex (CDM) satellite systems. Generally, the interference caused by other users can dramatically reduce the performance of a CDM-based satellite communication system. Since no spreading information of other users is given and since there are no trainings sequences, a blind adaptive interference detector with low complexity is needed. In order to implement a detector for suppressing the interference from other users, different adaptation algorithms can be applied. Comparing them in terms of complexity, adaptation speed and bit error rate, the LMS (least means squares) algorithm with adaptive step size shows the best performance. However, the implementation of this algorithm in a satellite system still leads to high processing times. For this reason, two new schemes with reduced complexity are presented. A very important point is, that the adaptive algorithms are basically restricted to short spreading codes (code period equals symbol period) whereas CDM-based satellite systems use long codes (one-code period spans over multiple symbols). In this paper, a new scheme is presented which can be applied to long codes. By cascading multiple separated interference detectors the adaptation is done every time when the same part of the spreading sequence appears. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Blind Multiuser Detection for Asynchronous MC-CDMA Systems Without Channel Estimation

This paper presents a blind adaptive decorrelating detector for asynchronous multicarrier code-division multiple-access (MC-CDMA) systems with Rayleigh-fading channels. This detector is derived by making use of the cross-correlation matrix between the consecutively received signals. The main attraction of the detection algorithm is its simplicity, since the detector can be implemented blindly without channel estimation, except for the synchronization of the desired user. To implement the proposed detector, a new adaptive subspace-tracking algorithm for any Hamiltonian matrices is developed, while the previously reported subspace-tracking methods can only estimate the subspace of a positive Hamiltonian matrix. Since a common drawback of the multiuser detector based on the subspace method is the existence of a phase factor that usually deteriorates the performance of the detector, a new method is developed to compensate for the phase of the proposed detector, based on the property of the complex white Gaussian noise. Results of extensive computer simulations show the performance improvement of the proposed detector.

Blind adaptive detection using differential CMA for CDMA systems

Blind adaptive detection using differential CMA for CDMA systems

Blind adaptive detection using differential CMA for CDMA systems

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the application of adaptive linear filters adjusted by stochastic gradient algorithms to the suppression of multiple‐access interference in DS/CDMA communications. It is pointed out that the linearly constrained constant modulus algorithm (LCCMA) cannot converge to the optimum point if the desired user magnitude is less than a critical value. Next, we propose to use the linearly constrained differential constant modulus algorithm (LCDCMA), and show that the LCDCMA always converges to the optimum point regardless of the desired user magnitude. Several simulation results show the following three points. First, the LCDCMA provides better performance than existing algorithms because the variance of the weight vector adjusted by the LCDCMA is less than that by existing algorithms. Second, the LCDCMA is relatively insensitive to the estimation error of the desired signal vector. Third, the LCDCMA combined with a blind channel estimation algorithm is useful. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(1): 1–13, 2002

Advanced blind adaptive multi-user detector for communications in nonstationary multipath fading channel

This paper deals with an adaptive multi-user detector for direct sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) wireless communication systems, named advanced blind adaptive multi-user detector (ABA-MUD), whose main features are low complexity and joint utilization of time diversity and adaptive blind processing techniques. Differently from known blind adaptive detectors, the proposed scheme achieves remarkable performance even in critical time-varying environments by means of a suitable window reprocessing technique. The ABA-MUD avoids the use of training sequences and only needs knowledge of timing and signature waveform of the desired user, number of active users and a rough evaluation of the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) for a proper setting of the detection algorithm. Numerical results, shown here in terms of bit error rate (BER), highlight good behavior and remarkable near-far resistance of the proposed ABA-MUD receiver with respect to different alternatives, in particular, in the case of worst fading environments.

Adaptive recursive algorithm for complementary subspace-based blind multiuser detection

A novel blind adaptive multiuser detection scheme, the linear decorrelating detector (LDD), based on a concept of the complementary subspace is proposed. Under this scheme, the information bits can be estimated from the received signal with the prior knowledge of the desired user's signature waveform and its timing. The technique has two key elements: a geometric notion of the LDD and the subspace-based concept to estimate the orthogonal complement of the interfering space. It is then shown that the LDD can be formulated in terms of the interference space constructed from the received signal, and the desired user's signature waveform. The interference space components can be adaptively estimated using the modified power-based methods with only O((K-1) N) flops of computation at each iteration, where N is the processing gain, and K is the number of active users in the channel. The novel blind adaptive detector offers lower computational complexity. The proposed blind multiuser detection offers the optimal near-far resistance, low computational complexity, and resistance against the orthogonality error of the estimated interference space.

Blind adaptive detection of DS/CDMA signals on time-varying multipath channels with antenna arrays using high-order statistics

A new approach based on multiscale decomposition and higher-order statistics is presented for the simultaneous solution of multiuser interference and time-varying multipath propagation in the uplink of a cellular direct-sequence spread-spectrum code-division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) system. Each channel between the mobile transmitter and the base-station receiver is unknown and arbitrarily varying with time. The optimum filter achieving separation and multipath compensation is time-variant. The typical approach in many multiuser detectors previously proposed is to assume that the channel is almost static (time invariant) and attempt detection according to this model. Slow variations of the channels are then compensated using adaptive algorithms that force the estimates (of the channels or of the separating filters) to be constantly in search of a convergence point. If the channel coefficients variations in time are fast with respect to the convergence time of the adaptive algorithm, significant degradation may result. In this work, we depart from this traditional approach and we investigate new kernels that more accurately can characterize the time-varying nature of the detection problem. As a first step, we show that the super-exponential framework can still be applied in a time-variant environment. Then, we describe a multiresolution decomposition of the filter components, essentially constraining its variations in time to remain within the solution subspace. The resulting algorithm overcomes some of the drawbacks associated with slow convergence and insufficient tracking capability typical of many blind approaches and several nonblind methods based on the slow fading assumption.

Blind adaptive decorrelating detector for DS-CDMAsystems: auxiliary-vector detector

A blind adaptive decorrelating detector is proposed which consists of two vectors: one is the pre-assigned spreading code of the desired user and the other is orthogonal to it. The orthogonal vector is adjusted adaptively to minimise the multiple access interference (MAI). This blind adaptive detector requires no more knowledge than does the conventional single-user receiver. Simulation results show that the obtained performance is close to that of the decorrelator.

Blind adaptive reduced-rank detection for DS-CDMA signals in multipath channels

Blind adaptive multiuser detection for direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) signals over static and time-varying intersymbol interference (ISI) limited channels is considered. Blind adaptive detectors must be robustified for ISI channels, when there is significant mismatch between the received signature vector and the transmitted code (assumed known at the receiver). A new low-complexity detector is presented that improves on some previously proposed methods without explicit estimation of the ISI channel. The key innovation is a reduced-rank detector architecture combined with an efficient subspace tracker that yields direct accurate estimation of the desired user's received signature. Several representative simulation examples of detector output signal-to-noise-and-interference ratio (SINR) for fading channels are provided in support of our claims of improved efficacy of the method.

Blind multiuser detection: a subspace approach

A new multiuser detection scheme based on signal subspace estimation is proposed. It is shown that under this scheme, both the decorrelating detector and the linear minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) detector can be obtained blindly, i.e., they can be estimated from the received signal with the prior knowledge of only the signature waveform and timing of the user of interest. The consistency and asymptotic variance of the estimates of the two linear detectors are examined. A blind adaptive implementation based on a signal subspace tracking algorithm is also developed. It is seen that compared with the previous minimum-output-energy blind adaptive multiuser detector, the proposed subspace-based blind adaptive detector offers lower computational complexity, better performance, and robustness against signature waveform mismatch. Two extensions are made within the framework of signal subspace estimation. First, a blind adaptive method is developed for estimating the effective user signature waveform in the multipath channel. Secondly, a multiuser detection scheme using spatial diversity in the form of an antenna array is considered. A blind adaptive technique for estimating the array response for diversity combining is proposed. It is seen that under the proposed subspace approach, blind adaptive channel estimation and blind adaptive array response estimation can be integrated with blind adaptive multiuser detection, with little attendant increase in complexity.