Waste Cooking Oil Blends Research Articles

Evaluation of the properties of bio-asphalt derived from waste cooking oil and low-density polyethylene through the pyrolysis process

The aim of this study is to prepare a bio-asphalt for flexible pavement construction using a fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor. This method involves incorporating waste cooking oil (WCO) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as feedstock materials. Through this study, an attempt has been made to make use of waste materials and promote the use of environmentally friendly binders in sustainable road construction. The pyrolysis experiment was conducted at different temperatures, varying from 250 °C to 500 °C for different blends of waste cooking oil (WCO) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE), i.e., 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1, respectively. At a temperature of 350 °C, the pyrolysis process is more effective for converting various blends of waste cooking oil (WCO) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) into bio-asphalt. The maximum bio-asphalt yield of 82 wt% was reported for the 1:3 blend at a temperature of 350 °C. The elemental analysis of an equal mass of waste cooking oil (WCO) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) reported a carbon content of 83.93 wt%, a hydrogen content of 13.29 wt%, and a lower oxygen content of 2.55 wt%. The Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrography (GC-MS) analysis indicated the presence of chemical compounds such as pentadecane, heptadecane, dodecane, cyclopentylpropyl, and hexacosene in the 1:1 blend. The thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric analyses indicate that the 1:1 blend and 1:3 blend can withstand temperatures around 473 °C and 475 °C, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis showed the presence of alkane, alkene, ester, and other aromatic compounds. Based on this present study, it has been noted that the chemical composition of a 1:1 blend of waste cooking oil (WCO) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE)-based bio-asphalt contains similar chemical compositions as asphalt binder, and it can be used as a modifier for conventional asphalt binder.

Investigation of the use of aluminum oxide nanoparticle-enhanced waste cooking oil blends in compression ignition engines.

The sustainable utilization of waste cooking oil (WCO) as an alternative to fossil fuels has gained considerable attention due to its potential for delivering substantial environmental and economic benefits. This research attempts to explore the impact of incorporating aluminum oxide nanoparticles (AONP) into WCO on the emissions, combustion characteristics, and overall performance of a single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. Comparative analyses were conducted against conventional commercial diesel fuel and pure WCO, as well as varying blends of WCO with AONP at 25ppm, 50ppm, and 75ppm concentrations. The experimental results demonstrate a notable enhancement in brake thermal efficiency (BTE), with a 13.2% increase observed in the WCO + 75 AONP fuel blend compared to neat WCO. Engines fueled by WCO nanoparticle blends showed significant augmentation in-cylinder pressure and heat release rates. Furthermore, these blends exhibited a substantial reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and soot emissions by 44%, 31%, and 48%, respectively, while nitrogen oxide (NO) emissions increased by 7% compared to neat WCO. Among the assessed fuel mixtures, the WCO + 75 AONP blend demonstrated higher engine performance. This study underscores the potential of aluminum oxide nanoparticle-enhanced WCO blends as viable and environmentally responsible options for sustainable energy solutions. However, challenges such as production costs and long-term fuel stability must be addressed to establish nano-fuels as financially viable alternatives.

A Simulation Study on a Premixed-charge Compression Ignition Mode-based Engine Using a Blend of Biodiesel/Diesel Fuel under a Split Injection Strategy

Environmental pollution from transportation means and natural resource degradation are the top concern globally. According to statistics, NOx and PM emissions from vehicles account for 70% of total emissions in urban areas. Therefore, finding solutions to reduce NOx and PM emissions is necessary. Changing the engine's internal combustion method is considered promising and influential among the known solutions. One of the research directions is a combustion engine using the Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) method combined with biofuels to improve the mixture formation and combustion process, reducing NOx and PM emissions. Therefore, this study presents the mechanism of the formation of PM and NOx emissions in the traditional combustion and the low-temperature combustion process of internal combustion engines. Besides, the theoretical basis of flame spread during combustion is also introduced. The key feature of this research is that it has modeled the combustion process in diesel engines under the PCCI modes. This was accomplished using blends of waste cooking oil (WCO)-based biodiesel and diesel fuel, as well as the ANSYS Fluent software. The results showed that PCCI combustion using B20 fuel can significantly reduce NOx and PM emissions, although HC and CO emissions tend to increase, and thermal efficiency tends to decrease. In further studies, different modes of the PCCI combustion process should be thoroughly examined so that this process can be implemented in practice to reduce pollutant emissions.

Investigation of Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI Engine Using Diesel and Waste Cooking Oil Blends

Reusing waste cooking oil (WCO) as fuel in compression ignition (CI) engine offers a sustainable solution for energy scarcity and environmental protection. WCO and n-pentanol ternary blends deliver are attractive prospects in utilization as bio-components and recycled components to moderately substitute diesel fuel. The current study intends to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder CI engine, having constant load at a uniform speed of 1300 rpm, using diesel-waste cooking oil n-pentanol blends. Blends chosen and analogized with diesel oil as reference fuel and their contents were the following: (1) D95-WCO5 (95%vol. diesel, WCO5%vol. waste cooking oil, (2) D65-WCO20-Pe15 (65%vol. diesel, 20%vol. waste cooking oil, and 15%vol. n-pentanol) and (3) D60-WCO20-Pe20 (60%vol. diesel, 20%vol. waste cooking oil and 20%vol. n-pentanol). The experimental results revealed that with the DF95-WCO5 blend the BSFC improved by 0.32%. However, with the addition of n-pentanol as a ternary blend; DF65-WCO20-Pe15 and DF60-WCO20-Pe20 resulted in improvements of 0.49% and 0.68% respectively. The BTE for DF95-WCO5 increased by 38.7%, while the increase was 39.2% for DF65-WCO20-Pe15 and 39.6% for DF60-WCO20-Pe20, which was less, as compared with diesel fuel. The lowermost level of CO discharge was achieved when the engine was fueled with DF65-WCO20-Pe15 and DF60-WCO20-Pe20, due to the highest level of saturation. CO2, in the cases of DF65-WCO20-Pe15 and DF60-WCO20-Pe20, increased, as compared to diesel fuel under the same engine operating conditions. However, the binary blend DF95-WCO5 resulted in decreased CO2 as analogized to diesel, because of incomplete combustion of the fuel. During experimental work it could be observed that the DF95-WCO5 binary blend produced higher Particulate material (PM-1, PM-2.5, PM-7 and PM-10) emissions, compared to DF100. Moreover, with the addition of n-pentanol as a ternary blend in the ratio of 15 to 20%, emission was further reduced. This indicated that direct exertion of WCO in engines must be promoted, as it is an impressive choice for waste recapture.

Investigation of Mahua, Pongamia and waste cooking oil blends as biodiesel properties

Looking at the present scenario of world’s energy consumption and its dependency on fossil fuels, biodiesel has become a ray of hope as it is environmental friendly fuel derived from plant sources. In that context the present paper reports the study of physical properties of Mahua, Pongamia and Waste cooking oil blend for usage as biodiesels in engines. Each biodiesel has its own specific properties which need to be tested before running test on a engine. The physical properties such as kinematic viscosity, flash point, fire point, density, heating values and acid values are measured for MPW (Mahua 50%, Pongamia 30%, Waste Cooking Oil 20%), PWM (Pongamia 50%, Waste Cooking Oil 30%, Mahua 20%) and WMP (Waste Cooking Oil 50%, Mahua 30%, Pongamia 20%) compositions prepared on volume basis. This study discovered that WMP biodiesel physical properties match nearly to that of diesel fuel. It is the best alternative with moderate flash point temperature, fire point temperature, better thermal efficiency, density and acid value in comparison with MPW and PWM biodiesels.

Effects of Injector Nozzle Number of Holes and Fuel Injection Pressures on the Diesel Engine Characteristics Operated with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blends

This work covers the impact of varying injector nozzle hole numbers (INHNs) and fuel injection pressures (IPs) on fuel atomization, performance, and exhaust emission characteristics of a diesel engine. The primary goal of this research was to improve fuel characteristics. Increasing INHNs and fuel IPs have a substantial impact on the blended fuel viscosity and density, which leads to increased atomization and mixing rates, as well as combustion and engine efficiency. The fuel atomization was checked by varying the INHNs with an operating diesel fuel using the ANSYS Fluent spray simulation work. The experimental test was performed on the fuel blends of waste cooking oil (WCO)–diesel blends from 10 to 30% (with an increment of 10%) by evaluating the performance and emission parameters. The fuel IPs were altered on four, such as 190, 200 (default), 210, and 220 bar with a modification of INHN of 1 (default), 3, and 4), each 0.84, 0.33, and 0.25 mm in orifice size, respectively. The simulation result shows that the INHN-4 has better fuel atomization. Whereas the experimental test revealed that the increment in blending ratio of WCO was up to 30%, INHNs and fuel IPs enhanced the BSFC and BTE and reduced exhaust emissions. The results indicate that increasing the fuel IP up to 210 bar with a 4-hole INHN for B30 was the optimal combination for the overall enhancement of BSFC and BTE, as well as lower CO and HC emissions with a minor rise in NOx when compared to the baseline diesel.

Performance and emission modeling of a 4-stroke diesel engine with biodiesel extracts from waste cooking oil blends with ZnO nanoparticle using ELM

This research article provides the artificial neural network (ANN) model developed to predict the performance and emission behaviour of 4-stroke single cylinder diesel engine with biodiesel extracts from waste cooking oil blends prepared by transesterification method with ZnO nanoparticle in bimodal fuel. The ANN model was developed to predict the brake thermal efficiency (BTE), Brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (Nox) and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) under the heterogeneous load conditions, biodiesel and NP content. An efficient learning algorithm namely extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm is used for predicting performance and emissions characteristics. It was found that mean square error (MSE) of 0.00128 with 15 hidden neurons converging in 0.00452 s.

Optimization of Injection Pressure on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Using Waste Cooking Oil

Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels made from vegetable oil, environment friendly and can reduce the emission compared with diesel fuel. In this present work, an effort has been made to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine fueled with blends of waste cooking oil (WCO). Experiments were conducted with different blends of waste cooking oil (25,50,75%) in diesel engine for various loads. Also, experiments were conducted by changing the injection pressure from 200 bar to 240 bar in the step of 20 bar. The results clearly show that lower brake thermal efficiency and higher brake specific fuel consumption were obtained with WCO by varying the injection pressure. Lower in CO and HC and higher in NOx emission were observed for WCO for different injection pressure. Lower smoke opacity was found by changing pressure. Taguchi method were used to find the optimum level of injection pressure, fuel fraction and blends of waste cooking oil.

The interaction mechanism and rejuvenation effect of crumb rubber and waste cooking oil blends

With the rapid increase in the production of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), asphalt pavement rejuvenation technology has attracted significant research attention. To improve the performance of recycled asphalt pavement mixtures, the rejuvenators are usually needed. A waste rubber/oil (WRO) rejuvenator was self-developed by mixing crumb rubber (CR) with waste cooking oil (WCO) at high temperature. However, the chemical dynamic interaction process between WCO and CR, and the effect of reaction time on the rejuvenation properties of the WRO rejuvenators still remained unclear. Therefore, in this study, the functional group and molecular weight of WRO rejuvenators with different reaction times and various WRO rejuvenated asphalts were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography, respectively. The rheological properties of various WRO rejuvenated asphalts were also tested using dynamic shear rheometer and bending beam rheometer. The result indicated the occurrence of complex depolymerization and recombination reactions of the polymers released from CR. WRO with higher rubber content exhibited higher polymer concentration. The WRO rejuvenator with a longer reaction time provided more viscous supplement and less elastic retention to the aged asphalt. As the reaction time of the WRO rejuvenator increased, the WRO rejuvenated asphalt showed less resistance to ageing, and the concentration of large molecules and sulfoxide function group in WRO rejuvenated asphalt was reduced. Based on the results, the recommended reaction time of WRO is 0.5 h.

Transesterifying Madhuca indica and waste cooking oil blends with C1–C3 alcohol mixtures: two-step catalysis using Delonix regia and Mesua ferrea linn supports

Transesterifying Madhuca indica and waste cooking oil blends with C1–C3 alcohol mixtures: two-step catalysis using Delonix regia and Mesua ferrea linn supports

Effect of Preheating Temperature and Fuel Properties on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine

The homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine is the promising technology to reduce the pollutants without affecting its performance and it is also proved by the many studies. This study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of HCCI engine fuelled with diesel –waste cooking oil (WCO) blends and also analysed the effect of air temperature and fuel properties on HCCI engine combustion. The experimental investigation was conducted with single cylinder DI diesel engine and it was slightly modified to port injection system for premixing the charge. The electric air heater was adopted in suction pipe to preheat the inlet air. The experimental investigation conducted in two phases, in the first phase the conventional DI diesel engine was tested with different fuel blends such as B25, B50, B75 and B100 and notes the readings. In the next phase, HCCI engine was operated with same blend ratios. During the experimentation on HCCI engine, the suction air temperature was varied between 40⁰C to 90⁰C. From the experimental results, it was found that the HCCI engine has emitted low NOx and smoke emissions at 80⁰C of air temperature for all the blends. Whereas the HCCI engine emitted more carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions due to lean mixture causes misfiring in the chamber. In addition, it is also noted that the value of CO and HC has been varied with diesel –WCO blends. The specific fuel consumption (SFC) is increased for diesel and biodiesel fuel in HCCI engine compared to compression ignition (CI) engine

Effect of Oxygen Enhancement In Four Stroke Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Waste Cooking Oil Blends

Effect of Oxygen Enhancement In Four Stroke Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Waste Cooking Oil Blends

Optimization of FAME production from blends of waste cooking oil and refined palm oil using biomass fly ash as a catalyst

One of the problems associated with biomass combustion is the amount of fly ashes generated and its subsequent management. The search for ways of valorizing these ashes has been a challenge for the academic and industrial community. On the other hand, used cooking oils are wastes which management is quite difficult, by they have a very important energetic potential. The goal of this work was to optimize the Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) process, recovering two residual materials (waste cooking oils (WCO), and biomass fly flash (BFA)). The optimization of the process was achieved using the response surface methodology and a Box-Benhken experimental design applied to mixtures of WCO and refined palm oil (RPO), using BFA as catalyst. The influence on FAME yield of four variables (catalyst loading, methanol/oil molar ratio, RPO/WCO ratio and reaction temperature) was studied. The higher FAME yield achieved was 73.8% for the following operating conditions: 13.57 wt% of catalyst loading, 6.7 of methanol/oil molar ratio, 28.04 wt% of RPO in the oil mixture with WCO and 55 °C for the reaction temperature. The reusability of the BFA catalyst in the process was also studied through three successive usage cycles finding no loss of catalytic activity.

Thermal and economic performance assessments of waste cooking oil /kerosene blend operated pressure cook-stove with porous radiant burner

Abstract Present energy and environmental scenario have been driving researchers to find alternative and renewable energy-based cooking sources. Inspection of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) as alternative cooking fuel in a pressure cook-stove is the main focus of the present work. Comparative performance assessment of Conventional Kerosene Pressure Stove and Porous Radiant Burner (PRB) based Kerosene Pressure Stove fuelled with blends of WCO and kerosene are presented in this article. Three blend samples (volume % of kerosene and WCO) viz., BS1 (90/10), BS2 (75/25) and BS3 (50/50) have been used for investigation. Emissions (CO and NOx) and efficiencies have been measured to learn about the burners thermal performance and to get additional insight, Control Cooking Test and Techno-economic Assessment have also been performed. Experimental results show that both the stoves are operational up to “BS3” blend sample. In the operational input power range of 1.5–3 kW, with maximum WCO blending, thermal efficiency varied in the range of 45.3–37.8% and 36.2–28.6%, for PRB and conventional cook-stove, respectively. In the case of the stove with PRB, the maximum percentage reduction in CO and NOx emissions are 60% and 83%, respectively, which proves the burner ability to mitigate emissions. Saving in cooking time of 49 min and fuel consumption of 59% on daily basis by the use of PRB also shows its superiority. For a life span of 10 years, the economic assessment of the stove shows that annual savings, cumulative present worth of annual savings, Internal Rate of Return and payback period of the newly developed stoves are $29.93, $244.97, 268.5% and less than five months, respectively. The overall performance assessment shows improved results in all three fronts of energy, emissions, and economy, and suggests WCO can be a potential alternative cooking source when used in PRB.

An experimental investigation on spray, performance and emission of hydrotreated waste cooking oil blends in an agricultural engine

Biomass-based fuels are gaining importance for operating a compression ignition engine as they can curb greenhouse gases and are a key for addressing the energy security. Hydrotreated oil is considered to be a potential drop-in fuel for the compression ignition engine as its cetane number is higher than fossil diesel. In this study, hydrotreated waste cooking oil and its blends (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by volume) with diesel were prepared. The ignition probability of the test fuel samples was found using a hot-plate test setup. The neat hydrotreated fuel has higher ignition probability at a particular temperature than the other test fuels. The Sauter mean diameter of the test fuels was also observed using a Malvern Spraytec test setup. The results reveal that the neat hydrotreated fuel has higher Sauter mean diameter due to its high viscosity. As the percentage of the hydrotreated fuel in the blend decreases, the Sauter mean diameter decreases and diesel has the lowest Sauter mean diameter. The test fuels were also used to run a compression ignition engine. The results reveal a decrease in brake thermal efficiency with the increase in the hydrotreated fuel share in the blend. The heat release for the blends starts earlier than diesel and the peak heat release is also lower than diesel. The HC, CO and smoke emissions for the test blends decreases up to 30% blend. When the percentage of the hydrotreated oil is further increased, the emissions starts increasing. The NO emissions were lower than diesel for all the test samples. As compared to diesel, the maximum reduction in NO (neat), HC (30% blend), CO (30% blend) and smoke emissions (30% blend) is 23.2%, 14.4%, 13.83% and 13.3%, respectively.

Comparative study among waste cooking oil blends flame spectroscopy as an alternative fuel through using an industrial burner

The presented experimental investigation aims at providing a microscopic insight into the flame characteristics of the conventional (light/heavy diesel), a renewable fuel (waste cooking oil), and its blends with light/heavy diesel oils. A hyperspectral camera is used to provide detailed information on fuel reactivity and radiation intensities within the flame zones via the analysis of the C2 and CH radiation emissions. The experiments cover four equivalence ratios (Φ) of 0.63, 0.75, 0.96, and 1.1. A coaxial disc stabilized burner having a twin air jet atomizer is employed. The flame images are taken in the open atmosphere and the assessment of the combustion efficiency is obtained through the measurements of the cooling load inside a cylindrical combustor. The calculated values of the spatial cross-sectional average flame temperatures along the different flames are compared with the corresponding values obtained by a type S thermocouple. The processing of the hyperspectral flame images proves to be an extremely useful tool to define the location, size, and characteristics of the flame zones. The burning of HDO/WCO blend at near stoichiometric conditions appears to be a viable renewable alternative to burning standalone HDO. The burning of a standalone waste cooking oil must be avoided.

Find the Performance of Dual Fuel Engine Followed by Waste Cooking Oil Blends with Acetylene

In the present scenario owing to the depletion of fossil fuel and at the same time increase in demand averts the researchers towards the alternative fuel. Various investigation is being carried out to find the most suitable alternate for the fossil fuel in IC engine, which satisfies the demand, improves the performance and decreases the emission. This paper deals with the dual fuel mode. Tests were performed at single cylinder fore stroke dual fuel diesel engine with blends of acetylene in different proportions (0.199 kg/hr,0.394 kg/hr and 0.588 kg/hr) with 20% waste cooking oil at a rated injection pressure of 200bar.The result shows the increased in BTE and decreased BSFC and exhaust gas temperature, furtherance the decrease in NOx and CO are observed as the amount of acetylene increases. BTE increases because of lower auto ignition temperature and high calorific value of acetylene. Graphs were obtained based on the performance of the engine and B20 with 0.394 kg/hr of acetylene is concluded to be optimum, B20 with 0.199 kg/hr shows the result similar to diesel operation, at B20 with 0.588 kg/hr the increase in the knocking effect was observed.

Study on combustion characteristics and particulate emissions of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with n-butanol and waste cooking oil blends

Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel because of its renewability and extensive source of raw materials. Butanol can be blended in biodiesel to reduce the kinematic viscosity and promote the fuel atomization. In this respect, biodiesel was blended with 10% and 20% n-butanol, and the combustion characteristics and particulate emissions of the fuel blends were tested in a turbocharged, 6-cylinder, common rail diesel engine at a constant speed of 1400 rpm under seven engine loads. The experimental results show that under various engine loads, all of the butanol and biodiesel fuel blends provide faster combustion than diesel due to the higher oxygen content of n-butanol and the lower cetane number of butanol which results in stronger premixed combustion. The addition of butanol is beneficial to concentrating the heat release and thus shorten the combustion duration. With an increased proportion of butanol, soot emissions of butanol and biodiesel fuel blends decrease, the number concentration and volume concentration of ultrafine particles (UFPs) reduce noticeably. Meanwhile, the geometric mean diameters of UFPs decrease with an increase in butanol. With an increase of the engine loads, the number concentration peaks of UFPs gradually transfer from the size range of nucleation mode particles (NMPs) to the size range of accumulation mode particles (AMPs) due to the elevated combustion temperatures and high equivalence ratios. Moreover, biodiesel and fuel blends exhibit a higher percentage of NMPs as compared to diesel because of the fuel-bound oxygen, zero aromatics, and low sulfides.

Emission Performance of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Petrol Diesel, Green Diesel, and Waste Cooking Oil Blends

The purpose of this paper is to conduct an experimental research on the impact of mixing ratio of biodiesel from waste cooking oil and an innovative diesel fuel (in which a renewable component is contained) on the emissions of an up-to-date light and compact small engine that has a leading role in city cars and urban vehicles. Two blends’ mixing ratios (20% and 40% by volume) were tested and the results were compared to those obtained when the engine was operated with low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and ULSD blended with 15% by volume of renewable diesel. The results indicate that diesel+ enhances CO and HC emissions in the exhaust as regards ULSD. Blending diesel+ with WCO causes a further reduction for most of the engine operative field. Concerning particulate emission, accumulation mode dominates for all fuels. Diesel+ is always characterized by lower mean diameters as regards ULSD. The addition of WCO further reduces the court mean diameter. Particle number concentration obtained by fuelling the engine with B40 is the lowest as regards all the other tested fuels. Concerning NOx, a moderate increase of the emission was observed when fuelling the engine with diesel+, net or in blends.

Attributional and consequential environmental assessment of using waste cooking oil- and poultry fat-based biodiesel blends in urban buses: a real-world operation condition study

Urban public transportation sector in general is heavily dependent on fossil-oriented fuels, e.g., diesel. Given the fact that a major proportion of urban pollution and the consequent threats towards public health are attributed to this sector, serious efforts at both technical and political levels have been being made to introduce less-polluting fueling regimes, e.g., partial replacement of diesel with biodiesel. In line with that, the present study was aimed at evaluating the emissions attributed to 5% blends of waste cooking oil (WCO) and poultry fat (PF) biodiesel fuels (i.e., B5-WCO and B5-PF fuel blends) when used in urban buses during idle operation mode. Moreover, the attributional and consequential environmental impacts of using these fuel blends were also investigated through a well to wheel life cycle assessment (LCA) by considering the real-world condition combustion data using ten urban buses. The findings of the ALCA revealed that the application of 1 L B5-WCO fuel blend could potentially reduce the environmental burdens in human health, ecosystem quality, and resources damage categories compared with using the B5-PF fuel blend. The situation was opposite for climate change damage category in which using 1 L B5-PF fuel blend had a lower impact on the environment. Overall, the environmental hotspots in the B5-WCO and B5-PF life cycles were identified as the combustion stage as well as the diesel production and transportation. From the consequential perspective, using 1 L B5-WCO fuel blend could potentially decrease the environmental burdens in human health, ecosystem quality, and resources damage categories. While, the situation was different for climate change damage category where using 1 L B5-PF fuel blend could have a lower impact on the environment. In conclusion, using B5-WCO fuel blend as an alternative for diesel could be an environmentally-friendly decision for the Iranian urban transportation sector at the policy level as long as the marginal suppliers of oil would be the same as the countries considered herein, i.e., Malaysia and Argentina.