Pyrolysis Oil Blends Research Articles

Performance and emission of a spark-ignition engine using gasoline-plastic pyrolysis oil blends

In response to the problem of plastic waste, this study investigates the conversion of PET waste plastics into Pyrolysis Plastic Oil (PPO) as an environmentally sustainable alternative energy source, aiming to tackle the pressing issue of plastic waste accumulation. Accordingly, the research comprehensively evaluates the physicochemical properties of PPO, examines its impact on engine performance, and determines the optimal concentrations for blending with gasoline. The investigation uncovers the potential of PPO through precise material preparation involving PET plastic waste pyrolysis, employing meticulous testing and analysis for comprehensive insights. Engine testing, conducted on a 125 cc, 4-stroke motorized vehicle, scrutinizes power, torque, and exhaust emissions under various PPO and gasoline blends. The findings reveal distinctive relationships between PPO ratios and engine behavior, emphasizing the need for nuanced fuel blending. The examination extends to fuel consumption and specific fuel consumption (SFC) testing, highlighting PPO's superior SFC. Exhaust emission testing demonstrates reduced emissions with heightened PPO concentration, showcasing its positive environmental impact. The results contribute valuable insights into PPO's viability as an alternative fuel source and its potential role in mitigating plastic waste. A comparative analysis with existing literature enriches our understanding of the field, emphasizing the need for careful consideration in fuel formulation. While PPO may not achieve performance parity with conventional gasoline, its environmental benefits and efficient waste utilization underscore its significance for a sustainable future. Further research is encouraged to optimize PPO properties and blending ratios, paving the way for an eco-friendlier energy landscape.

Performance, Combustion, and Emission analysis of diesel engine fuelled with pyrolysis oil blends and n-propyl alcohol-RSM optimization and ML modelling

This experimental work focuses on testing the diesel engine by the replacement of pyrolysis oil extracted from different waste plastics. The novelty of this work is testing the engine performance, combustion, and emission study with the following proportions D90WPO7NP3, D80WPO15NP5, D70WPO23NP7, WPO100, and D100. The pyrolysis oil is extracted from the mixed waste plastics with calcium bentonite as a catalyst and n-propyl alcohol is used as an additive for better igniting developer. From the results, it is found that the performance parameters such as BTE are found to increase in efficiency by 2.2% for the fuel D90WPO7NP3 and decrease in BSFC by 3.1% for the same fuel compared to pure diesel. It is also noticed that the emission properties such as CO2, CO, HC, and O2 content decreased in the order of 5.49%, and 6.2%. 39.2 and 12.5 % as compared to pure diesel. However, there is a slight increase in emissions of NOX due to the presence of uncontrolled enriched constituents in the pyrolysis oil; the increase in NOx emissions is found to be 16.2% compared to diesel fuel at full load conditions. The ML and RSM techniques using ANOVA techniques are adopted to find the least accuracy of data. This shows that the model fits the data well. The linear regression model explains 93.6% of the variation in BTE during training and has 95.9% prediction power. Linear Regression showed good predictive skills, acquiring a high R2 value of 0.985. It is concluded that pyrolysis oil with n-propyl alcohol as an additive gives a better substitute in the field of automobile applications.

An Overview of Physicochemical Properties and Engine Performance Using Rubber Seed Biodiesel–Plastic Pyrolysis Oil Blends in Diesel Engines

Rubber Seed Biodiesel (RSB) and Plastic Pyrolysis Oil (PPO) deserve to be considered as alternative fuels for diesel engines, because of their advantages such as large raw material resources, derived from free or waste feedstock and the use of plastic waste as fuel can prevent environmental pollution. Due to their almost identical densities, RSB and PPO can be mixed homogeneously. In general, the use of a mixture of RSB and petroleum diesel in diesel engines shows positive performance, both engine performance and emissions, as well as the use of mixed PPO and diesel fuel. Although RSB has a good cetane number and flash point, on the other hand, RSB also has disadvantages in its physiochemical properties, such as low oxidation stability, high acid value, low heating value, and high viscosity. Likewise, PPO has good oxidation stability, acid value, and viscosity, but the flash point, CO, and HC emissions are also bad. This article tries to describe the opportunity to mix RSB and PPO, to find the best composition between RSB and PPO which shows the best fuel physiochemical properties and engine performance.

Biomass pyrolysis oil/diesel blends for a small agricultural engine

The present study reports on an investigation of teak sawdust pyrolysis oil blended with commercial diesel in a small four-stroke compression ignited engine. The engine performance and emissions were evaluated. The teak sawdust pyrolysis oil was obtained from a single-stage fixed bed pyrolysis reactor at 600 °C. Its physicochemical properties were characterized and found to be acceptable for the engine. Teak sawdust pyrolysis oil blends with diesel at the ratios of 10%, 25%, and 50% by mass were utilized. The small engine was tested at constant speeds from 800 to 2600 r/min. 25% teak sawdust pyrolysis oil blend at 2000 r/min was found to have better brake thermal efficiency with lower brake-specific fuel consumption compared to the other teak sawdust pyrolysis oil blends. Meanwhile, the highest engine load was obtained at 50% teak sawdust pyrolysis oil blend and 2600 r/min to be 8 kW. Furthermore, the emissions of CO, CO2, and hydrocarbon at 50% teak sawdust pyrolysis oil and 2000 r/min were slightly lower than other teak sawdust pyrolysis oil blends, no NOx detection in tested fuels, moreover, at 2600 speed, the smoke opacities of the fuels show lower than those the others. It was noted that a blend of 25% teak sawdust pyrolysis oil with diesel was suitable for the small engine (at 2000 r/min) in terms of performance and CO, CO2, and NOX emission for sustainability in agriculture and rural areas.

Production of waste tyre pyrolysis oil as the replacement for fossil fuel for diesel engines with constant hydrogen injection via air intake manifold

The increasing global demand for alternative fuels as a replacement for fossil fuels has sparked a surge in the use of non-fossil fuel sources. While many alternative fuels already offer improved performance characteristics, ongoing research seeks to further enhance their quality. This particular study focuses on elevating fuel quality by introducing hydrogen into waste tire pyrolysis oil. To conduct the investigation, experimental tests were performed using three different fuel combinations: standard diesel, 15% (W15) waste tire pyrolysis oil blends, and 30% (W30) biodiesel blends. Additionally, each of these blends was enriched with 5 L/min of hydrogen gas. The experiments were conducted in a naturally aspirated, direct injection, four-cylinder, inline, four-stroke diesel engine, operating at various speeds of 1000 rpm, 1500 rpm, 2000 rpm, and 2500 rpm. The study assessed the parameters such as torque, power, specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxide emissions. Furthermore, this research explored the viability of utilizing waste tire pyrolysis oil blends with hydrogen as fuel in compression ignition engines without any modifications, as their fuel qualities were observed to be comparable to standard diesel fuel. Encouragingly, the results indicated that the addition of hydrogen to waste tire pyrolysis biodiesel improved the combustion process and led to a reduction in harmful gas emissions. Despite waste tyre pyrolysis oil possessing a lower heating value in comparison to diesel, the findings revealed that this heating value could be effectively enhanced by introducing hydrogen through the engine's inlet manifold. Among the blends tested, W15 emerged as a particularly promising alternative fuel for diesel engines due to its favorable performance and reduced environmental impact, as evidenced by lower carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide emissions.

Combustion and emission characteristics of hydrotreated pyrolysis oil on a heavy-duty engine

Second-generation biofuel is promising to be applied in the field of long-haul transportation, aviation, and marine shipping. This work focuses on the ignition behavior, combustion process, and emission characteristics of hydrotreated pyrolysis oil. This biomass-derived oil was blended with marine gas oil from 10 to 30 wt% without a co-solvent or emulsifier. Tests were performed both on a combustion research unit and a commercial heavy-duty diesel engine setup. The results from the combustion research unit reveal that ignition delay increase as hydrotreated pyrolysis oil blend ratio increases at tested ambient conditions. Engine tests were first performed under factory settings at representative load/speed points based on the European stationary test cycle for benchmarking. Then start of injection and fuel pressure are varied to check the controllability and engine sensitivity of hydrotreated pyrolysis oil blends. It is shown that under engine conditions, the combustion characteristics and heat release are quite identical among hydrotreated pyrolysis oil blends and diesel. Though all cases present ultra-low particulate matter emissions, hydrotreated pyrolysis oil blends yield higher particulate matter emissions, which increase as the blend ratio increases. The particulate matter/NOx tradeoff is observed both for benchmarking tests and parameter study. The results indicate that the engine can run with HPO blends smoothly and safely without major modification.

Binary blending of different types of biofuels with diesel, and study of engine performance, combustion and exhaust emission characteristics

The results of four different blends (20%, 5% each) based on diverse sources of energy (Soybean oil, Jatropha, spirulina, and waste oil) were compared to conventional fuel. The tests carried out in total accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) guidelines. Test results were numerically assessed using Diesel-RK software. Specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, heat release rate, emissions of Particulate matter, CO2 emissions, NOx emissions, and smoke emissions were all analyzed. Diesel, B20 SME, B20 Jatropha, B20 spirulina biodiesel and B20 Waste plastic pyrolysis oil blends on volume basis were tested at 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% load on a single-cylinder diesel engine. The findings indicate that Spirulina B20 lowers cylinder pressure, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, particulate matter, and nitrogen oxides by 6.86%, 4.18%, 2.002%, 6.4%, and 9.95% respectively. The experimental results were validated to numerical findings from the simulation software Diesel-RK under the similar operating conditions. As a result, the current research focuses on evaluating the engine's performance, combustion, and emission characteristics using a 20% diesel blend.

Correction: The effects on performance and emission characteristics of DI engine fuelled with CeO2 nanoparticles addition in diesel/tyre pyrolysis oil blends

Correction: The effects on performance and emission characteristics of DI engine fuelled with CeO2 nanoparticles addition in diesel/tyre pyrolysis oil blends

The effects on performance and emission characteristics of DI engine fuelled with CeO2 nanoparticles addition in diesel/tyre pyrolysis oil blends

The effects on performance and emission characteristics of DI engine fuelled with CeO2 nanoparticles addition in diesel/tyre pyrolysis oil blends

Energy, exergy, sustainability and economic analysis of waste tire pyrolysis oil blends with different nanoparticle additives in spark ignition engine

Fossil fuels are the primary source of energy for most industries worldwide. However, its resources are finite and declining day by day, and toxic gases are released due to their consumption which causes global warming and problems with the health of the living. Therefore, any alternatives to fossil fuels or any additives added to the fuel needed to be found to minimize fuel consumption and the emission of harmful gases. In this study, a spark-ignition engine fuelled with blends of petrol with different concentrations of graphite nanoparticles, Fe2O3 nanoparticles, and tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) were used to conduct energy, exergy, economic, and sustainability analyses, and the obtained results were compared with neat petrol. The blends of petrol with 40 mg/L, 80 mg/L, and 120 mg/L of graphite nanoparticles & Fe2O3 nanoparticles, as well as 5% & 10% TPO, were used in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled SI engine in this study. The experiments were conducted on various engine loads of 2 Nm to 10 Nm with an increment of 2 Nm at a constant speed of 3500 rpm. The maximum exergy and energy efficiencies were obtained 23.05% and 21.94% at a load of 8 Nm when the testengine fired with the P120FO blend, respectively. A maximum sustainability index of 1.3 for the P120FO blend was obtained. A minimum exhaust energy rate of 0.03241 kW was obtained for P120FO. A minimum exhaust exergy rate of 0.005849 kW was obtained for P90T10. Best results in energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, sustainability index, and economic analysis were obtained for the P120FO blend compared to neat petrol. Finally, it was concluded that the addition of nanoparticles in fossil fuel increases the engine's efficiency, decreases fuel consumption, and reduces the emission of harmful gases.

Experimental investigation on single cylinder four stroke tri-charged diesel engine using pyrolysis oil at different proportions

Plastic waste is an absolute source of energy due to its high heating value and economy. It can be converted into oil by pyrolysis process and used in internal combustion engines as an alternative fuel. However, it emits significant-high emissions, challenging to operate the engine in a continuous regime. These problems can be resolved by increasing the intake density. The supercharger and turbocharger are the best options to increase the density of intake air. However, the turbocharger has a problem of turbo-lag, and the supercharger consumes engine output. Thus, in the present work, a tri-charged technology is implemented to avoid the problem of turbo-lag, power consumption, and reduction in emissions when operates at different blends of pyrolysis oil. Results showed that the tri-charged engine could run on plastic waste pyrolysis oil operate at full load capacity, presenting good performance compared with the conventional diesel engine. The best engine performance was found at PPO-20 in combination with tri-charged boosting. However, more percentage blending tends to increase the HC and CO emissions, with a fuel efficiency penalty. The result suggested that tri-charged technology is a promising technology and pyrolysis oil is an alternative fuel for specific engine applications at certain operating conditions.

Comparison of combustion, performance, energy and exergy characteristics of a diesel engine run on plastic and tire pyrolysis oil blends with diesel

Blends of plastic oil with diesel and tire oil with diesel are applicable in powering a single-cylinder diesel engine, individually. Comparison of the individual blends of plastic oil and tire oil with diesel would help in understanding the pre-eminence of one over the other. Hence, the current study focuses on comparing the combustion, performance, energy and exergy characteristics of a diesel engine run on individual 10% blends of plastic oil and tire oil with diesel. Blending 10% of plastic oil to diesel resulted in a heat release rate of 50.21 J/deg CA, while it was 47.13 J/deg CA with tire oil-diesel blends. The percentage of heat energy lost in various unaccounted ways was found to be 29 and 47 with plastic oil-diesel and tire oil-diesel blends, respectively. Similarly, a significant amount (69%) was lost in unaccounted ways with the tire oil-diesel blend, while it was 60% with the plastic oil-diesel blend. Conclusively, blending plastic oil with diesel was more advantageous than blending it with tire oil, in terms of brake thermal efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, energy utilisation and degradation.

Exergy analysis of a diesel engine fuelled with Aegle marmelos de‐oiled seed cake pyrolysis oil opus

AbstractBiofuel is a renewable fuel and can be used as a replacement for diesel. Pyrolysis oil can be derived from non‐edible de‐oiled seed cakes. This investigation focuses on the exergy investigation of a compression ignition (CI) engine to maximize the work exergy (availability) and minimize the destroyed exergy, powered by Aegle marmelos (AM) de‐oiled seed cake bio‐oil blends. A dual blend of diesel and AM pyrolysis oil was taken in ratios, F0 = 100 + 0, F5 = 95 + 5, F10 = 90 + 10, F15 = 85 + 15, and F20 = 80 + 20 and were tested on a constant speed CI engine at standard compression ratio. The investigational analysis exhibited that a high amount of oxygen content in AM pyrolysis oil blends increased the brake thermal efficiency and decreased the brake‐specific fuel consumption compared with diesel (F0). The owing exergy efficiency was obtained from the F20 blend (57.21%) at 100% load (W). Based on the investigation, considering availability and performance behavior of F5, F10, F15, and F20 blends were suggested as suitable biofuel alternatives to diesel.

Investigation and improvement on storage stability of pyrolysis oil obtained from Aegle marmelos de-oiled seed cake

ABSTRACT This study focuses on the effects of commercially available natural and synthetic antioxidants on the fuel stability of Aegle marmelos pyrolysis oil blends. Bio-oil was obtained from Aegle marmelos de-oiled seed cake in a pyrolysis reactor at 600ºC temperature. Characterization of pyrolysis oil blends regarding fuel stability was assessed by FT/IR by analyzing the band regions of C-H bonds. TBHQ dosage with bio-oil/diesel blend (F20D) augments the oxidation stability of 22.33%, and thermal stability of 27.05% when compared with pure pyrolysis oil/diesel blend (F20). The F20D was spectacles the superior fuel stability as compared with other blends.

Experimental investigation of the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fuelled by blends containing diesel s10, pyrolysis oil from used tires and biodiesel from waste cooking oil

Using tire‐derived fuels can offer an alternative solution for tackling the problem of tire disposal. Similarly, biodiesel from waste cooking oil allows for the reduction of most environmental impacts caused by the incorrect disposal of oil. Thus, an analysis of blends containing traditional diesel, different amounts of pyrolysis oil from used tires and biodiesel from waste cooking oil has been proposed herein, with the aim of investigating the feasibility of using them in a diesel engine and analyzing their emissions and power in comparison with traditional diesel fuel. Tests were carried out using a single‐cylinder diesel engine with a maximum rated power of 5.6 kW and its emissions were measured with a gas analyzer. The results revealed that using small amounts of tire pyrolysis oil in the blends (up to 5%) leads to a very small decrease in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) while emitting fewer CO and NOx pollutants, when compared to neat diesel. However, adding higher quantities of tire‐pyrolysis oil causes a notable loss in BTE while increasing CO, decreasing NOx and emitting considerably more sulfur. Finally, replacing portions of diesel with biodiesel in diesel‐tire pyrolysis oil blends decreased CO, but at the cost of increasing NOx emissions. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13146, 2019

Experimental assessment and multi-response optimization of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics fuelled with Aegle marmelos seed cake pyrolysis oil-diesel blends using Grey relational analysis coupled principal component analysis.

This research focuses on the detailed experimental assessment of compression ignition (CI) engine behavior fuelled with Aegle marmelos (AM) seed cake pyrolysis oil blends. The study on effects of engine performance and emission a characteristic was designed using L25 orthogonal array (OA). These multi-objectives were normalized through gray relational analysis (GRA). Likewise, the principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to assess the weighting values respective to every performance and emission characteristics. The variability induced by using the input process parameters was allocated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Hence, GRA-coupled PCA were employed to determine the optimal combination of CI engine control factors. The greater combination of engine characteristics levels were selected with F5 and W5. The higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) have been obtained for F20 fuel as 22.01% at peak engine load, which is 11.43% for diesel. At peak load condition, F20 fuel emits 14.99% lower HC and 18.52% lower CO as compared to diesel fuel. The improved engine performance and emission characters can be attained by setting the optimal engine parameter combination as F20 blend at full engine load condition. The validation experiments show an improved average engine performance of 67.36% and average lower emission of 64.99% with the composite desirability of 0.8458.

Characterization of pyrolysis bio-oil derived from intermediate pyrolysis of Aegle marmelos de-oiled cake: study on performance and emission characteristics of C.I. engine fueled with Aegle marmelos pyrolysis oil-blends.

The present research focuses on the analyzing the characteristics of bio-oil derived from intermediate pyrolysis of Aegle marmelos (AM) seed cake and its suitability for C.I. engine adaptation. Owing to the high volatile matter content of 73.69%, Aegle marmelos biomass was selected as the feedstock for this research. The intermediate pyrolysis was carried out at 600°C in a 2-kg fixed bed type pyrolysis reactor at a heating rate of 10°C/min and the obtained bio-oil was characterized by different analytical methods. As per American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards, physicochemical properties of the bio-oil were tested and it was observed that bio-oil is a highly viscous fluid with low calorific value. Analysis of bio-oil through FT-IR and GC-MS examination confirmed the presence of phenol, esters, alkyl, and oxygenated compounds. The performance and emission testing of direct injection diesel engine were conducted with various bio-oil blends and the results were compared with baseline diesel fuel. The experimental results showed that the addition of bio-oil decreased BTE (%) while increasing the BSEC (MJ/kW-h). At the same time, increasing the bio-oil ratio with diesel decreases dangerous emissions such as carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen emissions in the engine exhaust. According to engine test result, it was suggested that up to 20% of AM bio-oil (F20) can be employed as engine fuel for better engine operating characteristics.

Experimental investigation on performance and emission characteristics of waste tire pyrolysis oil–diesel blends in a diesel engine

Disposal of waste tires is one of the most important problems that should be solved. This problem can be solved by considering waste tires for production of hydrogen or fuel for diesel engines. This paper presents the studies on the performance and emission characteristics of a four stroke, four cylinders, naturally aspirated, direct-injected diesel engine running with various blends of waste tire pyrolysis oil (WTPO) with diesel fuel. Fuel properties, engine performance, and exhaust emissions of WTPO and its blends were analyzed and compared with those of petroleum diesel fuel. The experimental results showed that WTPO–diesel blends indicated similar performance with diesel fuel in terms of torque and power output of the test engine. It was found that the blends of pyrolysis oil of waste tire WTPO10 can efficiently be used in diesel engines without any engine modifications.

Fast Pyrolysis Oil Fuel Blend for Marine Vessels

The main driver for the investigation of fast pyrolysis oil marine fuel blends is EU directive 2012/33/EU which aims to cut the sulphur content of marine fuel and thereby reduce air pollution caused by marine vessels.The aim of this study was to investigate the miscibility of three‐ and four‐ component blends containing pyrolysis oil, 1‐butanol, biodiesel (RME) and/or marine gas oil (MGO). The ideal blend would be a stable homogenous product with a minimum amount of butanol, whilst maximising the amount of pyrolysis oil. A successful blend would have properties suitable for use in marine engines. In order to successfully utilise a marine fuel blend in commercial vessels it should meet minimum specification requirements such as a flash point ≥60°C.Blends of pyrolysis oil, RME, MGO and 1‐butanol were evaluated and characterised. The mixed blends were inspected after 48 hours for homogeneity and the results plotted on a tri‐plot phase diagram. Homogenous samples were tested for water content, pH, acid number, viscosity and flash point as these indicate a blend's suitability for engine testing.The work forms part of the ReShip Project which is funded by Norwegian industry partners and the Research Council of Norway (The ENERGIX programme). © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 677–684, 2017

Combustion of fuel blends containing digestate pyrolysis oil in a multi-cylinder compression ignition engine

Digestate from the anaerobic digestion conversion process is widely used as a farm land fertiliser. This study proposes an alternative use as a source of energy. Dried digestate was pyrolysed and the resulting oil was blended with waste cooking oil and butanol (10, 20 and 30vol.%). The physical and chemical properties of the pyrolysis oil blends were measured and compared with pure fossil diesel and waste cooking oil. The blends were tested in a multi-cylinder indirect injection compression ignition engine. Engine combustion, exhaust gas emissions and performance parameters were measured and compared with pure fossil diesel operation. The ASTM copper corrosion values for 20% and 30% pyrolysis blends were 2c, compared to 1b for fossil diesel. The kinematic viscosities of the blends at 40°C were 5–7 times higher than that of fossil diesel. Digested pyrolysis oil blends produced lower in-cylinder peak pressures than fossil diesel and waste cooking oil operation. The maximum heat release rates of the blends were approximately 8% higher than with fossil diesel. The ignition delay periods of the blends were higher; pyrolysis oil blends started to combust late and once combustion started burnt quicker than fossil diesel. The total burning duration of the 20% and 30% blends were decreased by 12% and 3% compared to fossil diesel. At full engine load, the brake thermal efficiencies of the blends were decreased by about 3–7% when compared to fossil diesel. The pyrolysis blends gave lower smoke levels; at full engine load, smoke level of the 20% blend was 44% lower than fossil diesel. In comparison to fossil diesel and at full load, the brake specific fuel consumption (wt.) of the 30% and 20% blends were approximately 32% and 15% higher. At full engine load, the CO emission of the 20% and 30% blends were decreased by 39% and 66% with respect to the fossil diesel. Blends CO2 emissions were similar to that of fossil diesel; at full engine load, 30% blend produced approximately 5% higher CO2 emission than fossil diesel. The study concludes that on the basis of short term engine experiment up to 30% blend of pyrolysis oil from digestate of arable crops can be used in a compression ignition engine.