Blender 3D Research Articles

Segmentation and Metallographic Evaluation of Aluminium Slurry Coatings Using Machine Learning Techniques

Analysis of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images is crucial for characterising aluminide diffusion coatings deposited via the slurry route on steels, yet challenging due to various factors like imaging artefacts, noise, and overlapping features such as resin, precipitates, cracks, and pores. This study focuses on determining the thicknesses of the coating layers Fe2Al5 and, if present, FeAl, pore characteristics, and chromium precipitate fractions after the heat treatment that forms the diffusion coating. A deep learning SEM image segmentation model utilising U-Net architecture is proposed. Ground truth data were generated using the trainable Weka segmentation plugin in ImageJ, manually refined for accuracy, and supplemented with synthetic data from Blender 3D software for data augmentation of a limited number of SEM label images. The deep learning model trained on a combination of synthetic and real SEM data achieved mean dice scores of 98.7% ± 0.2 for the Fe2Al5 layer, 82.6% ± 8.1 for pores, and 81.48% ± 3.6 for precipitates when evaluated on manually labelled SEM data. The deep learning procedure was applied to evaluate a series of SEM images of diffusion coatings obtained with three different slurry compositions. The evaluation revealed that using a slurry without a rheology modifier may lead to a thicker partial Fe2Al5 layer that is formed by inward diffusion. The relation between the outward and inward diffusion Fe2Al5 layers was not affected by the coating thickness. The thinner diffusion coating presents lower pores and chromium precipitate fractions independently of the slurry selected.

Advancing Precision Rhinoplasty: Preoperative Digital 3D Surgical Planning.

The aim of the study is to assess the efficacy and advantages of utilizing state-of-the-art three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction technology in preoperative planning for rhinoplasty surgery. It is a study of a single rhinoplasty case that was operated at a tertiary hospital. The patient was assessed through a detailed history, blood investigations, radiological investigations and preoperative 3D (three-dimensional) reconstruction of the face and nose. The study utilized high-resolution CT scans and 3D reconstruction software like 3D (three-dimensional) Slicer and Blender 3D (three-dimensional) to analyze nasal anatomy for preoperative planning in rhinoplasty. External and internal nasal measurements were taken, and axial cross-section analysis was conducted to assess nasal structure deviation. The benefits of 3D (three-dimensional) visualization in surgical planning were evaluated, and surgical management was based on preoperative reconstructions. Comprehensive preoperative evaluations were performed, adhering to ethical guidelines.Preoperative 3D (three-dimensional) reconstruction planning methods facilitated precise surgical planning and execution in rhinoplasty with satisfactory outcomes for both the patient and the surgeon. Incorporating 3D (three-dimensional) reconstruction technology in rhinoplasty preoperative planning enhances surgical precision and patient satisfaction, ensuring optimized surgical outcomes while adhering to ethical standards.

Visualization of Solar Radiation Using Three-Dimensional Computer Graphics Technologies

Currently, the prediction, calculation and rationing of solar radiation is a serious problem that has a wide impact on the spheres of human activity. Creating and maintaining a comfortable living environment, as well as solving the world's energy problems, are the fundamental criteria that determine its relevance. This article discusses the possibility of using three-dimensional graphics technologies to calculate insolation. The paper considers an algorithm for calculating the four main components of the visualization of global solar radiation: direct beam radiation, diffuse radiation, reflected beam radiation and reflected diffuse radiation. The freely distributed open source software Blender 3D is used as a tool for working with computer graphics. In the course of the study, calculations based on the principle of bidirectional path tracing, which is used in the visualization algorithms of the Cycles graphics engine, are presented. The use of the technology of transferring complex data to the raster image format allows you to create a separate texture map for each component of the simulated lighting. Based on the obtained texture maps, it is possible to calculate the global solar radiation for all created or imported 3D models in the three-dimensional space of Blender 3D.

IMPROVED RENDERING METHOD OF SKELETAL ANIMATION ON CONTROL POINTS BASE

Current research builds on an investigation of skeletal animation methods, focusing on the use of control points for managing limb movements. It thoroughly considers the relevance and significance of the chosen topic and its impact on creating realistic and effective visual projects in the modern world of digital graphics and reproduction. The research includes an analysis of the impact of sample quantity on the frame transitions smoothness and the rendering time to achieve a balance between quality and efficiency. It also involves refining the method through adaptation for execution on a GPU graphic processor. Studied Blender 3D engines (EEEVE and Cycles) allowed to analyze rendering performance on different computational architectures – CPU and GPU depending on sample values (60 and 128), frame number (250, 500, and 1000), and also the frame frequency at a rate of 30 frames per second. The goal of the research was an achievement of optimal balance between performance and realism in animation details reproduction. Three experiments were done to reach this goal and make the following conclusion: graphical processor utilization through the Cycles engine demonstrated a rendering acceleration of 43%, ranging from minimal to maximum settings. In the same time, the acceleration of the hybrid system via the EEVEE engine showed an acceleration of 15.2% only.

3D Animation: Cultivation and Processing of Aren Juice Content in North Sulawesi

Aren trees are able to produce raw materials for the craft industry. Almost all parts of the date palm can be used or have a sale value. Aren cultivation is still rarely done due to a lack of attention to the development of Aren plants by various parties. This study aims to make an animated film introducing Aren cultivation which can introduce the process of Aren cultivation. Animations are made in Blender 3D, which is software for creating 3D objects and animations. The method of making animation consist of making storyboards, modelling and texturing, rigging, forming sets, animation and rendering, as well as editing and final rendering. The resulting 3d animation of cultivating Aren is loaded sequentially in the animation starting from geo-content of aren areas, cultivation and processing of the Aren juice until it is ready to be packaged

EVOLUTION OF RENDERING BASED ON RADIANCE FIELDS. THE PALERMO CASE STUDY FOR A COMPARISON BETWEEN NERF AND GAUSSIAN SPLATTING

Abstract. In recent years there has been a rapid diffusion of new digitization methodologies based on radiance fields and the implementation of new rendering processes and learning systems based on neural networks. The article focuses on these new tools and how they can be used for the knowledge and dissemination of Cultural Heritage. A case study is then described regarding the video acquisition of a noble chapel of the Cemetery of Santa Maria dei Rotoli in Palermo to promote knowledge of ‘fragile’ artefacts, exposed to the risk of radical transformation or degradation, and thus protecting their conservation. The research aims to compare the first results obtained through the NeRF and Gaussian Splatting methodology which constitute the current state of the art of this type of processing; both the source algorithms (Nerfacto and 3D Gaussian Splatting) and the Luma AI web app were used, and data management was studied using third-party software such as Blender 3D, Unreal Engine 5.0 and the playcanvas game engine. The results obtained with this case study are of particular interest, above all for the processing of data useful for the visualization of heritage starting from unconventional acquisitions.

Multifocal multiview imaging and data compression based on angular-focal-spatial representation.

Multifocal multiview (MFMV) is an emerging high-dimensional optical data that allows to record richer scene information but yields huge volumes of data. To unveil its imaging mechanism, we present an angular-focal-spatial representation model, which decomposes high-dimensional MFMV data into angular, spatial, and focal dimensions. To construct a comprehensive MFMV dataset, we leverage representative imaging prototypes, including digital camera imaging, emerging plenoptic refocusing, and synthesized Blender 3D creation. It is believed to be the first-of-its-kind MFMV dataset in multiple acquisition ways. To efficiently compress MFMV data, we propose the first, to our knowledge, MFMV data compression scheme based on angular-focal-spatial representation. It exploits inter-view, inter-stack, and intra-frame predictions to eliminate data redundancy in angular, focal, and spatial dimensions, respectively. Experiments demonstrate the proposed scheme outperforms the standard HEVC and MV-HEVC coding methods. As high as 3.693 dB PSNR gains and 64.22% bitrate savings can be achieved.

Pelatihan 3D Modelling Menggunakan Blender Pada SMA Methodist-8 Medan

Training in the field of 3D Modeling using Blender has been completed for students at Methodist-8 Medan High School (SMA). The aim of this training is to provide basic understanding and skills in creating and designing animated 3D objects that can be expressed in real visual form, both in terms of shape, texture and size of the object using the Blender design tool. This training method includes several practical stages focusing on the introduction of Blender 3D, basic concepts of 3D animation, design, 3D measurements, framework and modeling, texturing and visualization. The students were given a step-by-step 3D Modeling learning guide and were guided directly on how to create and design animated 3D objects until completion by forming group teams to hone their skills in improving their creativity and understanding of the art of design that is responsive and has aesthetic value. The results of this training showed a 90% increase in students' understanding in learning the basic concepts of 3D animation with practical design tools using Blender. They were able to produce simple 3D modeling designs with good animated 3D objects, appropriate textures so that the resulting objects looked real, then implemented the results of their designs in the form of animating character visualizations and 100% response from the students requested that this training be continued in the activity session next period of community service.

Technical note: A collision prediction tool using Blender.

Non-coplanar radiotherapy treatment techniques on C-arm linear accelerators have the potential to reduce dose to organs-at-risk in comparison with coplanar treatment techniques. Accurately predicting possible collisions between gantry, table and patient during treatment planning is needed to ensure patient safety. We offer a freely available collision prediction tool using Blender, a free and open-source 3D computer graphics software toolset. A geometric model of a C-arm linear accelerator including a library of patient models is created inside Blender. Based on the model, collision predictions can be used both to calculate collision-free zones and to check treatment plans for collisions. The tool is validated for two setups, once with and once without a full body phantom with the same table position. For this, each gantry-table angle combination with a 2° resolution is manually checked for collision interlocks at a TrueBeam system and compared to simulated collision predictions. For the collision check of a treatment plan, the tool outputs the minimal distance between the gantry, table and patient model and a video of the movement of the gantry and table, which is demonstrated for one use case. A graphical user interface allows user-friendly input of the table and patient specification for the collision prediction tool. The validation resulted in a true positive rate of 100%, which is the rate between the number of correctly predicted collision gantry-table combinations and the number of all measured collision gantry-table combinations, and a true negative rate of 89%, which is the ratio between the number of correctly predicted collision-free combinations and the number of all measured collision-free combinations. A collision prediction tool is successfully created and able to produce maps of collision-free zones and to test treatment plans for collisions including visualisation of the gantry and table movement.

ANALYSIS AND SELECTION OF TOOLS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN APPLICATION WITH ELEMENTS OF AUGMENTED REALITY IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION

The article includes review, analysis and selection of application development instruments with augmented reality elements. The object and subject of the study were identified as well. The assessment of the need in an application with elements of augmented reality in educational field was carried out by conducting a survey among students of higher educational institutions. Such tools as Vuforia, Tango, ARCore, ARKit were observed. Instruments for development of the application in order to choose a suitable one to integrate augmented reality technology, for. ex. Unity 3D, Unreal Engine. Instruments of 3D model design and illustrations were also analyzed. for ex. Blender 3D, 3Ds Max. Advantages and disadvantages of every kind of application are considered, that allows to justify the choice of instruments for development of the application with augmented reality elements in the educational field.

Pharaoh Tutankhamun: a novel 3D digital facial approximation

This article offers a novel and original facial reconstruction of pharaoh Tutankhamun based on data published in the biomedical and Egyptological literature. The reconstruction adopts the Blender 3D software, running the add-on OrtogOnBlender, which allows for a refined presentation of the soft tissues. The present reconstruction is also compared to other approaches produced in the past.

Marine mammal morphometrics: 3D modeling and estimation validation

Techniques of 3D modeling have earned increasing popularity in scientific studies as they offered unprecedented traits in representing objects. As with all mathematical models, the 3D model will be useful once its accuracy has been validated with direct measurements and the robustness of its predictive capability tested. Although measures of body mass and volume are essential to comprehend the life history of animals, such morphometrics, especially total volume, are challenging to obtain from marine mammals due to their elusive nature, aquatic lifestyle, and large size. In this study, accurate measurements of body volume were directly detected from fresh carcasses of eleven finless porpoises (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri) and used to validate 3D models recreated from the same animals using Blender 3D graphics. Published models using truncated cones or elliptical shapes, based on 3, 5, 8, or 19 measurements of girths or heights & widths along the body, were also applied to porpoises to verify their accuracy. The Blender-generated 3D model produced the most accurate estimates of body volume compared to conventional truncated models, with a mean error of only 2.5% to the direct volume measurements. When photogrammetric images are available, the model can predict the body volumes based on total length alone. Similar accuracy was possible with the elliptical model using 19 height & width measurements (5% increments in total length). However, significant (p < 0.001) inaccuracy resulted from truncated models with 3, 5, or 8 girth measurements and elliptical models with 3 or 5 height & width measurements, and the accuracy of these models also decreased significantly as the number of measurement sites was reduced. Moreover, Blender 3D models can be extrapolated to animals with images absent, and such predicted volumes were tested to be trustworthy (overall skill = 0.998, r = 0.998, p < 0.01). Therefore, we recommend that researchers use either digital 3D models or elliptical models with 5% increments sectioning the torso to obtain accurate estimates of the body volumes of free-ranging marine mammals.

Presenting technological workflows

Presenting technological workflows

Augmented reality with Marker Based Tracking for Introduction to Hydroponics

This research explains the implementation of Augmented Reality (AR) technology with Marker Based Tracking method in the hydroponic recognition system at Pesantren Nurul Huda. This system can assist students in the learning process about the maintenance of hydroponic plants by adding visual and interactive information to the hydroponic plants in the pesantren. In addition, this system can also assist in the management of hydroponic plants by adding features for monitoring the condition of the plants and providing appropriate care recommendations. The results of this research are expected to increase students' interest in agriculture and help in the management of hydroponic plants at Pesantren Nurul Huda. Augmented Reality (AR) can be implemented based on image or picture detection, commonly known as Marker Based Tracking method. By pointing the camera towards the printed image or marker. AR can be applied in 3D hydroponic plant learning system by displaying objects such as types of plants, systems, and growing media. The marker will be detected by the camera and display 3D objects of hydroponic plants, systems, and growing media so that the hydroponic object can be observed in reality. The multimedia development uses Blender and Unity 3D.
 
 Keywords: Augmented realit , Marker Based Tracking, Hydroponics

Analysis of progressive collapse process of RC structures based on hybrid framework of FEM-physics engine

High-fidelity collapse process and reasonable debris accumulation and distribution after collapse are very critical to carry out post-disaster investigations and show why collapse happens. Moreover, previous researches on progressive collapse is more concerned with structural behavior in resisting collapse and pays little attention to the dynamic response after collapse criterion is reached. Therefore, a hybrid numerical framework is developed through combining the advantages of the finite element method (FEM) and the physics engine (PE), which provides new ideas for studying the full collapse process of structures. In this paper, based on previous work, such hybrid framework is further developed with efforts on element merging technique in the model mapping process from a FE model to a PE model and determination of connection constraints in the PE model. Then, a new Python-based interface program is developed to integrate the FE model using LS-DYNA and the PE model using Blender 3D. The accuracy of FEM-PE framework is verified by a collapse test of a flat plate structure, and an RC frame structure is designed for studying full process of progressive collapse. Results show that FEM-PE simulation can achieve accurate nonlinear structure behavior at small deformation and high-fidelity collapse at large deformation. To obtain reasonable debris accumulation, a single beam, column and slab should be meshed with the element number no more than 3, 2 and 3 × 3 in PE models, respectively. For a seismically designed RC frame structure, a single column removal scenario cannot initiate the collapse, but the simultaneous removal of a corner and a neighouring penultimate column generates the propagated collapse mode.

Applying Web Augmented Reality to Unexplosive Ordnance Risk Education

Unexploded Ordnances (UXOs) are considered a global concern and a persistent hazard due to their capability to endanger civilians and the place where they are located, and the probability of remaining active explosives even after decades of ending a conflict. Hence, risk education is crucial for providing individuals with life-saving knowledge on recognizing, avoiding, and reporting UXO threats. The main objective of this study is to develop a web augmented reality (AR) application to investigate the effect of WAR on non-explosive ordnance risk education. Firstly, UXO 3D models are edited and constructed using the Blender 3D computer graphics software. Secondly, the proposed web AR application is developed using MindAR JavaScript-based library. Finally, the web application QR code and UXO Hiro codes are printed on infographics and brochures to be distributed to secondary school students aged 12 to 18 at six public and private schools in Tikrit City, Salah al-Din governorate, Iraq. Survey questions are validated and distributed to be collected from 137 respondents. The present study shows that the proposed web AR application increased respondents’ information in identifying UXO by 54.7%. Approximately 70% of respondents use the Internet for more than 3 h daily. Institutions should use new risk education methods in line with the tremendous technological growth and invest students’ knowledge and time in this field. Better risk education teaching methods can save lives.

An Online Dissemination Workflow for the Scientific Process in CH through Semantic 3D: EMtools and EMviq Open Source Tools

This article explores the use of open source 3D tools to improve the transformation of the archaeological record into a virtual reconstruction. The goal of the research was to improve the dissemination of complete reconstructive Extended Matrix (EM) datasets, organized by epochs, to allow a “time travel” experience, by means of the EMviq online service “metaphor”. This article presents an incremental version (ver. 1.3.1) of EMtools (add-on for Blender 3D) and a renewed version of EMviq. These two original open source (GPL3) tools have been developed, on one hand, to facilitate the process of semantic enrichment and source-based 3D modeling of cultural contexts (EMtools) and, on the other hand, to visually inspect data within immersive virtual reality viewers, online (WebXR), or via mobile devices (EMviq). An application case is shown to illustrate the entire work-flow from the archaeological stratigraphic reading to the representation of the virtual reconstruction of what a context must have looked like at a given time in antiquity.

Multimodal measurements of levator bowl volume in nulligravid asymptomatic women: endovaginal ultrasound versus MRI.

Measurements of levator bowl volume using advanced imaging, may be predictive of pelvic floor muscle function. The aim of this study was to compare the volume of the levator bowl using both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and endovaginal ultrasound (EVU) of healthy asymptomatic women. All participants underwent a comprehensive interview including completion of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory Questionnaire-20 questionnaire, pelvic examination with a pelvic organ prolapse quantification evaluation, MRI, and EVU. The pelvic floor was segmented using Slicer and the MRI segmentations were trimmed using two methods: soft-tissue landmarks and the field of view (FOV) of the ultrasound volume. The levator bowl volume of the 3D segmented shapes was measured using Blender's 3D printing toolkit. Normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilks test and comparisons were made using self-paired t tests. The final analysis included 19 patients. Levator bowl volume measured via MRI was larger than that measured in EVU (46.1 ± 7.9 cm3 vs 27.4 ± 5.9 cm3, p<0.001). Reducing the FOV of the MRI to that of EVU caused the MRI volume to be much closer to the EVU volume (35.5 ± 3.3 cm3 vs 27.4 ± 5.9 cm3, p<0.001); however, it remained significantly larger. Levator bowl volume measured using MRI was larger than that measured using EVU no matter the method of delineation of the levator muscles. Although EVU is safe, cheap, and easy to perform, it captures a smaller volume of levator bowel than MRI.

Historical Application of the Formation of the Three Greatest Islamic Kingdoms of the Middle Ages Based on Augmented Reality

The importance of studying Islamic Cultural History (SKI), especially the history of the formation of the three largest medieval Islamic empires, namely that students are able to understand and get many valuable lessons from the events of Islamic revival and struggle, so that they can shape the character of a generation with Islamic values. However, the results of observations made in Private Madrasah Aliyah, Raden Patah, Mojokerto, class X for SKI learning still use the blackboard and in delivering the material it is done by the lecture method. This method resulted in 52% of students being less enthusiastic. Students will be easily sleepy and lazy if only offered learning without innovative media. Then we need a learning method using Augmented Reality (AR) technology, which combines virtual objects and real objects that can be touched and seen so that users can interact directly with these objects. This study aims to create an application as a more effective and interactive learning media in SKI subjects. making this application using Blender 3D as modeling and Unity 3D as application development.

Analysis of Eevee Engine Rendering Engineering in Making 3D Animation Videos Mukomuko Hospital

Blender is a free and open source 3D computer software, Blender is used to create animated films, visual effects, and video games. This software features 3D modeling, UV unwrapping, texturing, ringing and skinning, fluid and smoke simulation, particle simulation, animating, match moving, camera tracking, rendering, video editing, compositing and a built-in game engine. Where we can design and create 3D animated films not only as a medium of entertainment in cinema, but also can be used in various fields including visual socialization media, which can bring new colors in the delivery of information. The formulation of this research is to determine how long the render time is generated to perform the rendering process using the Eevee rendering engine in Blender Software with a video duration of 54 seconds and a resolution of 320, 720, 1080 pixels on the 3D animation video of Mukomuko Hospital and the quality of the graphics/visuals produced by Eevee rendering engine. The animation video used is the 3D animation “Mukomuko Hospital”. The process of making animation using Blender 3D application and Adobe Premiere CC animation video design. The software used is Blender 2.82. The duration of the video analyzed using Eevee Engine Render is 54 seconds. The image resolution analyzed using the Eevee Engine is 320, 720 and 1080 pixels. The conclusion of this research is in the pre, production and post production process of 3D animation video at RSUD Mukomuko in accordance with the planning made previously. The rendering time generated to perform the rendering process using the Eevee rendering engine in Blender Software with a video duration of 54 seconds and a resolution of 320, 720, 1080 pixels, obtained various results with their respective advantages and disadvantages.