Types Of Blends Research Articles

The Development of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-Based Blends and Modification Strategies: Methods of Improving Key Properties towards Technical Applications-Review.

The widespread use of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) from packaging to engineering applications seems to follow the current global trend. The development of high-performance PLA-based blends has led to the commercial introduction of various PLA-based resins with excellent thermomechanical properties. The reason for this is the progress in the field of major PLA limitations such as low thermal resistance and poor impact strength. The main purpose of using biobased polymers in polymer blends is to increase the share of renewable raw materials in the final product rather than its possible biodegradation. However, in the case of engineering applications, the focus is on achieving the required properties rather than maximizing the percentage of biopolymer. The presented review article discusses the current strategies to optimize the balance of the key features such as stiffness, toughness, and heat resistance of PLA-based blends. Improving of these properties requires molecular structural changes, which together with morphology, crystallinity, and the influence of the processing conditions are the main subjects of this article. The latest research in this field clearly indicates the high potential of using PLA-based materials in highly demanding applications. In the case of impact strength modification, it is possible to obtain values close to 800 J/m, which is a value comparable to polycarbonate. Significant improvement can also be confirmed for thermal resistance results, where heat deflection temperatures for selected types of PLA blends can reach even 130 °C after modification. The modification strategies discussed in this article confirm that a properly conducted process of selecting the blend components and the conditions of the processing technique allows for revealing the potential of PLA as an engineering plastic.

Insight of effects of air quality and sustainable aviation fuel blend on energy saving and emission reduction in airport

Air quality in airport attracts a widespread attention due to the emission of GHGs and pollutants related with aircraft flight. Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) has confirmed PM2.5 reduction due to free of aromatics and sulphur, and thus air quality improvement in airport is prospected by SAF blend. Two types of SAF were assessed the potential of energy saving and emission reduction by ZF850 jet engine. FT fuel is characterized with only paraffins without aromatics and cycloparaffins while HCHJ fuels is characterized with no aromatics. The descend of air quality and SAF blend were both investigated the effect on the engine performance and emission characteristic. The critical parameters were extracted from fuel compositions and air pollutants. Ambient air with a higher PM2.5 could lead to the rise of engine emission especially in UHC and PM2.5 despite at the low thrust setting and high thrust setting, and even couple with 3.2% rise in energy consumption and 1% reduction in combustion efficiency. CO, NO and NO2 in ambient air show less influence on engine performance and emission characteristic than PM2.5. Both types of SAF blend were observed significant reductions in PM2.5 and UHC. PM2.5 reduction obtained 37.9%—99.8% by FT blend and 0.64%-93.9% by HCHJ blend through the whole trust settings. There are almost 6.67% positive benefit in TSFC through the whole thrust setting by 7% FT blend. The effects of air quality and SAF blend on engine emission present significant changes on PM and UHC but the slight change on CO and NOx. By SAF blend, the energy saving and pollutant reduction obtained could be both benefit for air quality improvement in airport and further reduce engine emission as the feedback of less pollutants in ambient air.Graphical

A new phosphorus fertilizer blend enhances grain legume yield and profitability in northern part of Ghana

Low concentrations of phosphorus limit grain legumes’ yield in the northern part of Ghana. Smallholder farmers could benefit from P-fertilizer blends to improve yield. This study evaluated the responses of soybean, cowpea and groundnut to P-fertilizer blends and their profitability in researcher-managed and farmer-managed trials in Northern, Upper West, and Upper East regions. The experiment was set up in a cross-factorial arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were two types of P-fertilizer blends (triple superphosphate and new yaraLegume applied at 30 kg P ha−1), a control and three varieties each of soybean (TGX 1835-10E, TGX 1789-8E and TGX 1834-5E), cowpea (Padituya, Wang-Kae and Kirkhouse), and groundnut (Samnut 23, Samnut 22 and Yenyawwaso). P-fertilizer blends increased grain yield of grain legumes in researcher-managed trials. In the researcher-managed trials, P-fertilizer blends doubled the nodulation of soybean varieties but did not influence the nodulation of cowpea and groundnut. P-fertilizer blends increased P-agronomic efficiency over control; however, the different P-fertilizer blends had similar P-use efficiencies. In farmer-managed trials, only the yield of groundnuts varied with the different P-fertilizer blends in the Upper West region, suggesting that P utilization may be location-specific for groundnuts. P-fertilizer blends increased the grain yield of soybean and cowpea varieties in the Northern and Upper West regions but not the Upper East region. The interaction between soybean and cowpea varieties and P-fertilizer blends was not significant. P-fertilizer blends recorded a higher value cost ratios (VCRs) that can offset uncertainties in price fluctuations. The high VCRs indicated that P-fertilizer blends were profitable and could be used to improve the livelihoods of smallholder grain legume farmers. The study demonstrated that grain legumes responded to P-fertilizer blends and are profitable. However, the non-responsive nature of the Upper East soils needs to be investigated to make P-fertilizer blends profitable in the region.

Unsupervised Clustering-Assisted Method for Consensual Quantitative Analysis of Methanol-Gasoline Blends by Raman Spectroscopy.

Methanol-gasoline blends have emerged as a promising and environmentally friendly bio-fuel option, garnering widespread attention and promotion globally. The methanol content within these blends significantly influences their quality and combustion performance. This study explores the qualitative and qualitative analysis of methanol-gasoline blends using Raman spectroscopy coupled with machine learning methods. Experimentally, methanol-gasoline blends with varying methanol concentrations were artificially configured, commencing with initial market samples. For qualitative analysis, the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model was employed to classify the categories of blends, demonstrating high prediction performance with an accuracy of nearly 100% classification. For the quantitative analysis, a consensus model was proposed to accurately predict the methanol content. It integrates member models developed on clustered variables, using the unsupervised clustering method of the self-organizing mapping neural network (SOM) to accomplish the regression prediction. The performance of this consensus model was systemically compared to that of the PLS model and uninformative variable elimination (UVE)-PLS model. Results revealed that the unsupervised consensus model outperformed other models in predicting the methanol content across various types of methanol gasoline blends. The correlation coefficients for prediction sets consistently exceeded 0.98. Consequently, Raman spectroscopy emerges as a suitable choice for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of methanol-gasoline blend quality. This study anticipates an increasing role for Raman spectroscopy in analysis of fuel composition.

Effect of compaction degree on the topological characteristics of force chain network (FCN) in aggregate blend

Aggregates are the main carrier to resist external loads for asphalt pavement, and the characteristics of force chain network (FCN) in aggregate blend are closely related to the skeleton performance of asphalt mixture. This study analyzed the effect of compaction degree of aggregate blend on the topological characteristics of FCN using discrete element (DEM) and complex network theory. Six types of aggregate blends with different gradations were generated and compacted using DEM software EDEM. The compaction degree was evenly divided into 7 parts from the loose to the compacted states. FCN topology graph (FCNTG) of aggregate blend at each compaction degree was built according to the contact information between aggregates and the definition of complex network. The features of each FCNTG were quantified using the indicators characterizing complex network (including degree, vertex strength, clustering coefficient, and path length). The effect of compaction degree on the characteristics of FCN was analyzed. The results showed that complex network theory is a feasible method for investigating aggregate blend FCN. Each topological feature indicator in complex network method can be used to analyze the internal structural features of aggregate blend. With increasing compaction degree, the average degree and the average vertex strength of aggregate blend FCN and different size particles increase gradually, the clustering performance of particles becomes better gradually, and the average path length of FCN decreases gradually. There is a good linear relationship between the compaction degree and each topology indicator except the vertex strength. The compaction can reduce the dispersion degree of the contact forces between particles in aggregate blend and make it more uniform. It can also shorten the path length between two particles, which is important to improve the efficiency of transferring the external load.

Molecular Spectroscopic (FTIR and UV-Vis) Analysis and In Vitro Antibacterial Investigation of a Deep Eutectic Solvent of N,N-Dimethyl Urea-Citric Acid

The intriguing pursuit of environmentally friendly solvents with tailored properties for diverse applications is a focal point of numerous studies, encompassing precursor selection, thorough characterization, and the exploration of potential applications. The study aims to assess the physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of deep eutectic solvents (DES) produced from N,N-dimethyl urea (DMU) and citric acid (CA), highlighting differences from their individual precursors. Various mass ratio variations of (DMU, solid) and (CA, solid) (DMU:CA = 1.0:1.0; 1.0:1.5; 1.0:2.0; 2.0: 1.0; 1.5:1.0) have been tested to make DES solvents through the melt process. Both types of blends generally melt at a temperature of 80°C. The overall liquid resulting from the melting of solids was generally clear in color. Molecular analysis using an infrared spectrophotometer showed some insignificant shifts from one product to another, compared with DMU and CA as precursors. Likewise, analysis using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer, when the entire sample was dissolved in demineralized water (2 mg/mL), showed no difference in the spectrum. In addition, functional group analysis using a spectrophotometer showed some minor changes, mainly shifts in peaks due to changes in the DMU:CA ratio. This may be due to the interaction of the hydrogen donor and the hydrogen acceptor in DES. All samples showed absorption peaks in the ultraviolet region of 202-210 nm. The resulting DES application showed growth inhibitory activity for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria in all products produced. The same analysis of the two types of precursors used showed that only CA had activity, but DMU did not have similar activity.

Comparison of Heard and Imagined Blends of Instrumental Dyads

Timbral blend is fundamental in various musical activities for shaping sounds and musical intentions. Previous studies on blend perception have mostly focused on sounding blends, neglecting imagined blend made possible by inner hearing where sounds are imagined in the mind. Experiment 1 investigated how imagined blend compares to the perception of heard blend and whether musical background has an effect. Two groups of participants (musicians and nonmusicians; N = 31 per group) were presented with pairs of short instrument sounds in unison from 14 different instruments in two different experimental conditions. In the first condition, paired sounds were played sequentially, and participants were instructed to imagine them being played simultaneously and to rate their degree of blend. In the second condition, pairs of instrument sounds were played simultaneously, and participants were asked to rate the perceived degree of blend. Results showed significant interaction effects among the instrument pairs, presentation conditions, and musical backgrounds. Acoustic modeling and multidimensional scaling of blend ratings showed both varying and invariant roles of different acoustic features between the two types of blend perception. Imagining blend appears to be more sensitive to differences in brightness and richness of the high partial content between the blending sounds. Experiment 2 with 48 participants was conducted on the perception of dissimilarity between instruments, using the same stimuli as the previous experiment. Results from this experiment provided evidence that evaluating imagined blends is strongly informed by judging the dissimilarity of blending instruments. In practice, how the two types of blends differ is a result of complex interactions involving the specificity of blending instruments and listeners’ musical backgrounds.

Lexical Blending in Romanian Academic Dictionaries

Lexical blending has been viewed in Romanian linguistics only as a spontaneous and involuntary process, whereby two (near-)synonyms are fused together into a hybrid form. However, not all the lexical blends recorded in the main Romanian academic dictionaries (DA-DLR, DEX, DELR) conform to this mainstream view, as the dictionaries record a small number of deliberate blends, as well as other types of speech error blends. We analysed 560 along several criteria, such as: the blending patterns, i.e., the way in which their source-words are clipped and combined, the phonological contour, i.e., the metric pattern of the blend as compared to its source-words, the overlapping segments, the semantic relation between the source-words, and also the semantic relation between the blend and the source-words. In all these respects, there are significant differences between the speech error blends and the deliberate ones, as the speech errors tend to combine source-words that are more similar to each other, and render opaquer outputs, whereas deliberate blends tend to clip less and thus increase source-word recognizability.

Implementation of Improved Accounting and Digital Marketing Applications at Binoemar Roastery MSMEs

The community service activities that we carry out are to help MSMEs survive and develop in the future. Our implementation of community service is providing training, assistance, and motivation to remain sustainable in entrepreneurship for MSMEs. Community service activities were carried out on July-August 2023 at Binoemar Roastery MSMEs, Krajan Hamlet, Banyuwangi. This MSME is engaged in processing coffee beans and opening a coffee cafe. The production results include Original Coffee Powder with Arabica, House Blend, Excelsa, Lanang Coffee, and Robusta types. Apart from selling ground coffee, it also sells mature coffee beans under the name Authentik. Gold sizes start from Small, Large, Jumbo, Premium, and Gold. Apart from that, it also sells golden packages that can be directly brewed, namely K-POP, at a price of Rp. 8,000,-. The original sales system was by leaving it in souvenir shops in Banyuwangi Regency. Binoemar Roastery has not recorded income and expenses from its business. As a result of training and mentoring at Binoemar Roastery with various problems, we provided assistance for 1 month. So the result of what we do is provide a simple form of bookkeeping in Excel form and accompany its operation. Create digital marketing through the Shopee and TikTok applications.

AN ANALYSIS OF PAUSE AND SLIP OF THE TONGUE IN ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDENTS OF UNMA BANTEN

Speech errors can happen to everyone in every activity. This is inseparable from the world of education, one of which is microteaching activities. In its implementation in the English Education Study Program at Mathla'ul Anwar University Banten, there were several pauses and slips of the tongue that occurred. This research uses a qualitative approach. This research method is descriptive-qualitative. The data collection methods in this study involved observation, documentation, and checklists. In this study, the researchers conducted an obtrusive study by contacting several subjects and making observations to obtain data according to the formulation of the problem. The visual form of documentation that is the source of data is the microteaching video of sixth semester students of the English Education Study Program at Mathla'ul Anwar University Banten one video for one academic year, start from the 2019/2020 academic year to the 2022/2023 academic year. The results showed that all data, namely Subject A1 to Subject D1, had both types of pauses based on Fromkin's theory, namely silent pauses and filled pauses. While there are only 3 out of 6 types of tongue slips based on Dardjowidjojo theory, there are anticipation, transposition, and perseveration. While there is no slip of the tongue for the types of blend, malapropism, and substitution. In this research, speech errors such as pauses and slips of the tongue were caused by fatigue, a focus on accents, not mastering the material or vocabulary, nervousness, rushed, and the habit of saying the words “eee” and “aaa”. This finding also expects other researchers to further analyze psycholinguistics so as to minimize other speech errors.

Lexical Shortening and Blending: An Innovative Word Formation Process in Arabic

A corpus of 170 partial Arabic blends in which the first and/or second constituents are shortened was collected from several Arabic resources and subjected to further analysis to explore the structure of Arabic partial blends; blend types (attributive/headed); which constituents and which part is shortened; the kind of relation that exists between the constituents of Arabic blends; and the contexts or registers which favour the formation of lexical blends. Blends consist of two or more words merged into one new word. Blending involves shortening of one constituent or both. It involves creating new words by omitting part of the original word but retaining its original meaning. Partial blends consist of a splinter, i.e. shortened constituent (تركو Turko; انجلو Ango, افرو Afro, قطر Qatar, ايبرو Iberian, أورو Euro,يهو Jewish, أحيو biology, القرو-وسطي , أمنو security, سع Saudi, جمهو republic) and a head (full constituent) that combines with it. Data analysis showed the following: (i) compounds with multiple blends with different splinters from the same lexical items (فَحْم السكر carbon+sugar > فَحْمَس ،فَسْكَر ،فَحْسك ، فَحْكَر); (ii) blends with a final reduction in the first constituent كهرمغنيطيسي) electromagnetic(; (iii) blends with a splinter as a first constituent+the combining vowel /o/ (تركوخليجي Turkish+Gulf; هندو إيراني Indo-Iranian); (iv) three-and four-constituent blends (الأنجلو-صهيو-فارسي-أمريكي Anglo+Zio+ Persian+American); (v) Blends with prefixes that are shortened particles/adverbs (قبتاريخ pre-historic; بيسطري interlinear; فوبنفسجي ultraviolet; غِبُّلوغ post puberty; تحبحري undersea); (vi) blends with initial reduction in the second constituent resulting in the suffix {el} (امريكائيل) America+el last syllable in Israel); (vii) splinters with initial reduction in the second constituent (بيروتشيما Beirut +Hiroshima; عبقريشتاين (genius+Einstein); (viii) imperfect blends with final reduction of first constituent + initial reduction of second constituent (متشائل pessimist+optimist; جزائسطينية Algeria+Palestinian); (ix) technical blends (برمجاني freeware; حَمْضَلون acid+vinegar); and (ix) blends with overlapping consonants (أنفمي nose+mouth; عربيزي Arabic+English; قببلوغ (قبل+بلوغ) pre-puberty; سوداناس Sudan people). Syntactically and semantically, the relation between constituents of a blend containing a prefix/suffix is exocentric and syntagmatic but it is endocentric and paradigmatic in blends in most of the categories. Recommendations for testing the Arabic blend recognition, comprehension and interpretation by translation students are given.

Prediction and evolution of core-shell morphology and their effect on mechanical properties of PP blends

The prediction of phase morphology is highly valuable in designing and regulating the properties of multiphase composites, particularly polymer blends. In this study, we prepared two types of ternary blends, PP/HDPE/EPR and PP/HDPE/EPDM composites and compared and analyzed the predicted and observed phase morphology of blends with different elastomers. Using Palierne and Bousmina equations, we calculated the interfacial tensions between two components in PP blends and then predicted the relationship between the spreading coefficient, interfacial tension, and phase morphology according to the spreading coefficient theory. Based on our findings, it was observed that the core-shell structure of EPR and EPDM rubber phase encapsulated HDPE core tends to form in PP ternary blends, which aligns with our experimental results. Additionally, SEM morphology observation results revealed a less number of dispersed phases in PP/HDPE/EPR composites with the same composition ratio. It was observed that the shell had a greater thickness due to the difficulty in dispersing EPR with higher viscosity. Mechanical tests indicated that composites with thin-shell and small-core dispersed phases had better toughness. These composites also displayed less yield strength loss under the same impact conditions compared to those with single rubber phases.

Polyaryletherketone Based Blends: A Review.

This review aims to report the status of the research on polyaryletherketone-based thermoplastic blends (PAEK). PAEK are high-performance copolymers able to replace metals in many applications including those related to the environmental and energy transition. PAEK lead to the extension of high-performance multifunctional materials to target embedded electronics, robotics, aerospace, medical devices and prostheses. Blending PAEK with other thermostable thermoplastic polymers is a viable option to obtain materials with new affordable properties. First, this study investigates the miscibility of each couple. Due to different types of interactions, PAEK-based thermoplastic blends go from fully miscible (with some polyetherimides) to immiscible (with polytetrafluoroethylene). Depending on the ether-to-ketone ratio of PAEK as well as the nature of the second component, a large range of crystalline structures and blend morphologies are reported. The PAEK-based thermoplastic blends are elaborated by melt-mixing or solution blending. Then, the effect of the composition and blending preparation on the mechanical properties are investigated. PAEK-based thermoplastic blends give rise to the possibility of tuning their properties to design novel materials. However, we demonstrate hereby that significant research effort is needed to overcome the lack of knowledge on the structure/morphology/property relationships for those types of high-performance thermoplastic blends.

SYNTACTICAL ERROR ANALYSIS OF ABSTRACT THESIS BY UNDER GRADUATE STUDENTS OF SEKOLAH TINGGI BAHASA ASING (STIBA)-IEC BEKASI

This study is motivated by observation data, which shows that the majority of students believe writing is difficult. To address this issue, the author conducts research to determine the types of syntactical errors, the dominant type of syntactical errors, and the factors that influence the students' syntactical errors. The descriptive qualitative research method is used in this study. The data are drawn from abstract theses written by undergraduate students at Sekolah Tinggi Bahasa Asing (STIBA)-IEC Bekasi from 2017 to 2019. The research results have been categorized according to James' (1998) classification of syntactical errors proposed in Error in Language Learning and Use. The analysis reveals the existence of five distinct types of syntactical errors, namely omission, addition, misformation, misordering, and blend. Among these, misformation emerges as the predominant type of syntactical error committed by the students. Furthermore, the occurrence of these syntactical errors is found to be influenced by both inter-lingual and intra-lingual factors.

Theoretical foundations and mechanisms of polymer compatibilization

The article describes the main characteristics of polymeric materials that affects their compatibility, types of polymer blends and features of their morphology, and the main mechanisms of combination (compatibilization) of polymers.

Kinetika Kristalisasi Campuran Minyak Sawit Bebas Asam Lemak Trans untuk Produksi Margarin

Non-trans-fat (NTF) margarine was produced by substituting partially-hydrogenated palm oil in margarine oil blend with fully-hydrogenated palm oil. Three types of NTF oil blends were used in this study. To obtain an NTF oil blend with similar physical properties to the reference oil blend, which contain partially-hydrogenated oil, the melting properties and crystallization kinetics were evaluated. The iodine value of raw material oil was measured, and the oil was mixed to form the margarine oil blends. Fatty acid composition (FAC) and solid fat content (SFC) of the oil blends were examined. Melting properties of the oil blends were determined based on SFC analysis, while crystallization kinetics were determined using Avrami model. The results showed that there was no trans fatty acids detected in the NTF oil blends. The rate of crystallization constant (k) of the Avrami index of reference oil and NTF-1 oil blend were 0.1413 ± 0.0047 and 0.1369 ± 0.0016 min-n, respectively, whilst their Avrami exponent (n) were 0.93 ± 0.02 and 0.94 ± 0.01, respectively. There was no significant difference on these Avrami indexes, and therefore NTF-1 oil blend could be selected as an alternative oil blend for margarine production.

Toughening Effect of 2,5-Furandicaboxylate Polyesters on Polylactide-Based Renewable Fibers.

This work presents the successful preparation and characterization of polylactide/poly(propylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PLA/PPF) and polylactide/poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PLA/PBF) blends in form of bulk and fiber samples and investigates the influence of poly(alkylene furanoate) (PAF) concentration (0 to 20 wt%) and compatibilization on the physical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Both blend types, although immiscible, are successfully compatibilized by Joncryl (J), which improves the interfacial adhesion and reduces the size of PPF and PBF domains. Mechanical tests on bulk samples show that only PBF is able to effectively toughen PLA, as PLA/PBF blends with 5-10 wt% PBF showed a distinct yield point, remarkable necking propagation, and increased strain at break (up to 55%), while PPF did not show significant plasticizing effects. The toughening ability of PBF is attributed to its lower glass transition temperature and greater toughness than PPF. For fiber samples, increasing the PPF and PBF amount improves the elastic modulus and mechanical strength, particularly for PBF-containing fibers collected at higher take-up speeds. Remarkably, in fiber samples, plasticizing effects are observed for both PPF and PBF, with significantly higher strain at break values compared to neat PLA (up to 455%), likely due to a further microstructural homogenization, enhanced compatibility, and load transfer between PLA and PAF phases following the fiber spinning process. SEM analysis confirms the deformation of PPF domains, which is probably due to a "plastic-rubber" transition during tensile testing. The orientation and possible crystallization of PPF and PBF domains contribute to increased tensile strength and elastic modulus. This work showcases the potential of PPF and PBF in tailoring the thermo-mechanical properties of PLA in both bulk and fiber forms, expanding their applications in the packaging and textile industry.

Double-Reinforced Fish Gelatin Composite Scaffolds for Osteochondral Substitutes

Genipin crosslinked composite blends of fish gelatin/kappa-carrageenan (fG/κC) with different concentrations of graphene oxide (GO) for osteochondral substitutes were prepared by a simple solution-blending method. The resulting structures were examined by micro-computer tomography, swelling studies, enzymatic degradations, compressions tests, MTT, LDH, and LIVE/DEAD assays. The derived findings revealed that genipin crosslinked fG/κC blends reinforced with GO have a homogenous morphology with ideal pore dimensions of 200-500 µm for bones alternative. GO additivation with a concentration above 1.25% increased the blends' fluid absorption. The full degradation of the blends occurs in 10 days and the gel fraction stability increases with GO concentration. The blend compression modules decrease at first until fG/κC GO3, which has the least elastic behavior, then by raising the GO concentration the blends start to regain elasticity. The MC3T3-E1 cell viability reveals less viable cells with the increase of GO concentration. The LDH together with the LIVE/DEAD assays reports a high concentration of live and healthy cells in all types of composite blends and very few dead cells at the higher GO content.

Comparison of the Spreadability of Butter and Butter Substitutes

There are many types of butter, soft margarine, and blends, e.g., a mixture of butter and vegetable fats, on the market as bread spreads. Among these, butter and blends of butter with vegetable fats are very popular. The consumer’s choice of product is often determined by functional properties, such as texture, and the physicochemical composition of butter and butter substitutes. The aim of this study was to compare sixteen market samples of butter and butter substitutes in terms of spreadability and other selected structural (spreadability, hardness, adhesive force, and adhesiveness) and physicochemical parameters (water content, water distribution, plasma pH, color, acid value, peroxide number, saponification number, and instrumentally measured fatty acid profile) to investigate their correlation with spreadability. The parameters determined here were correlated with factors such as the type of sample, measuring temperature, and physicochemical composition. The statistical analysis revealed a very strong positive correlation between hardness and spreadability for all samples tested at 4 °C, as well as between hardness and spreadability for all samples tested 30 min after removal from the refrigerator; however, the interpretation of the results was different if the butter and butter substitute samples were subjected to a multivariate analysis separately.

New Types and Dosages for the Manufacture of Low-Energy Cements from Raw Materials and Industrial Waste under the Principles of the Circular Economy and Low-Carbon Economy.

The cement manufacturing industry is one of the main greenhouse gas emission producers and also consumes a large quantity of raw materials. It is essential to reduce these emissions in order to comply with the Paris Agreement and the principles of the circular economy. The objective of this research was to develop different types of cement clinker blends using industrial waste and innovative design to produce low-energy cement. Several types of waste have been studied as alternative raw materials. Their main characteristics have been analyzed via X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Attenuated total reflectance Fourier trans-form infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), thermal analysis (TG-DTG-DSC) and scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (SEM-EDS). The results obtained from the experimental work carried out in this research focused on the study of crude blends for low-energy cement created from industrial waste. The effect of the addition of different industrial waste types, as a substitution for raw materials, in the production of low-energy cement with high dicalcium silicate content has been investigated. Thus, the dosage design has been performed using modified Bogue equations and quality indexes (LSF, AM, and SM). The calculations of both the modified Bogue equations and quality indexes necessitate knowledge of the weight percentages of CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3, determined via XRF. In this theoretical design of the different blends, it has been established that a dicalcium silicate ratio of 60-65 wt % and an LSF of 78-83% as the limit are values common to all of them. The calculation basis for the crude blends has been based on calcined materials. Therefore, the chemical composition was established, following this premise. Thus, it was possible to develop cement clinker blends with compositions of 50 wt % and 100 wt % using industrial wastes. This research has shown that the clinkerization process is one of the main options for the valorization of waste and its consideration for inclusion as a raw material within the circularity of the cement industry's production process. Thus, waste is used as a raw material for the production of a more useful substance, taking into account the fundamental principles of the circular economy.