TCC Of Bladder Research Articles

To Determine The Diagnostic Accuracy of Urinary Nuclear Matrix Protein 22 in Detection of Recurrence of TCC Bladder Among Patients Who Are on Active Surveillance By Taking Cystoscopic Biopsy As A Gold Standard

Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of urinary nuclear matrix protein 22 in detection of recurrence of TCC bladder among patients who are on active surveillance by taking cystoscopic biopsy as a gold standard.
 Study Design: Cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: Departments of Urology, Histopathology and Molecular Biology: Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi Pakistan, from Jan 2021 to Jun 2021.
 Methodology: Total 83 patients previously biopsy proven bladder carcinoma who are on active surveillance whether or not they have received intravesical chemotherapy were included in this study. All the information were noted into proforma, 
 Results: The average age of the patients was 48.80±11.86 years. There were 46(55.42%) male and 37(44.58%) female. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy of urinary nuclear matrix protein 22 was 88.9%, 80%, 93.3%, 69.6% and 86.7% resepctively.Practical implication: This study will help us to diagnose TCC bladder in early stages and to manage it in time sothat morbidity and mortality may be reduced.
 Conclusion: Measuring NMP22 level in the blood is a very important tool for detecting Tcc of the urinary bladder as it is much specific and sensitive test.

Comparison of the efficacy of BCG intravesical immunotherapy using the conventional Rotisserie method with the non-Rotisserie method

BackgroundIntravesical BCG injections are administered following transurethral resection of the superficial bladder tumor in order to increase the success rate and decrease the risk of tumor recurrence. BCG therapy has been examined extensively in terms of dosage and injection time intervals to determine its effectiveness. However, no study has yet been conducted to compare the two qualitatively different methods of administering BCG (Rotisserie and non-Rotisserie).MethodsThis study included 30 patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder TCC, whose tumor stage was Ta or T1. Two groups of 15 patients were randomly selected. The first intravesical injection of BCG was administered 2 weeks following transurethral resection of the bladder tumor and then continued as the maintenance treatment. But, in one group, the injection was done by Rotisserie method, and in the other group, non-Rotisserie method was performed. Then, the patients underwent periodic follow-up by cystoscopy to determine if recurrences had occurred.ResultsA total of 23 participants (76.66%) were males, while seven patients (23.34%) were females. There were 20 participants (66.66%) with tumors in the Ta stage and ten participants (33.34%) with tumors in the T1 stage. There were 22 patients (73.3%) with low-grade tumors and eight (26.7%) with high-grade tumors. Five participants (16.66%) experienced tumor recurrence during the study, three of whom were in the Rotisserie group and two in the Non-Rotisserie group. In terms of preventing tumor recurrence, there were no significant differences between Rotisserie and non-Rotisserie methods (P value = 0.6).ConclusionDue to the lack of significant difference in the rate of tumor recurrence between the two methods of intravesical BCG injection (Rotisserie and non-Rotisserie), it is not necessary to rotate the patients after BCG injection. This will also allow patients to be discharged from the hospital earlier and reduce the likelihood of complications.

Thymoquinone enhanced the antitumor activity of cisplatin in human bladder cancer 5637 cells in vitro.

Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is a primary alternative for treating bladder cancer. But drug resistance and various side effects are the main unsightliness challenges. In search of a novel chemotherapeutic approach, this study was conducted to investigate whether thymoquinone (TQ) chemosensitize 5637 bladder cancer cells to cisplatin (CDDP). The IC50 for each drug was first determined. The cells were then pre-exposed to 40 µM of TQ for 24h before being treated with 6 µM of cisplatin. The viability and the sub-G1 population of the 5673 cells were respectively evaluated by alamar blue assay and propidium iodide staining. RT-qPCR was also applied to analyze the expression profile of the apoptosis-related genes (Bax, Bcl-2, p53). The viability of the cells treated with the combination of TQ and CDDP was significantly decreased compared to CDDP- or TQ-treated cells. TQ at the concentration of 40 µM increased the cytotoxicity of 6 µM CDDP by 35.5%. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis indicated that TQ pre-treatment of the cells resulted in a 55.5% increase in the population of 5637 cells in the sub-G1 phase compared to cells treated with CDDP alone. The results from RT-qPCR exhibited that the exposure of the cells to both TQ and CDDP significantly elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio by down-regulating Bcl-2 expression. TQ significantly increased the cytotoxicity of CDDP in 5637 cells and induced apoptosis by down-regulation of the Bcl-2. Therefore, TQ and CDDP might be an effective therapeutic combination for TCC bladder cancer treatment.

Bring on BCON! The Unmet Need of Bladder Cancer Patients Unsuitable for Chemoradiation Treated with Radical Radiotherapy Alone

Purpose: To retrospectively review patients with bladder TCC treated with radical radiotherapy alone in the last 5 years who may have benefited from carbogen ± nicotinamide radiosentisation at a large cancer centre in the north of England.

Suprapubic Catheter in a Patient with Bladder Carcinoma, Against the Prohibition: A Systematic Review and Case Report

Background: Bladder tumors are the most common neoplasm of the lower urinary tract. Bladder carcinoma arising from a suprapubic cystostomy tract is a relatively rare. Some patients with bladder tumors have difficult urethral access for urinary retention due to inaccessible urethra. Most people think cystostomy in patient with bladder cancer can cause seeding and upstaging to suprapubic cystostomy tract. This study aim of suprapubic cystostomy can cause seeding and upstaging of bladder cancer. Methods: Literature obtained from the search results of Pubmed, Medscape, Science Direct, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar electronic databases with the keywords used are “suprapubic catheter and bladder cancer”, “suprapubic catheter and bladder tumor”, “suprapubic catheter and bladder carcinoma”, “suprapubic cystotomy and bladder carcinoma”, and “suprapubic catheter and bladder cancer upstaging” with no time limits. Results: Eighty two articles were obtained from the electronic database. Following all the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final selection considered 5 literature with 16 patient eligible for this literature review. The five literature involved a total of 16 bladder cancer patients with a suprapubic catheter. The duration of suprapubic catheter insertion was between 1 to 3 months. As long as it is within the specified time and from the location of cancer, literature result there will be no seeding and upgrading in the suprapubic cystostomy tract. In our case report we have patient with duration suprapubic cystostomy 1 months wih no seeding and upgrading cancer. Conclusion: Although SPC is an effective, inexpensive, easy mode of access for bladder tumors with difficult urethral access for urinary retention due to inaccessible urethra, it also presents a risk of SPC tract bladder cancer, mostly SCC and TCC. It is important to be aware of any suspicious signs and symptoms, duration time of use suprapubic cystostomy and location of the cancer.

Small cell carcinoma - Urinary bladder

Primary small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a rare type of poorly differentiated and highly aggressive tumor. It accounts for <0.7% of all cancers arising from the bladder. Small-cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is frequently found in conjunction with other histologic types such as urothelial carcinoma (transitional cell carcinoma [TCC]), squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Although the tumor shares similar histological features like small-cell carcinoma originating from other sites of the body, its clinical picture is very similar to conventional TCC of the urinary bladder. Unknown etiology and pathogenesis makes its diagnosis and treatment difficult. Here, we report a case of small-cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, its clinical presentation, pathological characteristics, behavior, management, and outcome.

Significance of D2-40 and CXCL5 Expression in Urinary Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemical Study

Background: Transitional cell carcinoma remains a challenge in the oncology field, representing an ideal candidate for research on biomarkers that could identify patient’s progression and prognosis. D2-40 and CXCL5 have been implicated in progression of many cancers, but their significance in urinary bladder TCC remains unclear. The aim of this study is to assess their possible significance in urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma.Methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine the expression of D2-40 and CXCL5 in 50 cases of urinary bladder TCC and 10 cases of normal urothelium taken as a normal control. Statistical analysis methods were used to evaluate the relationship between D2-40 and CXCL5 and various clinicopathological parameters.Results: D2-40 was expressed in the lymphatic endothelial cytoplasm of all cases highlighting the tumor emboli in cancer lymphatic vessels. CXCL5 was found to be expressed in all urinary bladder TCC cases but not in normal control. The two markers significantly correlated with associated necrosis, tumor grade, T, N stage and presence of H&E detected LVI. CXCL5 was also positively correlated with presence of associated necrosis and CIS while D2-40 was insignificantly correlated with both. D2-40 detected intra-lymphatic tumor emboli are associated with lymph node metastasis in a highly significant correlation. Conclusions: The results suggested that CXCL5 might be involved in urinary bladder TCC carcinogenesis. It could be concluded that D2-40 and CXCL5 may have a possible role in urinary bladder TCC progression and prognosis. D2-40 might be considered as more reliable method in predicting tumor spread and lymph-node metastasis.

Clinico-diagnosis and Surgico-therapeutic Management of Lower Urinary Tract Disorders in Dogs

Background: The available literature and work done so far on diagnosis and therapeutic management of lower urinary tract affections in canine practice is very meagre specially on urethro-cystoscopic examinations, medicinal dissolution of calculi and immunotherapy for neoplasia of UB in dogs. Methods: The present study was carried in 55 dogs with lower urinary tract affections classify according to pathological conditions and therapeutic management. The diagnostic modalities like radiography, ultrasonography in all dogs, urethro-cystoscopy in seven dogs and their findings were studied. The response of therapeutics were also studied.Conclusion: The dogs having small size calculi treated according to urine pH with oral medicinal dissolution using Ammonium Chloride (Group 1A, n=9) and Di Sodium Hydrogen Citrate (Group 1B, n=10) for sixty days, Group 1C (n=25) dogs with cystitis (n=17) subjected for bacterial culture treated according to sensitive antibiotics, TCC of bladder (n=7) with immunotherapy using BCG vaccine and a dog with leiomyosarcoma with cystotomy. The dogs (Group 2, n=11) with large size calculi (n=10), a lodge catheter in UB and dogs (Group 3, n=6) did not responded medicinal dissolution from group 1A (n=2) and 1B (n=4) treated surgically. One to multiple, variable size recovered calculi (n=24) revealed highest brown colour grossly, calcium oxalate type, higher in Pomeranian breed and dogs fed with combination of vegetarian and commercial feed.

Thrombomodulin Expression in Bladder Cancer Tissue and Its Association with Prognosis and Patient Survival.

BackgroundDecreased expression of thrombomodulin (TM) in bladder cancer tissue has been shown to be associated with cell proliferation, increased malignancy and a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunoexpression of TM in bladder tissue cores by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the relationship between TM score and patient survival for the following pathologies: transitional cell papillary carcinoma (TCPC), transitional cell carcinoma (non-papillary) (TCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), adenocarcinoma, and sarcoma. TM immunoexpression was also evaluated in normal adjacent bladder tissue cores.MethodsTM immunoexpression was assessed in n=185 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) bladder tissue cores from n=98 patients by IHC. Tissue cores included TCPC (n=29), TCC (n=85), SCC (n=21), adenocarcinoma (n=12), sarcoma (n=4), and normal tissue cores (n=34).ResultsTM immunoexpression scores are stronger in TCPC, TCC and SCC bladder cancer tissue cores with respect to adenocarcinoma and sarcoma (mean TM immunoexpression scores: 3.04, 2.57, 2.55, 1.55 and 1.19, respectively) (Kruskal–Wallis p<0.001). TM immunoexpression scores significantly decreased in bladder cancer tissue cores across both stage (p<0.001) and grade (p<0.001) (Kruskal–Wallis). Survival data were available for n=45 bladder cancer patients (mean follow-up of 34 months). Applying a TM immunoexpression cut-off score of 3.0 demonstrated that patients with bladder cancer who had a TM immunoexpression score <3.0 had lower survival rates (median survival 23.5 months). In contrast, patients with TM immunoexpression scores ≥3.0 had longer survival rates (median survival 40 months) (log-rank; p=0.045).ConclusionTM immunoexpression in bladder cancer tissue may be a clinically relevant predictor of tumor progression and survival. Low expression of TM in bladder cancer biopsies or in recurrent bladder cancer may be indicative of a poor prognosis. TM immunoexpression could be used to guide clinical decision making.

Venetoclax Added to Ibrutinib in High-Risk CLL Achieves a High Rate of Undetectable Minimal Residual Disease. [RTS1

Venetoclax Added to Ibrutinib in High-Risk CLL Achieves a High Rate of Undetectable Minimal Residual Disease. [RTS1

Human Papilloma Virus DNA in Tumor Tissue and Urine in Different Stage of Bladder Cancer.

There are some previous reports on the relationship between pathological grades and HPV detection. To determine the Human Papilloma Virus(HPV) DNA in Tumor Tissue and Urine in Different Stage of Bladder Cancer conducted this study.MaterialsandMethods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect general HPV and HPV16 and 18 subtypes in 110 bladder tumor tissue and urine specimens of patients with TCC of bladder between January 2014 to May 2016 that underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor. Exclusion criteria were genital wart and cases with immunosupression. Mean age of 110 patients was 61.6±10 years and fourteen (12.7%) of patients were female. PCR for general HPV primer in bladder tumor tissue was positive in 3 (9.4%), 22 (38.6%) and 15 (71.4%) of Ta, T1 and T2 bladder tumors, respectively (p<0.001). PCR for HPV16 in bladder tumor tissue was positive in 2(6.3%), 10 (17.5%) and 13 (61.9%) and PCR for HPV18 in bladder tumor tissue was positive in 1 (3.1%), 14 (24.6%) and 12 (57.1%) of Ta, T1 and T2 bladder tumors, respectively (p<0.001, p<0.001). Thirty seven (33.6%) of urine specimens were positive for general HPV using PCR and HPV16 and 18 subtypes were positive in 17 (15.5%) and 14 (12.7%) of urine specimens, respectively. HPV infection may be associated with higher stages and grades of bladder carcinomas. Urine sampling for HPV detection is is as reliable as tumor tissue sample which could be considered for prognostic and follow up implications.

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in young adult patients

Aim: Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCC) mostly affects the middle and old population as in other cancers. We aimed to present the results and clinical behaviors of patients treated with bladder TCC under the age of 40 years.Material and Methods: Fifteen patients who were admitted to our clinic between 2005 and 2019 and diagnosed as TCC were evaluated retrospectively. Demographic characteristics, initial and follow-up transurethral resection pathologies, intravesical treatment and follow-up periods were evaluated. All patients underwent transurethral resection after ultrasonography (USG) and cystoscopy examination. Results: The most common complaint was macroscopic hematuria (n:12.80%).Smoking rate was 66% (n:10). The mean age of the patients was 32.4 (19-39). Male / female ratio was 13/2. The mean follow-up period was 55 weeks. Ten patients (66%) had single focus and five (34%) had multiple focus tumors. In 10 patients, the tumor pathology TaG1, TaG3 in 3, T1G1 in one and T1G3 in one patient were reported.4 patients received intravesical chemotherapy and four patients underwent intravesical immunotherapy (BCG). The recurrence rate was 53% (n:8) and the rate of pro- gression was 13% (n:2) (TaG1-T1G3). None of the patients progressed to T2 disease.Conclusuion: Bladder TCC under 40 years of age usually presents as TaG1. Survival rates are high if follow-up and treatment protocols are followed. It should be kept in mind that there may be bladder tumors in young adult patients regardless of age.Keywords: Bladder tumor; cystoscopy; hematuria.

Results of Postoperative Instillation of Mitomycin C in Non Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer after Complete Resection Versus BCG (Recurrence and Progression)

AbstractBackground: Intravesical immunotherapy or chemotherapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer is a well-established treatment for preventing or delaying tumour recurrence after tumour resection. However, up to 70% of patients may fail. New protocols and new intravesical agents with improved effectiveness are neededAim of Study: Is to evaluate the oncological outcome as regard progression, local recurrence and side effects of non-muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder managed by complete resection followed by postop-erative intravesical instillation of Mitomycin C compared with BCG.Patients and Methods: This is a prospective study that included 51 patients with non-muscle invasive TCC bladder (Ta and T1) at Urology Department, Al-Azhar University hospitals between 2011 and 2015. Patients divided into two groups, the Mitomycin group received immediate MMC and periodic 6 doses of MMC and the other group, BCG received 6 doses of BCG one dose per week. Follow-up by cystoscope for two years at 3th, 6th, 9th, 12th, 18th, 24th month to detect the recurrence, progression and side effects.Results: The mean age of the patients was 60.58 (37 yrs. - 79 yrs.) in the MMC group and 61.76 (48 yrs-83 yrs) in the BCG group. The main comparison in this study is recurrence rate and progression rate of the tumor. Three patients (11.5%) had recurrence in the 1st year while four patients (15.4%) in the 2nd year with total recurrence seven patients (26.9%) in MMC group.In the BCG group, patients who had a recurrence in the 1st year were, two patients (8%) and three patients (12%) in the 2nd year with total recurrence, five patients (20%).The total progression in two years were 4 pts (15.38%) (One patient (3.8%) in the 1st year) (3 patients (11.5%) in the 2nd year) in the MMC group while were 4 pts (16%) (One patient (4%) in the 1st year) (year 3 patients (12%) in the 2nd year) in the BCG group.Conclusion: Our study confirmed the positive effect of immediate Mitomycin C intravesical instillation in patients who received periodic Mitomycin C instillation and either the positive effect of intravesical instillation of BCG in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder tumors. Our present study showed that MMC and BCG equally reduced recurrence and progression in NMIBC patients while showed the superiority of MMC regarding to the adverse effects.

Prognostic impact of ReTURB in high grade T1 primary bladder cancer.

To evaluate whether pathological outcomes of ReTURB have a prognostic impact on recurrence and progression of primitive T1HG bladder cancer. Patients affected by primitive T1HG TCC of bladder underwent restaging TURB (ReTURB). Patients with muscle invasive disease at ReTURB underwent radical cystectomy; those with non-muscle invasive residual (NMI-RT) and those with no residual tumour (NRT) received an intravesical BCG therapy. We compared recurrence and progression in NMIRT patients and NRT patients at restaging TURB. Patients were followed every 3-6 months with cystoscopy and urine cytology. 212 patients were enrolled in the study. At ReTURB, residual cancer was detected in 92 of 196 (46.9%) valuable patients: 14.3% of these were upstaged to T2. At follow up of 26.3 ± 22.8 months, there were differences in recurrence and progression rates between NRT and NMIRT patients: 26.9% and 45.3% (p &lt; 0.001), 10.6% and 23.4% (p 0.03), respectively. Recurrence-free and progression-free survivals were significantly higher in NRT compared to NMIRT patients: 73.1% and 54.7% (p &lt; 0.001), 89.4% and 76.6 (p 0.03), respectively. ReTURB allows to identify a considerable number of residual and understaged cancer. Patients with NMIRT on ReTURB have worse prognosis than those with NRT in terms of recurrence and progression free survival. These outcomes seem to suggest a prognostic impact of findings on ReTURB that could be a valid tool in management of high grade T1 TCC.

Prevention and monitoring of superficial bladder TCC recurrences

Prevention and monitoring of superficial bladder TCC recurrences

Latent class analysis of bladder urothelial carcinoma to reveal sub-classes defined by alterations to chromatin and signal transduction networks.

469 Background: 70,000 new cases of bladder urothelial carcinoma are diagnosed in the United States each year. Previous studies of this disease suggest two divergent pathways of carcinogenesis, with ~70% of cases being driven by alterations in signal transduction pathways (FGFR3, HRAS) and the remainder featuring alterations in cell cycle genes (TP53, RB1). Other studies focus on the high prevalence of alterations in chromatin remodeling genes (ARID1A, CREBBP, EP300) in this tumor type. The relationship between chromatin modifier alterations and the two bladder TCC sub-classes is not yet understood. Methods: Comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) on 638 clinically confirmed cases of advanced bladder urothelial carcinoma was performed using the FoundationOne platform. The coding exons of 287 cancer-related and 47 introns of 19 genes frequently rearranged in cancer were sequenced and analyzed for base substitutions, insertions, deletions, copy number alterations and select gene fusions. The resultant alteration profiles were analyzed for their information content with an entropy-based approach and the profiles were subjected to hierarchical latent class analysis (LCA). Results: CGP of 488 male and 150 female UCs of median age 66 (min: 29, max: 87) resulted in 3241 detected alterations across 302 unique genes, for a mean of ~5.1 known or likely somatic alterations per sample. The most commonly altered genes were TP53, CDKN2A/B, ARID1A, KDM6A, and MLL2. Information was concentrated in the 33 most frequently altered genes. Multiple high level clusters were defined by combinatorial patterns of alterations in TP53, CDKN2A/B, RB1, and FGFR3. Sub-classes were defined by mutually exclusive alterations in the chromatin modifiers KDM6A, MLL2, and ARID1A. Conclusions: We present a global picture of UC sub-classes that encompasses previously identified local relationships including the mutual exclusivities between FGFR3 and TP53, RB1 and CDKN2A/B, and KDM6A and MLL2. In the context of clinically relevant genomic alterations that auger response to targeted therapies, identification of sub-classes of UC may further delineate response to therapy.

P117 Comparative study between surgery and radiochemotherapy in muscle invasive bladder TCC

P117 Comparative study between surgery and radiochemotherapy in muscle invasive bladder TCC

The effect of Glutathione-S-transferases in the susceptibility to bladder cancer.

Urinary bladder cancer is a quite common cancer type in men and women all over the world. Genetic polymorphisms of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes could increase individual susceptibility to various cancer types. The aim of our study is to evaluate the rate of these polymorphisms in a group of patients from Central Anatolia. Our study subjects consist of 65 men with histopathologically confirmed bladder TCC and 70 cancer-free control subjects. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method was used for the detection of polymorphisms of GSTT1 and GSTM1. There was no association between bladder cancer and GSTM1 polymorphism (ORs = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.32-1.29), but the probability of bladder cancer in patients with GSTT1 null genotype (67.9%), was significantly higher from the probability of bladder cancer with GSTT1 normal genotype (43.0%) statistically (ORs = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.16-6.75). Polymorphisms of these genes have been assessed to evaluate the relative risk of various cancers. Our intention is to continue this study with larger series of bladder cancer patients in a group of Turkish population from Central Anatolia.

Survey of clinical and pathological characteristics and outcomes of patients with prostate cancer.

Introduction:The importance of implementation: Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men and the second leading cause of cancer death in developed countries. Therefore, further studies about the protests of disease, diagnosis and timely treatment are essential.Study Method:In this study, 80 prostate cancer patients admitted to Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia in Iran from 2000 to 2008 were reviewed. Patients were studied according to their age, clinical protests, Gleason scoring, positive family history, smoking, type of treatment and post-treatment conditions. Questionnaires were adjusted based on the objectives and the data were extracted from the medical records of patients and the desired results were achieved.Results:In this study, the most common age group for prostate cancer is older than 60 years (92/5%). The most common type of pathology for prostate cancer is adenocarcinoma that 93.75% of cases are included. Secondary TCC with secondary source is present in 5% and sarcoma in 1.25% of cases. 46.25% of patients with prostate cancer are smokers. The most common clinical symptoms among patients are obstructive symptoms (56.25%), and irritation of the urinary tract (52.81%). Hematuria in 26.25% and urinary incontinence in 5% of cases have been recorded. 16.3% of patients referred with metastatic symptoms. Most patients with prostate cancer have Gleason score 5-7 (40%). All patients were undergoing prostatectomy (82.5% TURP and 17.5% SPP) and 47.5% of cases were bilateral orchiectomy. The cases reviewed, 22 were followed that included 27.5% of cases. Among them, 6 people have died due prostate cancer (27.27%) that the mean age of the patients after diagnosis until death was 34.4 months. 2 others died from other causes (9.09%). The remaining 14 cases were elder patients with a mean follow-up duration of 44 months.Conclusion:According to the results obtained in the present study, the most common type of prostate cancer pathology is adenocarcinoma that is included 93.75% of cases. Prostate sarcoma is present at 1.25% and secondary bladder TCC at 5% of cases more over the incidence of prostate sarcoma is reported in a lower age group than adenocarcinoma, which the results obtained in a similar study in Iran in other centers. Regarding the relationship between smoking and prostate cancer it can be considered one of the important factors in this regard.

Transferrin-modified PLGA nanoparticles significantly increase the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in bladder cancer cells by increasing intracellular retention

To improve the anticancer effects of paclitaxel (Tax) on bladder cancer, transferrin-modified and unmodified poly(d,l lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles (NPs) were generated to deliver Tax. The characteristics of the NPs and the drug-release profiles were evaluated. The cytotoxicity levels of blank NPs and Tax-loaded NPs in the bladder cancer cell lines MBT-2, J-82, and TCC Sup were determined. The uptakes and retentions of the NPs by the cell lines and the intracellular distribution of the NPs were also studied. The results showed similar NPs characteristics and drug-release profiles for NPs with and without transferrin modification. The sizes of NPs with and without transferrin modification were 206 and 278 nm, respectively; the Z-potentials were −23.5 and −24.3 mV, respectively; the drug loadings were 6.5 and 6.7 % w/w, respectively. No cytotoxicity was observed in the bladder cancer cells exposed to blank NPs. Both types of Tax-loaded NPs, however, had significantly higher cytotoxicity levels compared with the Tax solution in the bladder cancer cells. The transferrin-modified, Tax-loaded NPs were significantly more cytotoxic than the Tax-loaded NPs without modification in the MBT-2 and TCC Sup cells. There were no significant differences in NP uptakes between transferrin-modified and unmodified NPs in any of the three studied bladder cancer cell lines; however, the retentions of the modified NPs were significantly higher in the MBT-2 and TCC Sup cells. These findings suggest that NPs can significantly improve the anticancer effect of Tax in bladder cells. Furthermore, transferrin-modified NPs can improve the anticancer effect by increasing intracellular retention and not by increasing uptake. The transferrin-modified NPs are promising drug delivery vehicle for bladder cancer treatment.