Bladder Of Cat Research Articles

Feline lower urinary tract disease diagnosis in an obese sterile male Persian mixed-breed cat

Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) occurs because of dysfunction of the urinary bladder and urethra in cats. This study reported that FLUTD occurs in a castrated and obese male cat. The supporting diagnostics used to confirm the diagnosis are the dipstick test, urine microscopic observation, and ultrasound. The examination results showed pyuria, proteinuria, haematuria, struvite crystals, and cystitis. The pathophysiology of FLUTD in this case begins with the condition of castrated males, who tend to have little activity and become obese. Obesity increases the risk of ascending infections, which is one of the causes of crystal formation in the urinary tract.

No viable bacterial communities reside in the urinary bladder of cats with feline idiopathic cystitis

Urinary microbial diversities have been reported in humans according to sex, age and clinical status, including painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC). To date, the role of the urinary microbiome in the pathogenesis of PBS/IC is debated. Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is a chronic lower urinary tract disorder affecting cats with similarities to PBS/IC in women and represents an important problem in veterinary medicine as its aetiology is currently unknown. In this study, the presence of a bacterial community residing in the urinary bladder of cats with a diagnosis of FIC was investigated. Nineteen cats with clinical signs and history of FIC and without growing bacteria in standard urine culture were included and urine collected with ultrasound-guided cystocentesis. Bacterial community was investigated using a culture-dependent approach consisted of expanded quantitative urine culture techniques and a culture-independent approach consisted of 16S rRNA NGS. Several methodological practices were adopted to both avoid and detect any contamination or bias introduced by means of urine collection and processing which could be relevant due to the low microbial biomass environment of the bladder and urinary tract, including negative controls analysis. All the cats included showed no growing bacteria in the urine analysed. Although few reads were originated using 16S rRNA NGS, a comparable pattern was observed between urine samples and negative controls, and no taxa were confidently classified as non-contaminant. The results obtained suggest the absence of viable bacteria and of bacterial DNA of urinary origin in the urinary bladder of cats with FIC.

Multidrug resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from the urinary bladder of dogs and cats with suspected urinary tract infections

Multidrug resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from the urinary bladder of dogs and cats with suspected urinary tract infections

Microscopic structure and intramural ganglion of Urinary bladder of cat

Microscopic structure and intramural ganglion of Urinary bladder of cat

Safety and efficacy of intravesical instillation of resiniferatoxin in healthy cats: A preliminary study.

To evaluate the safety of intravesical application of resiniferatoxin (RTX) in healthy cats and its effects on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) produced by C-fibers. Seven adult female cats received either 25 mL of saline (control; n = 1), or intravesical RTX at 5, 25, or 50 μg in 25 mL of saline to a final concentration of 0.2 μg/mL (318 nM), 1 μg/mL (1,591 nM), and 2 μg/mL (3,181 nM) (n = 2 per group). The treatment was instilled into the urinary bladder for 20 min. Plasma concentrations of RTX were measured at 0, 0.5, 1, and 4 h. Physical exam, complete blood count, and serum biochemical analysis were performed on day 0, 7, and 14. After 14 days, the sacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the urinary bladder were harvested for histological and immunofluorescence analysis. Intravesical RTX was well tolerated and plasma concentrations were below the quantifiable limits except for one cat receiving 1 μg/mL. Mild to moderate histopathological changes, including epithelial changes, edema, and blood vessel proliferation, were observed at lower doses (0.2 and 1 μg/mL), and were more severe at the higher dose (2 μg/mL). C-fiber ablation was observed in the urinary bladder tissue at all doses, as shown by an apparent reduction of both CGRP and SP immunoreactive axons. A dose of 25 μg (1 μg/mL) of RTX instilled in the urinary bladder of healthy cats appeared to decrease the density of SP and CGRP nerve axons innervating bladder and induced moderate changes in the bladder tissue.

Evaluation of etiology, risk factors and clinical signs of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) in Northern Kerala

Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) describes multiple ailments and diseases associated with bladder and urethra of cats. A total of 37 cats presented with clinical signs pertaining to lower urinary tract disorders were evaluated in the current study. There were 96.3 per cent males and 3.7 per cent females with maximum distribution in the age group between one to two years (p<0.01). Persian cats (p<0.001) were mostly diagnosed with FLUTD with occurrence of 75.68 per cent. Most of the cats (72.97 per cent) were diagnosed with feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC). The other causes of FLUTD diagnosed were bacterial cystitis (8.12 per cent), bladder rupture/ urine seepage (8.12 per cent), pseudomembranous cystitis (5.4 per cent) and urethral plugs (5.4 per cent). Dry diet and indoor habitat were found to be risk factors (p<0.001) for FLUTD. Clinical signs associated with lower urinary tract like stranguria, pollakiuria and periuria were commonly noticed.

Neurogenic Bladder in Dogs, Cats and Humans: A Comparative Review of Neurological Diseases.

Lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) includes abnormalities in the structure and function of the bladder and the urethra. LUTD caused by neurological disease is defined neurogenic bladder (NB). The integrity of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) is required to explicate normal micturition, maintaining the proper function of bladder and urethra. The location and type of neurological lesions influence the pattern of clinical manifestations, potential treatment, and prognosis. Though, in dogs and cats, spinal cord injury is considered mainly responsible for bladder and/or urethra incompetence, other disorders, congenital or acquired, involving CNS or PNS, could play a role in NB. In veterinary medicine, the information about the epidemiology, prevalence, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of NB are scattered. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the epidemiology, prevalence, clinical findings, diagnosis and prognosis for NB in dogs and cats compared with humans.

PSXI-2 Circulating Mirnas as non-Invasive Biomarkers of Chronic Kidney Disease and Calcium Oxalate Uroliths in Felines

Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD), characterized by progressive loss of kidney function, is a major cause of mortality in cats. Another complication is the formation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths in the bladder and kidneys of cats, where inflammation has a role in its pathogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs which bind to the target mRNA to reduce its function. Depending on the target mRNA, they regulate transcription of several pro-inflammatory genes. We assessed the expression profiles of circulating miRNAs in blood, collected at the natural end-of-life in colony cats, in a retrospective study, in healthy (n=10; 5.9-16 yr), CaOx (n=10, 8.6-13.4 yr), and CKD (n=10; 8.3-15.4 yr). Circulating concentrations of creatinine, symmetric dimethylarginine, and blood urea nitrogen were significantly greater in CaOx and CKD cats compared with controls, indicating kidney dysfunction. Expression of miRNAs, measured by qRT-PCR, was analyzed using the ΔΔCt method and normalized to U6. There was a significant upregulation of miR-155 in CaOx stone formers compared with controls (p< 0.05). miR-155 is increased in the serum and urine of human patients with nephrolithiasis. miR-155 can also promote oxalate-induced renal oxidative stress by suppressing MGP expression. In humans, miR-155 concentrations are negatively correlated with cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, suggesting the involvement of inflammation in nephrolithiasis. However, miR-155 was downregulated in CKD compared with controls. miR-16 was also downregulated in CKD cats. Consistent with this, there is downregulation of both the miRNAs in human patients with Stage 4 CKD. Further, miRNAs downregulated in CaOx, but not in CKD, included miR-17, miR-19b, miR-27a, and miR-27b, whereas let-7a, miR-15a, miR-16, miR-29b, and miR-200a were downregulated only in CKD cats. Taken together, the profile of circulating miRNAs in CaOx and CKD cats may serve as important biomarkers in the initiation and progression of renal dysfunction in cats.

Catheterization as a Treatment for Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD) Case in K and P Clinic Surabaya

Background: Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD) is a case that occurs due to bladder and urethra dysfunction in cats. One of the symptoms of FLUTD is pollakiuria without polyuria, the presence of stranguria, and hematuria. Purpose: This case study aims to provide information regarding handling cases of Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD) in 22 cats for one month at the K and P clinics in Surabaya. Case Analysis: Observation data presented descriptively were compared and discussed with supporting data. Conclusion: Inserting a catheter is the primary action that must be done if there is a blockage in the urethra.

Sistem Pakar Menggunakan Metode Forward Chaining Dalam Akurasi Identifikasi Penyakit Feline Urologic Sindrome

Kucing adalah sejenis hewan karnivora yang saat ini sangat banyak di pelihara orang. Pemeliharaan kucing sangatlah mudah, namun demikian banyak yang tidak menyadari ketika kucingnya jatuh sakit, mereka lalai, karena ketidaktahuan mereka atas akibat penyakit yang menimpa kucingnya. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk memudahkan user & klinik yang mempunyai banyak pasien untuk memeriksa dan mendeteksi penyakit yang di kandung kucing atau menentukan penyakit yang terdapat kucing dengan menggunakan metode forward chaining. Dalam penelitian ini ada sebanyak 10 data kasus pasien kucing yang mengalami fus, yang mana data tersebut diambil dari Klinik Kiha- Zima Pet Care Payakumbuh. Pada pengolahan data berupa input, menentukan tabel keputusan, membuat rule, melakukan proses pelacakan, membuat pohon keputusan dan hasil pelacakan. Hasil uji coba yang dilakukan dengan data yang kita dapatkan dengan sistem yang sudah di rancang memiliki tingkat akurasi 100% sehingga aplikasi yang di rancang ini bisa digunakan untuk mendeteksi penyakit FUS pada kucing.

Randomized controlled trial to evaluate a novel two-catheter technique for urethral catheterization in anesthetized healthy female cats and small dogs.

To evaluate a novel 2-catheter technique for urethral catheterization in female cats and small dogs and compare the time required for and success rates achieved by use of the novel technique versus traditional methods (blind technique in cats and digital palpation in dogs) as performed by personnel (catheter placers [CPs]) with different levels of experience in urinary catheter placement. 39 healthy sexually intact female animals (24 cats and 15 dogs weighing < 10 kg). 2 CPs were board certified in veterinary surgery, 1 of whom had experience with the novel technique, and the other did not. The third CP was a veterinary surgical intern who was unfamiliar with the novel technique. For each animal enrolled in the study, 1 CP performed catheterization with the novel technique and traditional methods. Data recorded included the time required for successful catheterization and whether a successful catheterization was achieved within a 3-minute time limit. The overall success rates were 79.5% (31/39 animals) with the novel technique and 43.6% (17/39 animals) with traditional methods. Median times for successful catheter placement were 48 seconds for the novel technique and 41 seconds for traditional methods. Among CPs, success rates or times to successful catheter placement did not differ significantly. Study results suggested that the novel 2-catheter technique for urethral catheterization may be a more efficient option than traditional methods for gaining access to the urinary bladder in cats and small dogs, particularly when patient size limits use of instrumentation or digital palpation.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ПИЛОТНОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ВЛИЯНИЯ БОВГИАЛУРОНИДАЗЫ АЗОКСИМЕРА НА ЧАСТОТУ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ ОСЛОЖНЕНИЙ ПОСЛЕ ХИРУРГИЧЕСКОГО ВМЕШАТЕЛЬСТВА НА УРЕТРЕ И МОЧЕВОМ ПУЗЫРЕ У КОШЕК

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ПИЛОТНОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ВЛИЯНИЯ БОВГИАЛУРОНИДАЗЫ АЗОКСИМЕРА НА ЧАСТОТУ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ ОСЛОЖНЕНИЙ ПОСЛЕ ХИРУРГИЧЕСКОГО ВМЕШАТЕЛЬСТВА НА УРЕТРЕ И МОЧЕВОМ ПУЗЫРЕ У КОШЕК

Papillomavirus DNA is not Amplifiable from Bladder, Lung, or Mammary Gland Cancers in Dogs or Cats.

Simple SummaryPapillomaviruses (PVs) are well established to cause genital and oral cancer in humans. Additionally, some evidence suggests that these viruses may also have a role in the development of human lung, breast, and bladder cancer. Recent studies have revealed that PVs can influence the development of some cancers in cats and, less frequently, in dogs. In the present study, 47 lung, mammary gland, and bladder cancers in dogs and 25 cancers in cats were evaluated for evidence of any role PVs may have in cancer development. Histology did not reveal any lesions suggestive of PV infection, and no PV DNA was amplified from any cancer. Therefore, these findings suggest that PVs do not frequently infect these tissues and are therefore unlikely to be significant factors in the development of lung, mammary gland, or bladder cancer in either dogs or cats.Papillomaviruses (PVs) cause around 5% of all human cancers, including most cervical cancers and around a quarter of all oral cancers. Additionally, some studies have suggested that PVs could cause a proportion of human lung, breast, and bladder cancers. As PVs have been associated with skin cancer in cats and, more rarely, dogs, it was hypothesized that these viruses could also contribute to epithelial cancers of the lung, mammary gland, and bladder of dogs and cats. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of 47 canine and 25 feline cancers were examined histologically for evidence of PV infection. Additionally, three sets of consensus PCR primers were used to amplify PV DNA from the samples. No histological evidence of PV infection was visible in any of the cancers. DNA from a bovine PV type was amplified from one sample, while two different samples were found to contain human PV DNA. However, these were considered to be contaminants, and no canine or feline PV types were amplified from any of the cancers. These results suggest that PVs do not frequently infect the lung, mammary gland, or bladder of dogs and cats and therefore are unlikely to be significant factors in the development of cancers in these tissues.

Síndrome de Pandora: aspectos psiconeuroendócrinos

A Síndrome de Pandora é o termo mais recente usado para denominar um conjunto de distúrbios resultantes da Cistite Intersticial felina, que não caracteriza apenas problemas no trato urinário inferior, mas também aspectos psicológicos e endócrinos. A Doença do Trato Urinário Inferior dos Felinos (DTUIF) compreende qualquer alteração que afeta vesícula urinária ou uretra de gatos domésticos. Dentre essas alterações, acredita-se que a Cistite Intersticial (Cistite Idiopática) seja uma das causas mais comuns de DTUIF atualmente. Essa afecção de caráter psiconeuroendócrino, inflamatório e não infeccioso leva a lesões sistêmicas, podendo acometer diversos órgãos. Desta maneira, a Síndrome de Pandora remete à mitologia grega devido à vasta extensão das lesões e seu complexo diagnóstico.

Feline Interstitial Cystitis Enhances Mucosa-Dependent Contractile Responses to Serotonin.

PurposeTo determine whether responses to serotonin are altered in bladder strips from cats diagnosed with a naturally occurring form of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis termed feline interstitial cystitis (FIC).MethodsFull thickness bladder strips were isolated from aged matched healthy control cats and cats with clinically verified FIC. Bladder strips were mounted in an organ bath and connected to a tension transducer to record contractile activity. A serotonin dose response (0.01–10μM) was determined for each strip with the mucosa intact or denuded.ResultsBladder strips from control and FIC cats contracted in response to serotonin in a dose-dependent manner. The normalized force of serotonin-evoked contractions was significantly greater in bladder strips from cats with FIC (n=7) than from control cats (n=4). Removal of the mucosa significantly decreased serotonin-mediated responses in both control and FIC bladder preparations. Furthermore, the contractions in response to serotonin were abolished by 1μM atropine in both control and FIC bladder strips.ConclusionsThe effect of serotonin on contractile force, but not sensitivity, was potentiated in bladder strips from cats with FIC, and was dependent upon the presence of the mucosa in control and FIC groups. As atropine inhibited these effects of serotonin, we hypothesize that, serotonin enhances acetylcholine release from the mucosa of FIC cat bladder strips, which could account for the increased force generated. In summary, FIC augments the responsiveness of bladder to serotonin, which may contribute to the symptoms associated with this chronic condition.

Investigation of the Relationship between Ultrasonographic Findings and Analyses of Bladder Contents in Cats

Background: Echoes are frequently observed in cat bladder contents through ultrasonography and often mentioned as incidental findings. No comprehensive study has been conducted so far on the precise echoes nature in the bladder contents ultrasonography in cats. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to provide an accurate description of the cat bladder contents echoes and to specify the relationship between ultrasonographic findings and urinalyses. METHODS: 30 adult DSH cats were investigated. Bladder ultrasonography was performed. The numbers of echoes in the bladder were qualitatively divided into four classes. At least 5 ml of urine was collected with cystocentesis. Urinalysis was performed on the urine sediment. The statistical analyses were done. RESULTS: Echoes were observed in 19 cases. The echoes were suspended in 17 of the cases, in those cases they were observed and clumped in 2 cases. Of the 19 cases where echoes had been observed in the bladder contents, 9 included oil droplets, 2 included struvite crystals and 4 included hematuria as reported in urinalysis. For 6 of the cats with echoes in the bladder contents, oil droplets, RBCs, and crystals were not reported in urinalysis. The number of echoes observed in the bladder in presence of RBCs, oil droplets, crystals, and leucocytes was not statistically significant (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Based on this study, most of the echoes observed in the ultrasonography of cats’ bladder contents can be associated with the presence of oil droplets in the urine, which is in accordance with previous studies.

Inflammation and Tissue Remodeling in the Bladder and Urethra in Feline Interstitial Cystitis.

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a debilitating chronic disease of unknown etiology. A naturally occurring disease termed feline interstitial cystitis (FIC) reproduces many features of IC/BPS patients. To gain insights into mechanisms underlying IC/BPS, we investigated pathological changes in the lamina propria (LP) of the bladder and proximal urethra in cats with FIC, using histological and molecular methods. Compared to control cat tissue, we found an increased number of de-granulated mast cells, accumulation of leukocytes, increased cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 expression in the bladder LP, and increased COX-2 expression in the urethra LP from cats with FIC. We also found increased suburothelial proliferation, evidenced by mucosal von Brunn’s nests, neovascularization and alterations in elastin content. Scanning electron microscopy revealed normal appearance of the superficial urethral epithelium, including the neuroendocrine cells (termed paraneurons), in FIC urethrae. Together, these histological findings suggest the presence of chronic inflammation of unknown origin leading to tissue remodeling. Since the mucosa functions as part of a “sensory network” and urothelial cells, nerves and other cells in the LP are influenced by the composition of the underlying tissues including the vasculature, the changes observed in the present study may alter the communication of sensory information between different cellular components. This type of mucosal signaling can also extend to the urethra, where recent evidence has revealed that the urethral epithelium is likely to be part of a signaling system involving paraneurons and sensory nerves. Taken together, our data suggest a more prominent role for chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling than previously thought, which may result in alterations in mucosal signaling within the urinary bladder and proximal urethra that may contribute to altered sensations and pain in cats and humans with this syndrome.

An excitatory reflex from the superficial peroneal nerve to the bladder in cats.

This study in α-chloralose-anesthetized cats discovered an excitatory peroneal nerve-to-bladder reflex. A urethral catheter was used to infuse the bladder with saline and record bladder pressure changes. Electrical stimulation was applied to the superficial peroneal nerve to trigger reflex bladder activity. With the bladder distended at a volume ~90% of bladder capacity, superficial peroneal nerve stimulation (PNS) at 1-3 Hz and threshold (T) intensity for inducing muscle twitching on the posterior thigh induced large-amplitude (40-150 cmH2O) bladder contractions. PNS (1-3 Hz, 1-2T) applied during cystometrograms (CMGs) when the bladder was slowly (1-3 ml/min) infused with saline significantly (P < 0.01) reduced bladder capacity to ~80% of the control capacity and significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced reflex bladder contractions. To determine the impact of PNS on tibial nerve stimulation (TNS)-induced changes in bladder function, PNS was delivered following TNS. TNS of 30-min duration produced long-lasting poststimulation inhibition and significantly (P < 0.01) increased bladder capacity to 140.5 ± 7.6% of the control capacity. During the post-TNS inhibition period, PNS (1-3 Hz, 1-4T) applied during CMGs completely restored bladder capacity to the control level and significantly (P < 0.05) increased the duration of reflex bladder contractions to ~200% of control. The excitatory peroneal nerve-to-bladder reflex could also be activated by transcutaneous PNS using skin surface electrodes attached to the dorsal surface of the foot. These results raise the possibility of developing novel neuromodulation therapies to treat underactive bladder and nonobstructive urinary retention.

Feline Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis: Risk factors and rational treatment approaches.

Uroliths occur commonly in the bladder and/or urethra of cats and can be lifethreatening if urethral obstruction occurs. Calcium oxalate accounts for 40-50% of urocystoliths and these stones are not amenable to medical dissolution; therefore, removal by surgery or minimally invasive techniques is required if uroliths must be treated. Medical protocols for prevention involve decreasing urine saturation for minerals that form uroliths. Formation of uroliths is not a disease, but rather a complication of several disorders. Some disorders can be identified and corrected (such as infection-induced struvite urolith formation); others can be identified but not corrected (such as idiopathic hypercalcemia). In most cats with calcium oxalate urolith formation the underlying etiopathogenesis is not known. A common denominator of all these disorders is that they can from time to time create oversaturation of urine with one or more crystal precursors, resulting in formation of crystals. In order to develop rational and effective approaches to treatment, abnormalities that promote urolith formation must be identified, with the goal of eliminating or modifying them. It is important, therefore, to understand several basic concepts associated with urolithiasis and the factors that promote urolith formation that may be modified with medical treatment; for example, the state of urinary saturation, modifiers of crystal formation, potential for multiple crystal types, and presence of bacterial infection or urinary obstruction.

Intravesical glycosaminoglycans for obstructive feline idiopathic cystitis: a pilot study.

Feline idiopathic cystitis is a common condition, often resulting in repeated episodes of life-threatening urethral obstruction. Defective urinary bladder glycosaminoglycans have been implicated as a causal factor. In this report, a commercially available glycosaminoglycan product was infused into the urinary bladders of cats with urethral obstruction from idiopathic cystitis to study the effect on repeated obstruction. In this randomized, blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, the therapeutic protocol was well tolerated with no adverse effects. Whereas no glycosaminoglycan-treated cats (n = 9) developed repeated urethral obstruction during the 7 day follow-up period, 3/7 placebo-treated cats developed repeated obstructions. Approaching statistical significance (P = 0.06), these data suggest that further investigation of this new treatment option is warranted.