Bladder Damage Research Articles

A Recent Advance in the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Vaccine Development for Human Schistosomiasis.

Schistosomiasis, which affects a large number of people worldwide, is among the most overlooked parasitic diseases. The disease is mainly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, southeast Asian countries, and South America due to the lack of adequate sanitation. The disease is mainly associated with poor hygiene, sanitation, and contaminated water, so it is also known as a disease of poverty. Three Schistosoma species (S. mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. haematobium) cause significant human infections. Co-infections with Schistosoma and other parasites are widely common. All these parasites may cause intestinal or urogenital schistosomiasis, where the disease may be categorized into the acute, sensitized, and chronic phases. The disease is more prevalent among school children, which may cause anemia and reduce development. Chronic infections frequently cause significant liver, intestinal, and bladder damage. Women exposed to contaminated water while performing normal duties like washing clothes might acquire urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS), which can cause tissue damage and raise the risk of blood-borne disease transmission, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the World Health Organization (WHO)-prescribed treatment for individuals who are known to be infected, but it does not prevent further re-infections with larval worms. Vaccine development and new molecular-based diagnosis techniques have promised to be a reliable approach to the diagnosis and prevention of schistosomiasis. The current review emphasizes the recent advancement in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis by molecular techniques and the treatment of schistosomiasis by combined and alternative regimes of drugs. Moreover, this review has also focused on the recent outbreak of schistosomiasis, the development of vaccines, and their clinical trials.

Effect of incision location and type of fistula on postoperative urinary retention after radical surgery for anal fistula: a retrospective analysis

BackgroundPostoperative urinary retention (POUR) is a common complication characterized by fullness of the bladder without the ability to urinate. Its etiology in proctology surgery is multifactorial. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for POUR after radical surgery for anal fistula.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 511 patients who underwent radical surgery for anal fistula at the China-Japan Friendship Hospital from August 2022 to December 2023. Risk factors for POUR were analyzed by means of binary logistic regression analyses.ResultsPOUR occurred in 57 patients (11.2%) within 48 h post-surgery, and males were predominantly affected (84.4%). Independent risk factors included a history of urological disease (OR = 6.048; p < 0.001), incisions at position 1 (OR = 2.228; p = 0.046), high anal fistula (OR = 4.768; p < 0.001), VAS score ≥ 7 (OR = 2.805; p = 0.010), and GAD-7 score ≥ 5 (OR = 2.405; P = 0.024).ConclusionPOUR is a significant complication post-radical surgery for anal fistula, particularly among patients with urological disease, high anal fistula, and incisions at position 1. Surgeons should pay more attention to surgical methods for high anal fistulas and fistulas in the anterior rectum, and monitor postoperative bladder volume in high-risk patients. Enhanced postoperative pain and anxiety management can reduce the incidence of POUR and prevent long-term bladder damage.

Fosaprepitant improves cyclophosphamide-induced bladder damage by alleviating inflammatory response in mice

Inhibition of inflammatory process is a key therapeutic target for the treatment of interstitial cystitis (IC). Recent reports indicate that neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) antagonists have beneficial roles in inflammatory-based diseases. Herein, we investigate the protective effects of fosaprepitant (FOS), a NK1R antagonist, in cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced cystitis. The cystitis model was established multiple CP (80 mg/kg; i.p.) injection one day apart, and mice were treated with FOS (20 and 60 mg/kg/day; i.p.) for seven consecutive days. Detrusor contractility, vesical vascular permeability, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and protein expression levels of the TLR4 pathway were evaluated in mice bladder. Carbachol and electric field stimulation-evoked contractions of detrusor strips were significantly increased in CP-treated mice, which was significantly attenuated by FOS (60 mg/kg/day) treatment (p<0.001, p<0.05). Notably, vesical vascular permeability was markedly impaired in CP-induced cystitis, that was restored by FOS (60 mg/kg/day) treatment (p<0.01). MPO activity was significantly increased in cystitis group whereas FOS (20 and 60 mg/kg/day) treatment remarkably suppressed MPO activity in bladder tissue (p<0.001). Although TLR4 expression increased with cystitis, MyD88 and p-NFκBSer536/total NFκB did not change, FOS (20 and 60 mg/kg/day) treatment caused a dramatic decrease in TLR4 expression (p<0.001), indicating the anti-inflammatory effect of FOS. In conclusion, FOS improved detrusor overactivity and inflammatory response by inhibiting MPO activity and TLR4 expression, resulting in functional and histological recovery in CP-induced cystitis.

Preventive Effects of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Treatment on Urinary Bladder and Kidney Damage in Spinal Cord Injured Rats.

One of the main causes of a neurogenic bladder is spinal cord injury (SCI),(SCI), which induces little or no bladder reflex activity. Because of this alteration, there is an increased risk of developing urinary tract infections and kidney damage. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment has been shown to improve micturition in a rat model of SCI. The present study was aimed at determining whether GnRH administration is capable to reduce bladder and kidney damage in rats with SCI. Ovariectomized female Wistar rats were divided into three groups: sham, SCI with saline solution (SCI), and SCI treated with GnRH (SCI+GnRH) for 6 weeks. SCI was induced by compression at the T10 spinal level. At the end of the experiment, bladders and kidneys were processed for morphological and immunofluorescence analysis. For morphometric analysis, the thickness of the urothelium and the muscular layer of the bladder was measured, as well as the intensity of staining related to collagen in the kidney. At the end of the experiment, all animals in the sham group showed normal urination (100%), in contrast, the percentage of untreated injured rats (SCI) that did not require manual stimulation for micturition was 19%, while the treated group (SCI+GnRH) was 68%. A significative increase in bladder weight, urothelial and muscle thickness, and collagen-related coloration in the kidney was observed in SCI when compared to sham rats. GnRH administration decreased damage to the urinary bladder and kidneys after SCI in rats. These results suggest that this hormone could be a potential preventive treatment for SCI patients at risk of neurogenic bladder and kidney damage. Not applicable.

The catheterized bladder environment induces dysregulation of macrophage polarization exacerbating bacterial UTI.

Urinary catheterization causes bladder damage, predisposing hosts to catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). CAUTI pathogenesis is mediated by bladder damage-induced inflammation, resulting in accumulation and deposition of the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen (Fg) and its matrix form fibrin, which are exploited by uropathogens as biofilm platforms to establish infection. Catheter-induced inflammation also results in robust immune cell recruitment, including macrophages (Mϕs). A fundamental knowledge gap is understanding the mechanisms by which the catheterized-bladder environment suppresses the Mϕ antimicrobial response, allowing uropathogen persistence. Here, we found that Fg and fibrin differentially modulate M1 and M2 Mϕ polarization, respectively. We unveiled that fibrin accumulation in catheterized mice induced an anti-inflammatory M2-like Mϕ phenotype, correlating with pathogen persistence. Even GM-CSF treatment of wildtype mice to promote M1 polarization was not sufficient to reduce bacterial burden and dissemination, indicating that the catheterized-bladder environment provides mixed signals, dysregulating Mϕ polarization, hindering its antimicrobial response against uropathogens.

A high salt diet impairs the bladder epithelial barrier and activates the NLRP3 and NF‑κB signaling pathways to induce an overactive bladder in vivo.

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a condition characterized by an urgency to urinate, which is associated with the urodynamic observation of detrusor overexcitation. Although the etiology of OAB is currently unclear, it has been suggested that in patients with OAB, disruption of bladder epithelial barrier integrity can disturb the normal contractile function of the detrusor. Additionally, dietary preferences have been suggested to influence the severity of OAB. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a high salt diet (HSD) on the development of OAB in a murine model. Mice were fed either a HSD or standard diet for 8 weeks, following which voiding characteristics and bladder barrier function were assessed. The present study demonstrated that a HSD in mice was associated with OAB-like symptoms such as increased urinary frequency and non-voiding bladder contractions. The HSD group demonstrated a thinner bladder mucus layer and decreased expression of bladder barrier markers, tight junction protein-1 and claudin-1, which may be potentially indicative of induced bladder damage. A HSD for 8 weeks in mice and a high salt treatment at the uroepithelium cellular (SV-HUC-1s) level resulted in increased uroepithelial oxidative stress and inflammatory cell infiltration, as indicated by increased expression levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as activation of the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich-containing family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and NF-κB signaling pathways in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, the present study indicated that a HSD could be a potentially important risk factor for the development of OAB, as it may be associated with overactivation of contractile function of the bladder by impairing the integrity of the bladder epithelial barrier and activation of the NLRP3 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Remodeling of the bladder barrier and reduction of the inflammatory response may be potential targets for the treatment of OAB in the future.

Amelioration of radiation cystitis by tetrahedral framework nucleic acid nanostructures functionalized with quercetin

Radiation cystitis (RC) has impacted millions globally with high morbidity and a dearth of effective strategies. Earlier research indicated that quercetin (Que) could alleviate radiation-induced bladder damage. However, Que’s limited application arises from issues such as poor water solubility, rapid degradation, and low oral bioavailability. To address these challenges, a nano-system, named tFNA-Que, has been developed for Que delivery, utilizing the tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA). Due to the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and delivery capabilities of tFNA, it is purposefully designed as an efficient carrier for delivering Que. The tFNA-Que formulation exhibits an easily synthesized structure, stable performance, sustained release, good water solubility, robust cellular internalization ability, desirable biocompatibility, and biosafety. As a result, tFNA-Que can alleviate radiation-induced oxidative stress and inflammation while promoting angiogenesis in RC. In summary, the synthesis of tFNA-Que presents a straightforward and efficient synergistic delivery nano-system, making it as a promising candidate for RC treatment.

Migration of the Gamma Nail Neck Screw into the Pelvis with Bladder Damage.

Medial migration of the cervical screw is a frequent complication of Gamma nails and is observed in 4.3% - 6% of cases. The reasons are a violation of the surgical technique of osteosynthesis of a trochanter fracture, including an unrepaired fracture, a breach of the insertion point of the fixator, and a suboptimal position of the cervical screw. However, the migration of the Gamma nail neck screw into the pelvic cavity is sporadic, and only a few cases have been published in the literature. This is the case of a patient born in 1952 who was admitted to the hospital with pain syndrome in the pelvis and dysuric phenomena. As a result of clinical X-ray examination, CT, and MRT examination of the pelvis, medial migration of the Gamma nail cervical screw with damage to the bladder was revealed. The patient was urgently operated on the day of admission. The cervical screw from the bladder was removed, the bladder was sutured, and an epicystostomy was installed. The Gamma nail from the right femur was also released. There were no intraoperative complications. In the postoperative period, the patient was prescribed antibiotics and analgesics. The duration of hospitalization was six days. Being examined for five weeks after the operation, the patient does not make any particular complaints, walks without means of support, and the intertrochanteric fracture of the right femur fused incorrectly. The patient was offered an endoprosthesis of the right hip joint, but he and his relatives refused. The traumatologist should be aware of the possibility of such complications after osteosynthesis and its associated risks. They should be able to recognize the etiological factors causing the medial migration of the cervical screw of the intramedullary retainer. If medial screw migration is detected, the traumatologist should assess the function of internal organs and the condition of the main vessels and take measures to safely remove the migrated fixator from the anatomical cavity of the body in one team with a surgeon, urologist and vascular surgeon.

Recreational ketamine use can lead to irreversible bladder damage

An increasing number of young patients with severe bladder overactivity syndrome potentially caused by recreational ketamine use has been treated in our department. Ketamine has become a popular and increasingly used recreational drug in New Zealand. Ketamine bladder syndrome has been reported internationally; however, local New Zealand data do not exist. It can lead to irreversible damage to the bladder, and internationally, surgical procedures like cystectomy and urinary diversion or augmentation cystoplasty have been reported as necessary treatments.

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli infection: innate immune disorder, bladder damage, and Tailin Fang II.

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) activates innate immune response upon invading the urinary tract, whereas UPEC can also enter bladder epithelial cells (BECs) through interactions with fusiform vesicles on cell surfaces and subsequently escape from the vesicles into the cytoplasm to establish intracellular bacterial communities, finally evading the host immune system and leading to recurrent urinary tract infection (RUTI). Tailin Fang II (TLF-II) is a Chinese herbal formulation composed of botanicals that has been clinically proven to be effective in treating urinary tract infection (UTI). However, the underlying therapeutic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Network pharmacology analysis of TLF-II was conducted. Female Balb/C mice were transurethrally inoculated with UPEC CFT073 strain to establish the UTI mouse model. Levofloxacin was used as a positive control. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: negative control, UTI, TLF-II, and levofloxacin. Histopathological changes in bladder tissues were assessed by evaluating the bladder organ index and performing hematoxylin-eosin staining. The bacterial load in the bladder tissue and urine sample of mice was quantified. Activation of the TLR4-NF-κB pathway was investigated through immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The urinary levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 and urine leukocyte counts were monitored. We also determined the protein expressions of markers associated with fusiform vesicles, Rab27b and Galectin-3, and levels of the phosphate transporter protein SLC20A1. Subsequently, the co-localization of Rab27b and SLC20A1 with CFT073 was examined using confocal fluorescence microscopy. Data of network pharmacology analysis suggested that TLF-II could against UTI through multiple targets and pathways associated with innate immunity and inflammation. Additionally, TLF-II significantly attenuated UPEC-induced bladder injury and reduced the bladder bacterial load. Meanwhile, TLF-II inhibited the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB on BECs and decreased the urine levels of IL-1β and IL-6 and urine leukocyte counts. TLF-II reduced SLC20A1 and Galectin-3 expressions and increased Rab27b expression. The co-localization of SLC20A1 and Rab27b with CFT073 was significantly reduced in the TLF-II group. Collectively, innate immunity and bacterial escape from fusiform vesicles play important roles in UPEC-induced bladder infections. Our findings suggest that TLF-II combats UPEC-induced bladder infections by effectively mitigating bladder inflammation and preventing bacterial escape from fusiform vesicles into the cytoplasm. The findings suggest that TLF-II is a promising option for treating UTI and reducing its recurrence.

Analysis by literature review with PRISMA 2020 methodology of laparoscopic surgical complications of ovarian cysts

Laparoscopic surgery in the removal of ovarian cysts is one of the most widely used procedures in the world today due to its multiple advantages, but the procedure is not free of complications. The aim of this study was to analyze, by means of a literature review using PRISMA 2020 methodology, the laparoscopic surgical complications of ovarian cysts. The study was framed in the exploratory research level, using hermeneutics to analyze the systematic review developed in the databases Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, from which 16 documents were finally included. It was shown that the main complications of laparoscopic surgery are vascular and intestinal damage, but less serious and frequent complications such as bladder and urethral damage, hernias and infections can also occur. We found that laparoscopic surgery has emerged as the preferred modality for the investigation, diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of diseases, including ovarian cystectomy. Although this form of minimally invasive surgery has numerous advantages, including a lower incidence of complications, it is not without risk. It was concluded that, although the rate of complications in laparoscopic surgery is lower compared to conventional surgery, more research is needed to improve existing procedures, ensure their safety and create new methods

Unintended Consequences: Exploring Iatrogenic Injuries in Cesarean Section Deliveries

Cesarean delivery (CD), or C-section, which prevents injury and death in mothers and babies at higher risk of complicated deliveries, like any surgery, does carry a risk of complications. By reviewing the medical literature and analyzing documented CD cases, we examined the spectrum of iatrogenic injuries, including unintentional injuries, affecting both maternal and neonatal outcomes. This case report describes iatrogenic bladder damage after CD in a 31-year-old woman who had a previous emergency CD two years ago. This case calls for a comprehensive approach to minimize iatrogenic risks and optimize maternal and neonatal well-being during repeat СD.

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibition is an effective approach for the treatment of chemical hemorrhagic cystitis.

Hemorrhagic cystitis may be induced by infection, radiation therapy, or medications or may be idiopathic. Along with hemorrhagic features, symptoms include urinary urgency and frequency, dysuria (painful urination), and visceral pain. Cystitis-induced visceral pain is one of the most challenging types of pain to treat, and an effective treatment would address a major unmet medical need. We assessed the efficacy of a purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor, 8-aminoguanine (8-AG), for the treatment of hemorrhagic/ulcerative cystitis. Lower urinary tract (LUT) function and structure were assessed in adult Sprague-Dawley rats, treated chronically with cyclophosphamide (CYP; sacrificed day 8) and randomized to daily oral treatment with 8-AG (begun 14 days prior to CYP induction) or its vehicle. CYP-treated rats exhibited multiple abnormalities, including increased urinary frequency and neural mechanosensitivity, reduced bladder levels of inosine, urothelial inflammation/damage, and activation of spinal cord microglia, which is associated with pain hypersensitivity. 8-AG treatment of CYP-treated rats normalized all observed histological, structural, biochemical, and physiological abnormalities. In cystitis 8-AG improved function and reduced both pain and inflammation likely by increasing inosine, a tissue-protective purine metabolite. These findings demonstrate that 8-AG has translational potential for reducing pain and preventing bladder damage in cystitis-associated LUT dysfunctions.

Inguinal hernia: Lichtenstein VS Shouldice technique repair: A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundInguinal hernia repair is the most frequent operation in general surgery. The chance of a person having to undergo an inguinal hernia operation during his/her life is quite high, 27 % in men and 3 % in women. European Hernia Society guidelines state that the Lichtenstein technique (mesh-based repair) is the standard treatment of elective inguinal hernia in adults. Some authors consider the Shouldice technique (tissue-based repair) the best conventional method for open hernia repair. In this study, we compared these two methods. MethodsIn This randomized study, 452 patients were randomly allocated into 2 groups. 51 patients were lost during follow-up period and were excluded from further analysis in the study. Finally, the analyzed patients were 183 patients in Shouldice technique group and 218 patients in Lichtenstein technique group. All patients were examined after 1 week, 1, 3 months, 1, 2, and 3 years after the operation date. ResultsAfter 3 years follow up Recurrence of hernia in Shouldice technique group was 7.1 % and in Lichtenstein technique group was 3 % with significant differences (p-value 0.006). No statistically significant differences were found between the groups in wound infection, Seroma, hematoma, Hydrocele, Bladder damage, chronic pain in the inguinal region, and Patient Satisfaction level after surgery. ConclusionIt seems that inguinal hernia treatment by the Lichtenstein technique is better than the Shouldice technique in elective patients.

Veza između nivoa citokina u serumu i razvoja akutne radijacione toksičnosti kod pacijenata sa karcinomom prostate

Radiotherapy plays a significant role in the multidisciplinary approach to treating prostate cancer patients. However, some of these patients may develop severe adverse effects after receiving radiotherapy that negatively affect their quality of life. Radiotoxicity may manifest in the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract by damaging the rectum or bowel, or genitourinary (GU) tract, causing symptoms due to urethral, bladder or prostate damage. The probability of complications in normal tissue increases as the delivered radiation dose increases. However, there are patients with satisfactory dosimetric parameters who develop radiation toxicity and vice versa. Prediction models that take into account additional parameters to identify patients most susceptible to developing toxicity may serve as essential factors toward personalized radiotherapy. The main objectives are morbidity reduction and life-quality improvement. Changes in the cytokine levels could also be connected with the occurrence of acute gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicity. Literature data indicate the association of numerous cytokines with the appearance of GI and GU toxicity. There is proof that TGF-b1 stimulates fibroblasts to generate extracellular matrix. According to the literature, IL-6 is regarded as one of the most important immune markers for predicting the radiotherapy-induced toxicity of normal tissues. Increased IL-6 concentrations in the serum during radiotherapy are significantly linked to a higher degree of acute genitourinary toxicity. The goal of this work is to summarize the results of contemporary research in which the connection between the occurrence of acute radiation toxicity and changes in the cytokines levels in the serum during radiotherapy were examined, considering the great future potential of the use of toxicity prediction factors in clinical practice. It can be concluded that radiation therapy, the development of an inflammatory process, and the occurrence of radiation toxicity are all related. However, further research with the aim of adequate stratification of patients for the development of an individualized approach to radiotherapy is required.

Enzyme-induced hypoxia leads to inflammation in urothelial cells in vitro.

To determine the contributions of different durations of hypoxia to NLRP3 inflammasome activation in urothelial cells and how ischemic changes in bladder tissues is an important chemical que that leads to pathological changes seen in BOO. A rat urothelial cell line (MYP3) was exposed to either a short duration (2h) or long duration (6h) of enzyme-induced hypoxia. Following exposure to a short duration of hypoxia, NO and ATP concentrations were measured from supernatant media and caspase-1 levels were measured from cell lysates. In a separate experiment, cells were fixed following hypoxia exposure and immunostained for HIF-1α stabilization. Although short exposure of low oxygen conditions resulted in a hypoxic response in MYP3 cells, as indicated by HIF-1α stabilization and increased NO activity, NLRP3 inflammasome activation was not observed as caspase-1 activity remained unchanged. However, exposure of MYP3 cells toa longer duration of hypoxia resulted in an increase in intracellular caspase-1 activity. Furthermore, treatment with antioxidant (GSH) or TXNIP inhibitor (verapamil) attenuated the hypoxia-induced increase in caspase-1 levels indicating that hypoxia primarily drives inflammation through a ROS-mediated TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway. We conclude that hypoxia induced bladder damage requires a duration that is more likely related to elevated storage pressures/hypoxia, seen in later stages of BOO, as compared to shorter duration pressure elevation/hypoxia that is encountered in normal micturition cycles or early in the BOO pathology where storage pressures are still normal.

Uroprotective effects of berberine and curcumin in cyclophosphamide-induced interstitial cystitis.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of berberine (BER) and curcumin (CUR) in the experimental model of cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide (CYP). A total of 36 Wistar-Albino female rats were used in the study. Rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6). Normal control group, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group, CYP group (75 mg/kg), CYP + BER (75 mg/kg CYP and 50 mg/kg BER), CYP + CUR group (75 mg/kg CYP and 50 mg/kg CUR), CYP + BER + CUR group (75 mg/kg CYP and 50 mg/kg BER and 50 mg/kg CUR). Severe edema, hyperemia, hemorrhage, necrosis, and thinning of the epithelial layer were observed in the CYP group. BER and CUR treatment significantly reduced these pathologies. Masson-Trichrome staining was severe in the CYP group and moderate in the CYP + BER, CYP + CUR, and CYP + BER + CUR groups. In the CYP group, there was a severe expression of caspase-3, TNF-α and IL-6, and mild expression of IL-10. BER and CUR treatment decreased the expression of caspase-3, TNF-α, and IL-6 and increased the expression of IL-10. The findings of the study reveal that BER and CUR treatments may reduce CYP-induced bladder damage by reducing apoptosis and inflammation and ameliorating histopathological changes.

MITIGATION OF ARSENIC-INDUCED RENAL TOXICITY THROUGH PACHYPODOL IN QUAILS

Heavy metals are abiotic toxicants that are non-biodegradable and can be propagated by human activities. Heavy metals can induce hepatotoxicity, immuno-toxicity, hemotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity in living things. Arsenic (As) is gradually deposited into renal tissues because of its great affinity for hemoglobin, resulting in renal damage, oxidative stress, DNA, and urinary bladder damage. Pachypodol (4′, 5-dihydroxy-3, 3′, 7-trimethoxyflavone) is a flavonoid extracted from Pogostemon cablin and is a protective anti-oxidant. To determine renal damage markers in quails treated with arsenic, pachypodol, and a mixture of both, sixteen quails (Coturnix coturnix) were purchased from Bird's Market Jhang Bazar, Faisalabad. Birds were divided into four groups of equal size. Group-I was the control group, group-II was exposed to arsenic, group-III was co-treated with arsenic and pachypodol, and group-IV (positive) was treated with pachypodol. After 30 days, all groups of birds were sacrificed. Blood samples were collected from all groups of birds. In the current experiment, the levels of uric acid, creatinine, biliverdin, and metal accumulation were significantly (p&lt;0.05) due to arsenic treatment but normalized as pachypodol administered. The albumin, body weight, and organ weight were observed significantly (p&lt;0.05) lowered in arsenic treatment while regaining significantly (p&lt;0.05) due to pachypodol treatment. Histopathological and behavioral alterations were also observed. Therefore, current research concluded that pachypodol has ameliorative potential against arsenic-induced renal damage in quails (Coturnix coturnix).

Multinucleated giant cells of bladder mucosa are modified telocytes: Diagnostic and immunohistochemistry algorithm and relation to PD-L1 expression score.

Multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) in bladder carcinomas are poorly studied. To describe the function, morphogenesis, and origin of mononuclear and MGCs in urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder in Bulgarian and French patients. Urothelial bladder carcinomas (n = 104) from 2016-2020 were analyzed retrospectively using immunohistochemical (IHC) and histochemical stain examination. Giant cells in the bladder stroma were found in 35.6% of cases, more often in high-grades. We confirm that MGCs in the mucosa in UC of the bladder were positive for both mesenchymal and myofibroblast markers (vimentin, smooth muscle actin, Desmin, and CD34) and the macrophage marker CD68. Furthermore, IHC studies revealed the following profile of these cells: Positive for p16; negative for epithelial (CK AE1/AE3 and GATA-3), vascular (CD31), neural (PS100 and C-KIT), cambial, blastic (CD34-blasts and C-KIT), and immune markers (IG G, immunoglobulin G4, and PD-L1); no proliferative activity, possess no specific immune function, and cannot be used to calculate the Combined Positive Score scale. In conclusion, the giant stromal cells in non-tumor and tumor bladder can be used as a characteristic and relatively constant, although nonspecific, histological marker for chronic bladder damage, reflecting the chronic irritation or inflammation. Likewise, according to the morphological and IHC of the mono- and multinucleated giant cells in the bladder, they are most likely represent telocytes capable of adapting their morphology to the pathology of the organ.

Infection with swim bladder nematode Anguillicola crassus in relation to European eel growth, age, and habitat along the German Baltic coast.

One possible reason for the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) population decline is the neozoan eel swim bladder nematode Anguillicola crassus. To investigate whether the prevalence of A. crassus and the associated swim bladder pathology is related to eel habitat, growth rate, and age, 728 yellow eels from 6 habitats differing in salinity and located along the German Baltic coast were examined between 2005 and 2009. The prevalence of A. crassus varied between habitats, ranging from 9 to 57%. Infection prevalence and the percentage of eels with a damaged swim bladder were significantly higher in inner coastal waters compared to more saline open coastal water. In infected eels, 1 to 32 adult and preadult individuals of A. crassus were observed. The mean infection intensity varied between habitats from 2 to 7 nematodes per eel but did not significantly differ between inner and open coastal waters. Infection prevalence and intensity decreased significantly with age when all open coastal waters and all habitats were combined. Both the lower prevalence of A. crassus and the swim bladder damage of older eels and of eels originating from open coastal water habitats suggest that these eels have a higher fitness for spawning migrations than eels from inner coastal waters. The present study underlines the importance of eel screening on a sufficiently small geographical scale for the accurate estimation of eel recruitment and the identification of priority areas that are likely to produce healthy silver eels.