Black Rice Husk Ash Research Articles

Corrosion Resistance Enhancement of Reinforced Concrete in Marine Environment by Partial Replacement of Black Rice Husk Ash

In this work, the black rice husk ash (BRHA), a pozzolanic material, was used as a partial replacement in concrete with the weight percentages of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% for enhancing the corrosion resistivity in the marine environment. The compressive strength, corrosion by accelerated corrosion test by impressed voltage (ACTIV), and chloride (Cl−) penetration of concrete specimens were investigated after 28 days of curing. For corrosion and chloride penetration analyses, the 20% of BRHA replacement specimen was the most effective concrete specimen because the deformation was not observed within 19 days of the test. The cement specimens with lower BRHA percentages were cracked due to the development of stress by the rust formation. For higher BRHA percentages, the protective Fe2O3 was dissolved due to the acidic environment caused by higher chloride accumulation in the cement specimens. The steel rebar was then aggressively attacked by the chloride and it was finally broken. Therefore, the optimization of the BRHA percentage is needed to minimize corrosion. However, the longer curing time of 20% BRHA replacement specimen is required for increasing the compressive strength because its compressive strength is slightly lower than the standard.

Design of Low-Stress robust silicon and Silicon-Carbide anode with high areal capacity and high energy density for Next-Generation Lithium-Ion batteries

Utilization of biomass-converted products in the energy industry is a pathway to sustain the demand of high energy lithium cells, and silicon anode could be a solution before the lithium metal. The high percentage of silicon (>10 wt%) in the anode for capacity gain can’t prevent crack generation during cycling and results in capacity fading and cell failure. Here, we present a unique anode structure like an in-situ nano-layer of carbon-coated silicon–silicon carbide (Si-SiC@C) from black rice husk ash (BRHA)-biomass. A specific proportion of the “SiC” phase in Si-SiC@C plays a crucial role in the formation of a stable interface, passivation of the Si surface, and suppression of Si cracking, resulting in improved battery cycling performance. Furthermore, the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) experiment was carried out in MATLAB software to more understand the interface mechanism. Nano-indentation and Von-mises stress generation method was used to analyze the mechanical properties of samples. The ‘Si’ and ‘SiC’ phases were distinguished by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and are thoroughly analyzed via the advanced characterization tools (i.e., FETEM, c-AFM, XPS, etc.). The optimized Si-SiC@C composition showed excellent cyclic stability up to 700 cycles with an areal capacity of ∼2.3 mAh cm−2 at a rate of 0.2 A g−1 vs. Li/Li+. Moreover, a pouch cell is fabricated with the Si-SiC@C (i.e., ∼3.8 mg cm−2) as anode and NMC811 as cathode (∼11.5 mg cm−2). The developed 300 mAh pouch cell performed excellently (>85 % capacity retention) over 200 cycles. In light of easy and energy-efficient synthesis, robustness, and cyclic stability, the specially designed Si-SiC@C from BRHA can be a promising choice as the next-generation anode material for rechargeable battery applications, particularly for lithium-ion batteries.

Sunflower straw ash as an alternative activator in alkali-activated grouts: A new 100% waste-based material

Alkali-activated grouts (AAGs) are increasingly used to replace ordinary portland cement owing to their several advantages. The mechanical properties and environmental aspects of AAGs are affected by the type of activator. In this study, the effects of sunflower stalk ash (SSA) and commercial alkaline reagents on the mechanical properties, microstructures, and CO2 emissions of geopolymer grouts were investigated for the first time using blast furnace slag and black rice husk ash as precursors. The results indicated that the potassium and calcium salts in the SSA promoted the formation of C(K)-A-S-H and C–S–H. The compressive strength of the SSA-activated grouts was higher than that of the slurry prepared using commercial products (24.88 vs. 11.59 MPa). Using SSA instead of commercial reagents can reduce kg CO2-eq/t powder by 84.4 %.

Feasibility study of highly alkaline biomass ash to activate alkali-activated grouts

In this study, the feasibility of using highly alkaline biomass ash to activate alkali-activated grouts was systematically evaluated for the first time to promote the development of alkali-activated binders (AABs) with higher performance and cleanliness. Blast furnace slag (BFS) and black rice husk ash (BRHA) were used as precursors for alkali-activated grouts. Ashes of wheat straw, sunflower hull, and sunflower stalk were used as alkali activators owing to high pH values (11.93–12.88 of their aqueous solutions The effects of different activators on the workability and mechanical properties of BFS–BRHA-based grouts were analyzed, and the hydration products and microstructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray diffraction. The results indicated that the fluidity and setting time of the biomass-activated slurry satisfied the requirements of grouting engineering. Biomass ash accelerates the dissolution of Si4+ and Al3+ from the raw materials, while the potassium and calcium salts promote the formation of C(K)–A–S–H and C–S–H, thereby improving the thermal power and mechanical strength of the system. The 28-d compressive strength of the biomass ash-activated slurry reached 24.67 MPa, which exceeded the 9.12 MPa of the control group. Biomass ash increased the density of the hardened slurry and decreased the porosity by more than 9.1–13.8%. These results are conducive to promoting the development and engineering applications of environmentally friendly AABs.

Effect of black rice husk ash biosilica on mechanical, wear, and fatigue behavior of stacked aloevera/roselle and glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite

AbstractIn this present study, a high‐performance structural epoxy biocomposite has been prepared and characterized for its mechanical, wear, and fatigue behavior. The main aim of this research was to determine the effect of fiber stacking order and the biosilica addition in the epoxy hybrid composite when it is subjected to external loading. The research also focused on how the surface treatment process on fiber and particle affects the mechanical, wear, and fatigue behavior of composite. The biosilica particles were synthesized from black rice husks and then surface treated with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Similarly, a base treatment was applied to fiber mats and the composite laminates for this investigation were fabricated by hand layup process. It is noted that the composite designations E12 and E22 exhibited an improved tensile strength of 58, 62% and flexural strength of 45, 51% for 1.0 vol% biosilica in both staking sequence models. Similarly, in inter‐laminar shear strength the composites E2, E21 and E22 outperformed than E1, E11, and E12. In terms of Izod impact toughness and hardness, composite designation E22 provides maximum increment of about 94% and 5%. The wear resistance of composite E22 exhibited lower wear loss and COF. The highest fatigue life count of 41,782 was observed for the composite designation E22 in tension‐tension fatigue mode. Overall the stacking order R/A/G/A/R gives better results than others. These load bearing properties enhanced hybrid composites might be employed in structural, industrial, automotive, home appliance, defense, and lightweight industrial applications.

Development of Characteristics and Thermal Properties of Ash Celadon Glazes in Thailand

In this paper, we will study the development and comparison of characteristics and thermal properties of original celadon glazes and celadon glazes developed by adding black rice husk ash, Using Mae Rim black clay in Chiang Mai Province as raw material for the original celadon glaze (CG), including clay in the rice paddies, Kha wood ash and mixed wood ash. The raw materials for the development of celadon glazes formula were 14BR, 15BR, 20BR, 21BR, 27BR and 28BR, respectively. Using a triangular phase diagram system, Mae Taeng clay (MT), Kha wood ash (KWA) and black rice husk ash (BR) were used in the ratios of 40, 50, 60 and 70 wt.%, and using the red clay from Doi Saket, Chiang Mai as a coloring agent. Subsequently, the raw materials are ground and mixed to form a coating. Coated onto Mae Rim black clay test specimens. and fire the test specimen at 1250 °C in a reducing atmosphere. After that, the characteristics of the glazes after firing were tested, including crack, melt, flow, color appearance, and chemical composition. Thermal properties tests include the coefficient of thermal expansion and thermal shock resistance in temperature. The results showed that by comparing the original formula celadon glazes (CG) with the celadon glazes formula developed by adding black rice husk ash. crazing were reduced when adding more black rice husk ash. All formulations were melted at 1250 °C due to their CaO content of 55.0, 47.6, 41.0, 51.0, 47.9, 47.7 and 43.0 % respectively. From the chemical composition analysis with XRF, celadon glazes after firing in all formulas did not see any flow due to the content of SiO2 being 28.0, 28.8, 35.4, 26.7, 28.3, 27.9 and 31.1% respectively. The appearance of glazes after firing was more greenish-yellow when rice husk ash was added when using a color analyzer. Because the amount of Fe2O3 up to 4.6, 9.3, 10.4, 8.2, 9.1, 5.9 and 6.0% respectively from Mae Taeng clay and Doi Saket clay. The chemical composition of celadon glaze consists of CaO as the main component, followed by SiO2 and Fe2O3. The important thing is the chemical composition of the glazes was not found with lead and cadmium. The thermal expansion coefficient of celadon glazes at 25-1250°C decreased when adding more black rice husk ash. Finally, the percentage of strength loss after thermal shock temperature change was CG ˃ 20BR ˃ 21BR ˃ 27BR ˃ 28BR ˃ 14BR ˃ 15BR, respectively, using the Celadon Pottery Community Standards Test. (MorChor. 245/2013).

Strength and Durability of Geo-Polymer Concrete with Mineral Admixture

Abstract: It is important to durable of structure and reduce co2 emission through the greater use of substitute of cement. The use of supplementry cementitious materials as partial replacement for the cement in concrete will play a significant role with respect to the environmental control of greenhouse and global temperature reduction. The development of geopolymer concrete (GPC) processing of geopolymer using black rice husk ash, GGBS in combination with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions, offers a promising alternative to ordinary portland cement concrete. This study compares the different ratio of black rice husk ash to GGBS where50:50 60:40 40:60 ratios and differing the molarities of alkaline solutions which are 8m , 10m and 12m and comparing the strength of the above ratios and conducting durability characteristics of fly ash and GGBS based geopolymer concrete by conducting test procedure like compressive strength , split tensile strength test, sorpitivity test. Keywords: Geo-polymer concrete ,Black rice husk ash (BRHA),Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS).

Comparative study on the preparation of belite cement from nano-silicas extracted from different agricultural wastes with calcium carbide residue

Belite cement was prepared using nano-silicas extracted from three different agricultural wastes – black rice husk ash (BRHA), bagasse ash (BA), and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) – which were reacted at 1200 − 1400 °C with CaC2 residue as calcium source. The product was compared with that from CaCO3. Nano-silica extracted from BRHA was of very fine particle size (surface area 312.4 m2/g and V/S ratio 0.35 × 106 cm) and being highly reactive, forms β-C2S at lower firing temperatures; however, at higher temperatures, less-desirable γ-polymorphs are formed. Nano-silica extracted from POFA contains Na2O, Al2O3, and K2O impurities, which stabilize the β and α-forms and delay the transformation to γ-phase. This is reflected in relatively high compressive strength at firing temperature above 1200 °C, compared to other mixtures. Thus, these results indicate that the best combination of these waste materials for the preparation of belite cement phases is POFA ash and CaC2 residue.

3D pore structure, thermal and physical properties of metakaolin-black rice husk ash-based alkali-activated cement

Alkali-activated cement (AAC) produced with metakaolin and black rice husk ash was investigated. The characteristics, physical properties, and thermal properties were investigated. Porosity assessments were carried out using synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (XTM). The results revealed that the concentration of NaOH solution and Na2SiO3 solution was the key parameter which affected the morphology and properties of AAC. Particle-structures and prolonged structures were formed when using NaOH as an activator. However, stacked plate-like structures were observed when using Na2SiO3 together with NaOH. The amorphous phases of N-A-S-H gel and geopolymer were formed. XTM profiles showed that the pore volume decreased with increasing NaOH solution concentration and Na2SiO3 contents. The 3D images illustrated that the pore structures were occupied by pores less than 50 µm in size. Pore connections within the range of 0–50 µm were the main parameter which controlled the thermal and physical properties.

Green Natural Rubber Composites Reinforced with Black/White Rice Husk Ashes: Effects of Reinforcing Agent on Film's Mechanical and Dielectric Properties.

Green natural rubber (NR) composites reinforced with black rice husk ash (BRHA)/white rice husk ash (WRHA), using alginate as a thickening and dispersing agent and crosslinking by CaCl2, was developed to improve mechanical, chemical and dielectric properties of NR-based films by using a latex aqueous microdispersion process. A maximum of 100 per hundred rubbers (phr) of rice husk ashes (RHAs) could be integrated in NR matrix without phase separation. Mechanical properties of the composite films were considerably enhanced, compared to the neat NR film. The composite films reinforced with WRHA demonstrated relatively better mechanical properties than those reinforced with BRHA, whereas the composites filled with BRHA demonstrated higher elongation at break. The crosslinking by CaCl2 improved the film tensile strength but lowered the film elasticity. The reinforcement strongly improved chemical resistance of the composite films in toluene. The films are biodegradable in soil, with weight loss of 7.6–18.3% of the initial dry weight after 3 months. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss factors of the composite films were enhanced with RHAs loading. According to the obtained properties, the composites offer potential for further development as stretchable conductive substrate or semiconducting polymer films for electronic applications.

Black Rice Huskash is a Useful Template for Foam Stability to Enhance Oil Recovery (EOR)

In the present study, we have studied the advantages of using black rice husk ash nanoparticles as a foam stabilizer. It was shown that nanoparticles can potentially improve the foam stability; therefore, using nanoparticles allows one to reduce the surfactant or polymer concentration needed to control gas mobility in the reservoir. In the previously published studies, the authors reported the results of using nanoparticles for this particular application. The study aims to improve the foam-forming ability and foam stability when used in enhanced oil recovery technologies. Therefore, we have investigated the ability of the black rice husk ash to provide foam stability and foaming ability of additives. Black rice husk ash was used to produce stable foam in the process of injection of CO2 and N2 gases. Various characterization techniques were used to investigate the properties of the black rice husk ash. Black rice husk ash at various concentrations (ppm) was mixed with high-performance anionic foaming surfactants. In this study we used sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) anionic surfactant. The static foam tests were performed at ambient temperature by bubbling the CO2 and N2 gases through the solution. The CO2 and N2 gas-injection laboratory technical evaluations have been reported. The analysis results showed that the contents of silica nanoparticles of black rice husk ash can enhance the foaming ability and provide stability of the foam. Black rice husk ash has attracted increasing interest as a potential additive when used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies.

The Potential of Black Rice Husk Ash (BRHA) in Brick Productions

A lot of researchers have studied the rice husk brick and it is the most widely used material in earth construction. Although study has been carried out on rice husk brick previously, more in-depth study on the aspect of the optimal replacement levels of local black rice husk ash to the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) that will meet stated standard requirements for non load-bearing bricks need has not been carried out. Despite all the natural materials have been used in construction materials, black rice husk ash is important to be reviewed based on the rationale of availability and growing rice husk production year by year due to high demand of rice supply.

Strength and Porosity of Porous Concrete Pavement Containing Nano Black Rice Husk Ash

Rice husk ash (RHA) as replacement material in the conventional concrete mixture has been widely studying around the world. However, there is a lack of study on nanoparticle produced from black rice husk ash (BRHA) used as a replacement material in porous concrete pavement mixture. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the performance of porous concrete pavement containing nano black rice husk ash in terms of compressive strength, porosity and its correlation. A nano BRHA dosage of 10, 20, 30 and 40% by weight of binder was used throughout the experiments. Four different grindings of BRHA were examined, and it was found that BRHA ground had a nanoparticle between 64 nm to 85 nm. There appears to be an optimum replacement of approximately 10% nano BRHA, during which time the compressive strength and porosity increase significantly.

Strength Properties of Porous Concrete Pavement Blended with Nano Black Rice Husk Ash

In order to improve the porous concrete pavement strength, one of the elements in the porous concrete structure that needs to be considered is the cement paste binder. This study aimed to evaluate the strength properties of porous concrete pavement blended with nanoparticle from black rice husk ash (BRHA). The performance was evaluated based on compressive strength, density, age of curing and strength activity index. Four nano BRHA replacement levels were considered in the study, i.e. 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight of cement. Test results showed that porous concrete pavement containing 10% nano BRHA replacement levels exhibits excellent compressive strength and strength activity index. The results also indicate that there is no significant correlation between density of the porous concrete pavement and compressive strength.

Silver Recovery and Reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand from Used Fixing Reagent of X-Ray Laboratory Using Electrolysis Coupled with Adsorption onto Crab-Shell Chitosan and Black Rice-Husk Ash

Used fixing reagent, from X-ray laboratories of hospitals is often contaminated with numerous chemicals. Silver (Ag (I)) ion is the major contaminant present in used fixing reagent. This work determined the Ag (I) ion and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in used fixing reagent of X-ray laboratory. The removal of Ag (I) ion was done by electrolysis and followed with the adsorption onto crab shell chitosan (CSC) and black rice husk ash (BRHA). The Ag (I) ions in an used fixing reagent was analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) at λ = 540 nm. The COD was measured by reflux technique and the results indicated that the initial concentrations of Ag (I) ions and COD values were 5,634.66 ± 179.74 mg L-1 and 182,821.28 ± 5759.04 mg L-1, respectively. The optimum voltage and time for electrolysis were 2 volts and 10 hrs. After the electrolysis had been done, 82.28% of the Ag (I) ions were removed, while the COD was reduced by 51.76%. After the adsorption experiment was applied, 72.16% of the Ag (I) ions were adsorbed onto CSC and 51.83%. onto BRHA. The COD was reduced 37.04% and 34.08% by CSC and BRHA, respectively. Therefore, these two techniques, electrolysis and adsorption, are appropriated techniques for Ag (I) ions recovery and the COD reduction of the used fixing reagent discharged from X-ray laboratories.

Flexural strength properties of porous concrete pavement incorporating nano black rice husk ash

Rice husk ash (RHA) as replacement material in the conventional concrete mixture has widely investigated around the world. However, there is a lack of study on nanoparticle produced from black rice husk ash (BRHA) used as a replacement material in porous concrete pavement mixture. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the flexural strength properties of porous concrete pavement containing nano black rice husk ash. A nano BRHA dosage of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% by weight of binder used throughout the experiments. The total cementitious content used was 450 kg/m3 with a water/binder ratio of 0.34. It found that there appears to be an optimum replacement of approximately 10% nano BRHA, during which time the flexural strength and flexural activity index increase significantly.

Stability and voids properties of hot mix asphalt containing black rice husk ash

Asphalt durability is often linked to the thickness of the asphalt coating on the aggregate particles. In order to have an adequate film thickness in asphaltic concrete, there must be sufficient space between the aggregate particles in the compacted pavement. This void space is referred to as voids properties. Hence, this study investigates the performance of black rice husk ash as (BRHA) modified binder on stability and voids characteristics of hot mix asphalt. Four BRHA were used as in this study namely 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% (by weight binder). The stability and voids properties of asphalt mixture were determined based on Marshall Mix design test. Test results show that the stability of hot mix asphalt incorporating BRHA was higher than the controlled mixture. The results also indicate that the addition of BRHA causes an increasing or decreasing in voids properties.

Creep and resilient modulus properties of asphaltic concrete containing black rice husk ash

Black rice husk ash (BRHA) is one of the agro-waste that could be used to improve the properties of asphalt mixture. In this investigation, the BRHA was grounded using a laboratory ball mill with porcelain balls to fine particles size less than 76 μm. Four different BRHA contents were considered in this study namely 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% by weight of binder. The performance of asphaltic concrete containing BRHA was evaluated through resilient modulus and dynamic creep test. It was found that the BRHA can be satisfactorily used as a filler material in order to increase the properties of creep and stiffness modulus asphaltic concrete. Test results also indicate that asphaltic concrete containing 2% to 4% BRHA showed excellent performance to resilient modulus and dynamic creep properties.

Effects of black rice husk ash on asphalt mixture under aging condition

The scarcities of natural resources and increment in the waste production rates have promoted efforts to investigate the potential incorporation of various by-products in roads construction and maintenance. Various types of waste materials have been investigated, assessed and evaluated for utilization and practiced in the industry. Reusing of waste materials such as black rice husk ash (BRHA) in asphaltic concrete (AC) was considered as one of the proper management of the waste, which ensure economic and environmental benefits. This study was investigated BRHA effects on the properties and performance of asphalt mixture under different aging condition. The BRHA was added in the AC14 mixture in a proportion of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% by weight of bitumen. The optimum bitumen content was 5% and the bitumen used was 60/70 penetration grades. The asphalt mixture for each fraction was prepared in three different aging conditions i.e. un-aging (UA), short term aging (STA) and long term aging (LTA). The performance of the asphalt mixtures was evaluated by Marshall Stability and resilient modulus. The results indicate that asphalt mixtures consisting of BRHA have exhibited better performance in term of stability and resilient modulus when compared to the conventional asphalt mixtures. The short term and long term aging mixtures considerably produced higher performance than the un-aging mixtures. However, the LTA performed better than of the STA mixtures. Finally, the optimum additional percentage of BRHA was in the range of 4 – 6% since its produce excellent values in most circumstances.

Effect of Black Rice Husk Ash on Asphaltic Concrete Properties under Aging Condition

The scarcities of natural resources and increment in waste production rates have promoted efforts to investigate the potential incorporation of various by-products in roads construction. Reusing of waste materials such as black rice husk ash (BRHA) in asphaltic concrete was considered as one of the proper management of the waste, which ensures economic and environmental benefits. Hence, this study investigates the effect of black rice husk ash on asphalt mixtures properties under different aging condition. BRHA was added in the asphalt mix in a proportion of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% by weight of bitumen. 5% optimum bitumen content with 60/70 penetration grade binder was selected for this study. The asphalt mixtures for each fraction was prepared in three different aging conditions i.e. un-aging (UA), short term aging (STA) and long term aging (LTA). The properties of asphalt mixtures were evaluated by voids, stiffness and dynamic creep tests. The results indicate that asphalt mixtures consisting of BRHA have exhibited better performance in term of voids, stiffness and creep modulus when compared to the conventional asphalt mixtures. The STA and LTA mixtures modified with BRHA produced higher performance than the unmodified mixtures. It can be concluded that the optimum additional percentage of BRHA was in the range of 4% to 6%.