Parastromateus Research Articles

Therapeutic potency of marine collagen/pectin scaffolds - Fabrication, characterization and evaluation

Skin is an important vital organ that must be given proper care and protection from external damage and harmful microbes. If injured, it must be treated with an ideal wound dressing material with potent hemostatic and non-toxic properties. In the present study, fish collagen (FC) was extracted from the fins and tails of Black pomfret (Parastromateus niger). The isolated fish collagen was homogenized with pectin (P) and freeze dried to obtain fish collagen/pectin (FC/P) scaffolds. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed the porous nature of scaffolds with intermittent holes. UV–Visible and Fourier infrared spectroscopic analyses demonstrated the physicochemical properties of FC/P scaffolds. Hemolytic assay performed using human blood demonstrated the percentage of hemolysis as 0.5 %. In vitro blood clotting assay carried out to determine the hemostatic behaviour displayed the formation of blood clot within 60 s in the presence of FC/P scaffolds. 95 % of cells were viable with the highest concentration of FC/P scaffold used for MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. Scratch wound assay demonstrated complete closure of wound in FC/P scaffold treated cells after 48 h of treatment. Chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay showed the development of new blood vessels within 6 h of incubation with the FC/P scaffolds, thereby proving their angiogenic potency. These results indicate the potential use of FC/P scaffolds as effective biomaterials for tissue regenerative applications.

Technical review of encircling ringed gillnet for gillnet standardization in Indonesia

Abstract A technical review of encircling ringed gill nets for gillnet standardization in Indonesia is necessary to determine the design and construction by the waters and their fish target. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics and design of fishing gear, including dimension, shape, and construction. The result of the identification of encircling ringed gillnet belonging to the local fishermen associated with the size of black pomfret (Parastromateus niger) as the fished target is used for the preparation of fishing gear standardization materials for the concerned by adjusting the size of fish target by measuring a fish length of about 150 up to 250 mm or a fish body circumference of about 300 up to 400 mm. As a result, the encircling ringed gillnet is made of nylon monofilament diameter 0.35 mm, and PE 380 d/6 mesh size 76,2 mm, ML = 2879 mesh, and MD = 218 mesh with an upper rope length of 120.65 m shorter than the lower rope 142,6 m. This Gillnet has a buoyancy of 173.6 grf/m and a sinking power of 124,7 grf/m or a buoyancy ratio of 1,39 sinking power. The gillnet is trapezoidal-shaped, operated by making the circumference of the net to fish closed around FAD (Fish Aggregating Device) near waters of more than 20 m depth with an attached net height of 13,30 m.

Production, Diversity, and Distribution of Aquaculture Commodities in Tuban, Indonesia

Graphical Abstract Highlight Research Tuban (Indonesia) aquaculture commodities are surveyed. Aquaculture diversity in Tuban are consisted of 5 fields, namely rice field ponds, floating net cages, freshwater ponds, and brackish aquaculture ponds Aquaculture commodities in Tuban consist of 11 families and 14 species of the main aquatic production. Cyprinus carpio or common carp is one of the commodities cultivated in four different aquacultures. Abstract Fishery is a sector expected to overcome the food crisis. Indonesia is one of the leading countries in high volumes of fishery production in most of its areas, including the Regency of Tuban in East Java Province. The area of Tuban Regency is 1,839.94 km2 with the coastline covers 65 km and a sea area of 22,608 km2. This study aims to provide information regarding aquaculture production, diversity, and distribution in Tuban. This study used a survey method in collecting fishery commodity data directly from aquaculture areas. The results of this study showed that the highest production came from the brackish water with a value of 32.46% (13,561.79 tons), followed by rice field pond (27.79% or 11,612.45 tons), freshwater pond (25.76% or 10,764.62 tons), floating net cage (13.97% or 5,836.59 tons), and marine (0.1% or 5.67 tons). Aquaculture biodiversity in Tuban consisted of 11 families and 14 species of the main aquatic produces, such as Cyprinidae (Cyprinus carpio, Barbonymus gonionotus, Parastromateus niger), Clariidae (Clarias bathracus), Pangasiidae (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus), Penaeidae (Penaeus monodon, Litopenaeus vannamei), Channidae (Channa striata), Cichlidae (Oreochromis niloticus, Oreochromis mosammbicus), Osphronemidae (Osphronemus gourami), Serranidae (Epinephelus), Lutjanidae (Lutjanus), and Chanidae (Chanos chanos). Cyprinus carpio or common carp is fish cultivated in four different aquacultures, namely rice field pond, floating net cages, freshwater ponds, and brackish aquaculture ponds. Unfortunately, the diversity and production of marine aquaculture has not been improved even though Tuban has large marine areas.

Accumulation of potentially toxic elements in fourfinger threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) and black pomfret (Parastromateus niger) from Selangor, Malaysia.

The accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has raised public awareness due to harmful contamination to both human and marine creatures. This study was designed to determine the concentration of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) in the intestine, kidney, muscle, gill, and liver tissues of local commercial edible fish, fourfinger threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum), and black pomfret (Parastromateus niger) collected from Morib (M) and Kuala Selangor (KS). Among the studied PTEs, Cu and Zn were essential elements to regulate body metabolism with certain dosages required while Cd and Ni were considered as non-essential elements that posed chronic and carcinogenic risk. The concentration of PTEs in fish tissue samples was analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F-AAS). By comparing the concentration of PTEs in fish tissues as a bioindicator, the environmental risk of Morib was more serious than Kuala Selangor because both fish species collected from Morib resulted in a higher PTEs concentration. For an average 62kg adult with a fish ingestion rate (FIR) of 0.16kg/person/day in Malaysia, the estimated weekly intake (EWI) of Cd from the consumption of E. tetradactylum (M: 0.0135mg/kg; KS: 0.0134mg/kg) and P. niger (M: 0.0140mg/kg; KS: 0.0132mg/kg) had exceeded the provisional tolerable weekly intake (Cd: 0.007mg/kg) established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and oral reference dose (ORD) values of Cd (0.001mg/kg/day) as provided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) regional screening level, thus it posed chronic risks for daily basis consumption. Besides, the value of the carcinogenic risk of Cd (0.7-3 to 0.8-3) and Ni (0.5-3 to 0.6-3) were in between the acceptable range (10-6 to 10-4) of the health index that indicates a relatively low possibility cancer occurrence to the consumers in both Morib and Kuala Selangor. This study recommended FIR to be 0.80kg/person/day to reduce the possibility of posing chronic and carcinogenic risks while at the same time obtaining the essential nutrients from the fish.

Physicochemical properties, urocanic acid and biogenic amine contents of black pomfret (Parastromateus niger) as affected by fermentation times

Fermented freshwater and marine products are popular in Malaysia and among these is ikan pekasam (fermented fish). It is typically made from freshwater fish with groundroasted rice as the main source of carbohydrate during fermentation. In this study, rather than freshwater fish, black pomfret (Parastromateus niger), a marine fish, was used to produce ikan pekasam. Black pomfret was mixed with 3 kg of ground roasted rice and 10% (v/w of fish) water and allowed to ferment for 2 and 5 weeks at 25 – 30°C. Then, fermented black pomfret was analysed for its physicochemical properties, compositions of biogenic amine, urocanic acid (UCA) and organic acid, as well as sensory acceptability. The pH and titratable acidity significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased and increased, respectively, after 5 weeks of fermentation due to the increase in organic acids, mainly lactic acid. Histamine, putrescine, cadaverine and 2-phenylethylamine increased rapidly after 5 weeks of fermentation but histamine was within the recommended level (50 mg/kg; US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA)). The strong correlation between trans- and cis-urocanic acid indicated that photoisomerization of trans-UCA into cis-UCA occurred. Overall, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the two-week fermented black pomfret was more acceptable to the consumer panellists than the five-week due to its acceptable aroma, saltiness, sourness and texture. Notably, this two-week sample had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower biogenic amine and UCA contents; suggesting a safer and good quality of ikan pekasam.

Site-specific Parasitism of Crustaceans on the Black Pomfret, Parastromateus niger (Carangidae) from Indian Waters

An extensive parasitic survey on the Black Pomfret Parastromateus niger (Bloch) (Carangidae) was carried out along the coastal waters of India. A total of 162 host fish (P. niger) were collected, in which 72.2% of the fish were infested with parasitic crustaceans. Six species of parasitic crustaceans were collected, including one species of cymothoid isopod Cymothoa eremita (Brünnich, 1783), and five species of copepods belonging to five different families such as Bomolochus megaceros Heller, 1865 (Bomolochidae), Lernaeenicus stromatei Gnanamuthu, 1953 (Pennellidae), Lernanthropus koenigii Steenstrup and Lütken, 1861 (Lernanthropidae), Synestius caliginus Steenstrup and Lütken, 1861 (Caligidae) and Thysanote appendiculata. (Steenstrup and Lütken, 1861) (Lernaeopodidae). Even though six species of parasitic crustaceans were recovered from the host fish, simultaneous multiple parasitism seldom occurred (only 10%). The prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance of each parasite were calculated. The taxonomic account, host, site, and niche-specific parasitization of each species, are discussed. The present study also reviewed and discussed the simultaneous multiple co-occurrence of parasitic crustaceans.

First Molecular Identification and Subtyping of Blastocystis sp. in the Most Consumed Edible Marine Fish of Iran: A Foodborne Concern.

The presence of Blastocystis sp. is commonly observed in humans and different animals, displaying a wide range of genetic variations with the discovery of multiple subtypes (STs). However, the prevalence and distribution of these STs in edible marine fish and marine mammals remain uncertain. This study marks the first survey conducted in Iran and the second global molecular investigation to examine the occurrence and STs distribution of Blastocystis in various species of edible marine fish. This study screened 200 fresh intestinal contents from 10 well-known fish species (Narrow-barred mackerel, Indo-pacific king mackerel, Tigertooth croaker, Silver pomfret, Black pomfret, Longtail tuna, John's snapper, Blackspotted croaker, Four-finger threadfin, and Javelin grunter) in southern Iran, caught in the Persian Gulf. All collected samples were evaluated by microscopy and SSU-PCR methods. Based on both microscopy and PCR, the overall prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in evaluated fish species was 2% (4/200). In brief, Blastocystis sp. was reported from Narrow-barred mackerel [10% (2/20)], Silver pomfret [5% (1/20)], and Tigertooth croaker [5% (1/20)]. Interestingly, among infected fish species three zoonotic STs (ST1, ST2, and ST7) were identified. ST2 was the most predominant ST [50% (2/4)], followed by ST1 and ST7, one sample each [5% (1/20)]. Overall, the prevalence and STs distribution of Blastocystis in edible marine fish along with the possibility of its zoonotic transmission are still open to question and require extensive and more detailed studies.

An investigation on protein and amino acid contents in scales and muscles of pomfret Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795) and Pampus argenteus (Eupharasen, 1788).

The present investigation was aimed to examine the percentage quantity of protein and amino acids in scales and muscles of Pampus argenteus and Parastromateus niger gathered from the local fish market of district Quetta of Balochistan. About 80 specimens of these two species, i.e., Pampus argenteus (N=40) and Parastromateus niger (N = 40), were collected from April 2017 to May 2018. In general, crude protein content was high in scales, that is, 71.03% in Parastromateus niger and 52.11% in Pampus argenteus, as well as in muscles of two Pomfret species of fishes i.e., 63.44% in Pampus argenteus and 60.99% in Parastromateus niger on a dry-weight basis, respectively. Likewise, the muscles and scales of Parastromateus niger reveal well compositions of amino acids that include proline was found to be high, and methionine was less than other amino acids, whereas threonine was found high in the scales of Pampus argenteus, but methionine was observed in lesser amount. However, the amino acids found in Pampus argenteus muscles also showed different compositions, such as lysine was found to be high, but histidine was less, respectively. In comparison, amino acids like tryptophan and cysteine were not detected in both scales and muscles of these Pomfret species of fishes. Thus, this study was based on analyzing the utilization of both Pomfret species of scales and meat whether they could have values as good supplements of both protein and certain kinds of essential amino acids in animal diets.

Mercury Determination in Fish Using Cold Vapour-Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (CV-AAS) with Sodium Borohydride (NaBH4) as the Reductor

Marine fish can potentially accumulate heavy metal pollutants, such as mercury, from anthropogenic activities that can harm people who consume it. Marine fishes like Bandeng fish (Chanos chanos), Banjar fish (Rastrelliger kanagurta), Bawal Hitam fish (Parastromateus niger), Selar Kuning fish (Atule mate), Tenggiri fish (Scomberomorini), and Tuna fish (Thunnini) are consumed a lot by people in Bandung City. All these fish were analyzed using the CV-AAS method with the United States – Environment Protection Agency (USEPA, 2006), and the reducing agent was replaced by stannous (II) chloride with sodium borohydride. Variations in the sample preparation process include drying the sample using an oven and freeze dryer. SEM-EDX in the frozen-dried samples shows that the fibbers’ morphology is intact, while the fibbers are damaged in the hot-dried samples. During characterization using FTIR, there is a slight shift in wave number. The mercury concentrations obtained from every sample were below 0.5 mg/kg based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 2009 standard for total mercury in fish. Therefore, it can be concluded that the samples are safe to be consumed. Validation methods showed that 0.3% sodium borohydride as the reductor can be used to analyze mercury and replace stannous (II)chloride. However, further studies are needed to determine the optimal concentration of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in the marine fish samples as a reduction agent.

Ensemble modeling of black pomfret (Parastromateus niger) habitat in the Taiwan Strait based on oceanographic variables.

The location, effort, number of captures, and time of fishing were all used in this study to assess the geographic distribution of Parastromateus niger in the Taiwan Strait. Other species distribution models performed worse than generalized linear models (GLMs) based on six oceanographic parameters. The sea surface temperature (SST) was between 26.5 °C and 29.5 °C, the sea surface chlorophyll (SSC) level was between 0.3-0.44 mg/m3, the sea surface salinity (SSS) was between 33.4 °C and 34.4 °C, the mixed layer depth was between 10 °C and 14 °C, the sea surface height was between 0.57 °C and 0.77 °C, and the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) was between 0.603 °C. According to the statistical findings, SST is merely a small effect compared to SSS, SSC level, and EKE in terms of impacting species distribution. By combining four effective single-algorithm models with no obvious bias, an ensemble habitat model was created. The ranges of 117°E-119°E and 22°N-24°N have the highest annual distributions of S.CPUE and nominal CPUE.

Quality Assessment of Marinated Halva Sya (Parastromateus niger) Fillets During Storage at 4 °C

Background: In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using natural food additives to improve the shelf life of marinated food. Aim: This research aimed to examine physicochemical changes promoted by a marinating process in Halva Sya fish fillets during cold storage. Methods: Fish fillets were immersed in 500 ccs of lemon juice, 200 g of grated garlic, 60 g of salt, 3 g of turmeric, 1 g of red pepper powder, 3 g of black pepper powder with 100 cc of distilled water for preparation of traditional marinades and stored at -4 °C for 25 days. Some physicochemical characteristics like pH and proximate composition were performed at 7, 18 and 25- day intervals. Results: Results showed that although the values of proximate composition, energy values and pH in marinated samples were different than control ones, the differences were insignificant (p>0.05). Conclusion: The marinade sample in treatment 1 was found to be most acceptable, followed by Marinade in treatment 3. The shelf-life of the marinated Halva Sya fish based on physicochemical analyses at refrigerated storage (4 °C) was 7 days.

Fish Catch Rate and Fish Composition of Commercially Operated by Multi-Day Trawling off Sindhudurg Coast of Maharashtra, India

The commercial-operated multi-day trawlers from Sindhudurg coast carried out fishing operations at Malvan landing center, South Konkan region, Maharashtra, India in the mean depth range of 18–31 m in September, 2016 to May, 2018 to assess the changing trends in the fish catch composition, catch and discards rate by multi-day trawlers operating along the Sindhudurg coast of Maharashtra state. The average catch rate was observed 25.03 kg h-1 and 31.72 kg h-1 with average discards 5.07 kg h-1 and 7.81 kg h-1 by multi-day trawler during 2016–17 and 2017–18 respectively. During two fishing seasons, the average catch rate was 28.37 kg h-1, with average discards of 6.44 kg h-1 by multi-day trawlers. Major catch composition of multiday trawlers comprised Arius maculatus, Parastromateus niger, Lactarius lactarius, Otolithes cuvieri, Lepturacanthus savala, Rastrelliger kanagurta, Scomberomorus guttatus, Cynoglossus macrostormus, Uroteuthis duvaucelii, and Penaeid prawns. Discards comprised juveniles of commercial species and adults of low market value fishes. Cod end mesh size of trawl net varied from 15–35 mm depending on the fishery resources harvested. Duration of fishing trips by multi-day trawlers varied from 2–4 days, peak fishing activities were observed during October to December followed by February in terms landing. The study clearly indicated an increase in the average catch rate h-1 trawler-1 during the year 2017–18 compared to the previous year 2016–17 along the Sindhudurg coast. The t-Test performed on fish catch and discard of multi-day trawlers showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in a fish catch (kg h-1) and fish discards between two fishing seasons, i.e., 2016–17 and 2017–18.

Application of Length-Based Assessment Methods to Elucidate Biological Reference Points of Black Pomfret Stock in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh

The black pomfret (Parastromateus niger) is one of the high-income-generating carangid fish species and the only known member of its genus. This study aims to identify existing gaps in stock status and population demography of this species and provide viable management recommendations to enhance the sustainability of this fishery. Therefore, three methodological approaches have been used in this study; TropFishR to present the current exploitation status, the length-based spawning potential ratio (LB-SPR) to quantify stock spawning biomass, and Froese’s sustainability indicators (LBI) to establish a basic standard for sustainable management of the fishery. In the length-weight relationship of black pomfret, an allometric growth pattern (b = 2.19) was found. The VBGF life history parameters for black pomfret were L∞ = 55.25 cm, K = 0.54 year−1, and based on LCCC analysis, the total mortality (Z = 1.61 year−1), natural mortality (M = 0.69 year−1) and fishing mortality (F = 0.91 year−1) are calculated. The result reveals that this fishery is currently suffering from overexploitation and the stock’s spawning biomass (SPR = 13%) is below the limit reference point because most of the catch (82%) was found to be under the maturity level. Based on the results, this study recommended strictly maintaining the mesh size of the net to ensure not to catch immature fish with a length smaller than 30.63 cm, recommended the length to catch be between 29 and 35 cm, and reducing fishing pressure by one-third to ensure the sustainability of the black pomfret fishery.

Monsoon Effect on Heavy Metal and Chemical Composition in Parastromateus niger of the Oman Sea: Health Risk Assessment of Fish Consumption.

This study aimed to evaluate the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (copper, zinc, and lead) and chemical compositions (fat, protein, moisture, and ash) in the Parastromateus niger muscle of the Oman Sea in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine heavy metal concentrations in fish muscle tissue. Chemical composition contents were measured using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods. Zinc was the most abundant heavy metal in two seasons (0.077 ± 0.005μg/g), followed by copper (0.033 ± 0.005μg/g) and lead (0.015 ± 0.005μg/g). The mean concentrations of all heavy metals of muscle in pre-monsoon were higher than in post-monsoon. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Pb were lower than the maximum permissible limits (MPL) of international standards for human consumption established by FAO, FAO/WHO, WHO, and MAFF. The protein and fat content in fish muscle collected in pre-monsoon was higher than in post-monsoon. A significant difference between protein, fat, moisture, and ash values was recorded in two seasons (P < 0.05). The human health risk of heavy metals was evaluated according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standards. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of each heavy metal in two seasons was lower than the tolerable daily intake (TDI). THQ (target hazard quotient) and TTHQ (total target hazard quotient) values were lower than the threshold limit of 1.0, indicating a non-carcinogenic risk for consumers. TR (target carcinogenic risk) value for Pb was much lower than the unacceptable risk level (10-4); therefore, the consumption of muscles of Parastromateus niger did not significantly pose a human health risk.

Estimation of population structure, growth and condition of Parastromateus niger in the Bay of Bengal

Black pomfret (Parastromateus niger) is one of the major commercial species of pomfret fishery in Bangladesh. This study illustrates the population structure (Length Frequency Distribution, LFD), relationship between length and weight (LWR), relationships between length and length (LLRs), Fulton’s condition factor (KF) and relative weight (WR) of P. niger in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). A total of 225 P. niger were collected from the four locations during January to December 2020. LFD analysis indicates three length classes 21-27 cm, 30-32 cm and 35-37 cm, respectively. This species showed isometric growth pattern (b = 2.981) that indicates that the size and weight increases proportionally and the surrounding habitat provides favourable environment for the growth. LWR between TL and BW were highly correlated (r² = 0.951). LLRs also showed significant correlation between TL and SL (r² = 0.845) and TL and FL (r² = 0.861). The mean value of KF was found as 1.60 which indicates that the BoB provides healthy environment for this species. The mean value of WR (101.09) indicates that the relationship between prey and predator was in balanced condition. This study suggests optimum catchable length for P. niger at 27 cm. Therefore, these findings could provide important information to design effective conservation and management planning for this species.

Modeling framework for establishing the power law between length and weight of fishes and a meta-analysis for validation of LWRs for six commercially important marine fishes from the northwestern Bay of Bengal

Accurate and unbiased modeling of length-weight relationship (LWR) is essential for precise estimation of biomass from length-based abundance data for aquatic ecosystem modeling and developing resource management strategies for the sustainable utilization of aquatic living resources. The present study was conducted to develop the best modeling method for establishing the relationship between the length and weight of the fish, giving adequate priority to the variance distribution structure, which is often overlooked. Three modeling methods viz. (1) NLM: nonlinear model with additive homogeneous variance structure, (2) wNLM: weighted nonlinear model with additive heterogeneous power variance structure and (3) LM: log-transformed linear model with multiplicative heterogeneous variance structure in untransformed scale were evaluated for their performance in accurately estimating the model parameters and their confidence intervals. As variance in fish weight increases with the increase in fish size, usually, a multiplicative heterogeneous variance structure is assumed while explaining the relationship between length and weight, which was evidenced from the residual plot of NLM. As the data did not follow the additive homogenous variance assumption of NLM, the worst performance (highest AIC and BIC) was obtained when NLM was used. The variance distribution structure could be homogenized and normalized in three out of six fishes (i.e., Plicofollis layardi, Cynoglossus arel, Otolithes ruber) investigated in the study using LM, resulting in superior performance (lowest AIC and BIC) among the three models. For two out of three remaining species (i.e., Nemipterus japonicus and Parastromateus niger) for which the variance distribution cannot be normalized by log transformation (LM), the residuals could be homogenized and normalized by the wNLM which was evidenced by the lowest AIC and BIC for the model. Even for the species (i.e., Pampus argenteus), where the residuals could not be normalized by any of the models, better performance was obtained from wNLM. A meta-analysis was performed to validate the hitherto available information on the LWRs of these six species by regressing the regression parameters [log(a) vs. b] of the available LWRs and by computing the form factors. The erroneous LWRs were identified as doubtful reports by carefully scrutinizing the outliers obtained from Cook’s distance method and subsequently validating them by observing their dispersion from modeled prediction intervals (PI) and interquartile range (IQR) based outlier detection methods using the form factor analysis. The study presents the decision support framework for an appropriate modeling approach while dealing with certain assumptions such as variance normality and homoscedasticity. The study also describes a combined approach for the validation of derived LWRs by a comprehensive meta-analysis.

BAWAL FISH GROWTH PATTERN CAUGHT BY FISHERMEN IN TPI KUALA LANGSA LANGSA LANGSA CITY

The waters of the East Coast sea of Aceh have promising fishery potential with an abundance of fish species. a fish with a high selling value is the bawal fish species. Sea bawal fish in TPI Kuala Langsa is an important fishery commodity that has a high protein content and its marketing includes domestic and exports, especially in Asia, thus encouraging fishermen to make over fihing. The study was conducted from December to January 2022. The methods in this study are descriptive methods and observation techniques. The results showed that the bawal species caught by fishermen at TPI Kuala Langsa Kota langsa as many as 2 species, namely white bawal (Pampus argentus) and black bawal (Parastromateus niger). The long frequency distribution on white carries ranges from 156-307 mm class and black bawal in class 154-378 mm. The growth pattern of white bawal in December with a value of b is 1.143 while in January with a value of b is 1.4569 and black bawal in December with a value of b of 1.5484 while in January with a value of b of 1.8233.

Length-weight Relationship and Fecundity of Parastromateus niger from Gwadar Port Balochistan Province, Pakistan

Background: Parastromateus niger, is one of the important fish species from economic point of view in Gwadar, Balochistan-Pakistan. This study was carried out to determine the growth and fecundity of Parastromateus niger. Methods: Growth of P. niger was determined by applying Le Cren formula while mean fecundity and relative fecundity of this fish was calculated by using equation of Yelden and Avsar. Result: Relationship between fish weight and ovary weight was found as 0.384 and 0.898 respectively in 1st and 2nd year of research. Annual mean fecundity of P. niger was calculated as 43165.4 eggs with relative fecundity of 73.7 in 2017-18 and annual mean fecundity in 2018-19 was 39759.5 eggs with 50.2 relative fecundity. Value of R2 in first year of research between fecundity and ovary weight was 0.751, for mean fecundity and relative fecundity was 0.545, in term of fecundity and total length of fish was 0.60 and for fish total weight and fecundity was 0.596. Value of R2 between fecundity and weight of ovary was 0.951, with mean fecundity and relative fecundity as 0.968, between fish fecundity and total length was 0.578 and in case of fecundity and total body weight was found 0.809 in second year of research period.

A comparative study on the accumulation of toxic heavy metals in fish of the Oman Sea: effects of fish size, spatial distribution and trophic level

This study was conducted to evaluate heavy metal (HMT) accumulation in some commercially pelagic (Scomberoides commersonnianus, Rastrelliger kanagurta, Saurida tumbil) and demersal fish (Parastromateus niger, Alepes melanoptera, Nemipterus japonicus, Alepes melanoptera) of Oman Sea. Fish samples were collected by trawl from inshore area of four stations along Chabahar bay. The heavy metal (Ni, Cr, Hg, Cd, Pb) concentrations in the muscle tissue of the fishes were assayed. In addition, the relationships between the level of heavy metal accumulation in fish tissue and fish size were studied. The demersal species accumulated more heavy metals compared to pelagic fishes (p < 0.01). Both in pelagic and demersal fishes, the rate of metal accumulations was different depending on fish species. In addition, the trophic level affected tissue muscular metal concentrations. Both in pelagic and demersal fishes, the carnivorous and euryphagous species accumulated more metals compared to phytoplankton and herbivorous fishes (p < 0.01). In most cases, negative relationships were observed between fish size (length and weight) and the metal accumulations (p < 0.01). However, some positive correlations were also observed in Hg, Pb and Cd concentrations with size in Psettodes erumei and Parastromateus niger (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the different patter of metals accumulations may be attributed to the differences in feeding behavior, metabolic activity and habitat. In this study, except Cd and Cr, the concentrations of all heavy metals were in the safe range and were below the hazardous limits recommended by the EC (2001) and USFDA.

The bottom gillnet catch composition in Sasak Ranah Pasisie coastal water, Pasaman Barat regency

This research aimed to determine the catch composition of the bottom gillnet at Sasak Ranah Pasisie coastal water, Pasaman Barat Regency, West Sumatera. The research was conducted from January to February 2019 with total of 15 fishing trip using the bottom gillnet. The gillnet used 100 m of length, 3 m of width, and 2 inches of mesh size. Each of fish sample was identified, counted, measured their length and weight, and determined the way of fish captured by gillnets. The result showed that fish catches composition using bottom gillnet consist of 26 species, i.e., 22 species of fish, two species of crabs, and two species of shrimps. The highest catch was Common ponyfish (Leiognathus sp.) as much as 23%. The other captured species were Silver grunt (Pomadasys sp.) 20,2%; Leaftail croaker (Otolithes sp.) 14,5%; Largehead hairtail (Trichiurus sp.) 6%; Moustached thryssa (Thryssa sp.) 5%; and Black pomfret (Parastromateus sp.) 5%. Based on the way of fish captured on the bottom gillnet, the predominantly fish were wedged as much as 39% from the total of fish catches, followed by gilled (30%), entangled (26%), and snagged (6%).