Black Light Bulb Research Articles

Effects of UV illumination on organic dye decomposition activity and antibacterial and antiviral activities of rare earth iodates

For this study, we investigated the effects of UV illumination on dye decomposition and antibacterial and antiviral activities of three rare earth iodates (Ce(IO3)4, Ce(IO3)3, and δ-La(IO3)3) that reportedly have antibacterial and antiviral activities in the dark. The objective of this study was to clarify whether bulk materials and eluted ions are involved in these activities under UV illumination. Findings indicate that Ce(IO3)3 and δ-La(IO3)3 exhibit dye degradation activity under UV illumination by a Hg-Xe lamp (7 mW/cm2), suggesting that the dye decomposition activity was caused mainly by photochemical reactions under UV with wavelengths less than 300 nm by Ce3+ and by IO3− ions eluted from the samples. The dye decomposition activity under UV illumination is expressed not only from the eluted ions but also from the bulk materials. UV illumination using a weak (0.1 mW/cm2) UV light from a black light bulb with wavelengths longer than 320 nm increased the antibacterial and antiviral activities of these materials. These results suggest that the increase in antibacterial and antiviral activities is attributable to the photocatalytic reaction of bulk materials. This study revealed that both the bulk and eluted ions are involved in these activities under UV illumination. The extent to which photochemical reactions caused by eluted ions and bulk material contribute to the decomposition activity of organic dyes and antibacterial and antiviral activities depends on the UV illumination wavelength and intensity. This study provides new insights into the use of rare earth iodates as inorganic antibacterial and antiviral materials.Graphical abstract

New data on the fauna of Heteroceridae (Coleoptera) of the Republic of Khakassia (Eastern Siberia)

The recent status of the family Heteroceridae in Siberia is discussed and the main references are given. From ten species of the Heteroceridae, which have been reported for the fauna of Siberia, only one species Heterocerus parallelus Gebler, 1830 was previously recorded in southern Khakassia. Here we presented six species from two genera of the family Heteroceridae (Coleoptera), which we collected in the Republic of Khakassia (Eastern Siberia, Russia). We recorded five species (Augyles interspidulus (Charpentier, 1979), Heterocerus fenestratus (Thunberg, 1784), H. fossor Kiesenwetter, 1843, H. fusculus Kiesenwetter, 1843, and H. obsoletus Curtis, 1828) in Khakassia for the first time. We collected the material in Abakan River valley (Abakan city) using an ultraviolet lamps in 2018–2019. We used BLB-T5/4W Ultraviolet Black Light Bulb with 2–3 hours of exposure from May 27 to October 13, 2018 and FLU10 T8 G13/18W with 2–13 hours of exposure from March 31 to October 10, 2019. Second author collected the majority of examined specimens; all specimens are deposited in collection of the Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Universal Group 14 Free Radical Photoinitiators for Vinylidene Fluoride, Styrene, Methyl Methacrylate, Vinyl Acetate, and Butadiene

Group 14 (Mt = Sn, Ge, Pb) R3MtX, R4Mt, and R6Mt2 complexes (R = alkyl, aryl; X = H, halide, etc.) are introduced as novel, universal, visible and black light bulb (BLB)/UV photoinitiators for free radical photopolymerization of alkenes, including vinylidene fluoride (VDF), vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, styrene, and butadiene. A comprehensive solvent, ligand and metal comparison for VDF indicates progressively faster BLB photopolymerizations in acetonitrile (ACN) ∼ dimethylacetamide (DMAc) < dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) < butanone < propylene carbonate < acetic anhydride ∼ cyclohexanone < dimethyl carbonate and especially in the photosensitizing acetone, where Me2SnI2 ∼ Ph3SnI ∼ Bu3Sn–N3 ∼ Bu3Sn–CH2–CH═CH2 ≪ Bu3Sn–S–SnBu3 < Ph4Ge < Ph6Pb2 < Bu3Sn–I < Bu4Sn < Ph6Sn2 < Bu3Sn–Br < Ph6Ge2 < Oct4Sn < Bu4Ge < Bu3Sn–Cl < Ph4Pb < Bu3Sn–H ≪ Bu6Sn2 ≪ Me6Sn2 and where Mn is controlled by solvent chain transfer. Photoinitiation results from a combination of R3Mt·, R·, and solvent (S·, e.g., CH3–CO–CH2·) radicals, ...

On the Discoloration of Methylene Blue by Visible Light.

The discoloration of methylene blue in aqueous solution was studied under illumination by a fluorescent lamp, LEDs of red, green, and blue light, and a UV-A black light bulb. Overall results showed that methylene blue was discolored with and without the presence of any photoactive semiconductor. Outcomes depended on the combination substrate-light source employed. Photosensitization was assumed as the discoloration mechanism followed upon visible light irradiation. Fluorescence spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to investigate the possible intermediates formed in the irradiated solutions. The detailed nature of formed species was not stablished, but it was proved that the dye molecule photo-bleached and partially defragmented in several intermediates including leuco dyes, demethylated phenothiazine dyes, and probably humic substances. Since the fluorescence intermediates found were similar for most of the irradiated solutions, it was assumed that comparable reactive species were responsible for the discoloration of the molecule in solution. Results proved the misconception of discoloration experiments found in the literature when employing visible light near the absorption region of the dye.

Phototactic behavior 9: phototactic behavioral response ofTribolium castaneum(Herbst) to light-emitting diodes of seven different wavelengths

The phototactic behavioral responses of Tribolium castaneum adults to light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of seven different wavelengths were determined under various conditions (light exposure times, light sources, and luminance intensities) and compared with those of a black light bulb (BLB) under laboratory conditions. Based on the attractive rate (%) of T. castaneum adults under optimal conditions (50 lx and an 48 h exposure time) in the dark, red LED (625±10 nm) exhibited the highest potential attractive rate (97.8 %), followed by yellow (590±5 nm, 68.9 %), green (520±5 nm, 55.6 %), infrared (IR) (730 nm, 54.4 %), white (450�620 nm, 41.1 %), blue (470±10 nm, 34.4 %), and ultraviolet (UV) (365 nm, 0.06 %) LEDs. In comparison, red LED (97.8 %) was approximately 3.4 times more attractive to T. castaneum adults than the BLB (28.9 %). These results indicate that a red LED trap could be useful to control T. castaneum adults.

Effect of LED trap on controllingSitophilus zeamaisandTribolium castaneumin granary

This study was conducted to evaluate the attraction effects of Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum to light emitting diode (LED) trap in granary and compared with the black light bulb (BLB) trap, which is typical used in commercial trap. The red LED trap showed more attractive to S. zeamais and T. castaneum than that of the BLB. Moreover, the external condition of granary was about 1.5 times more attractive to S. zeamais and T. castaneum than the internal condition of granary. These results suggested that red LED trap could be useful to control S. zeamais and T. castaneum in granary.

Controlling Tyrophagus putrescentiae Adults in LED-Equipped Y-Maze Chamber

To evaluate four different light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as potential attractants for Tyrophagus putrescentiae adults, attractiveness of blue (470 nm), green (520 nm), yellow (590 nm), and red (625 nm) LEDs were investigated at 20, 40, and 60 lx luminance intensity in LED-equipped Y-maze chamber and compared with the response to black light bulb (BLB), which is used in commercial traps. The BLB, the blue LED, the green LED, the yellow LED, and the red LED did not show the attractive to T. putrescentiae adults. These results suggested that four LEDs tested could not be used for environment-friendly control of T. putrescentiae adults.

Phototactic behavior 8: phototactic behavioral responses of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), to light-emitting diodes

The phototactic behavioral responses of western flower thrips to light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were evaluated under optimal conditions (light sources, luminance intensities, and light-exposure durations). Based on the attraction rate (%) of the western flower thrips under optimal conditions in the dark, the yellow LED (590 ± 5 nm) showed the greatest attraction rate (48.0 %), followed by green (520 ± 5 nm, 44.3 %), blue (470 ± 10 nm, 40.3 %), red (625 ± 10 nm, 25.0 %), white (450–620 nm, 16.0 %), and infrared LEDs (730 nm, 10.3 %). Compared with the black light bulb (BLB), which served as the positive control, the yellow LED was approximately 1.2 times more active than that of the BLB (39.0 %) toward western flower thrips. In this regard, the yellow LED should be suitable for managing western flower thrips.

Phototactic behavior 6: behavioral responses of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to light-emitting diodes

The behavioral responses of Myzus persicae adults to light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were evaluated under optimal conditions (luminance intensities, light exposure times, and specific wavelengths). Based on the attraction rate (%) of M. persicae adults under optimal conditions, the green LED (520 ± 5 nm) showed the highest potential attraction rate (85.3 %), followed by the blue (470 ± 10 nm, 75.0 %), yellow (590 ± 5 nm, 73.7 %), and red LED (625 ± 10 nm, 69.7 %). The green LED (520 ± 5 nm) was approximately 1.4 times (61.7 %) more attractive than that of a black light bulb, which served as the positive control. In conclusion, the green LED (520 ± 5 nm) was suitable for attracting M. persicae adults under optimal conditions (40 lx and 120 min).

Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) by PVA-alginate encapsulated γFe2O3 magnetic beads using different types of illumination lamp and light

In this study the toxic Cr(VI) which is a common pollutant to the environment is removed from the aqueous solution using the one step photocatalytic reduction to Cr(III) using PVA-alginate encapsulated γFe2O3 magnetic beads. The photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) by PVA-alginate encapsulated γFe2O3 magnetic beads was examined under sunlight and other 4 types of lamp: xenon lamp, black light bulb (BLB) lamp, light emitting diode (LED) lamp and fluorescent lamp. The experiments were performed at pH 1, initial Cr(VI)=50mg/L and the photocatalyst dosage of maghemite nanoparticles was kept at 8% (v/v). Removal of Cr(VI) was best under sunlight; 100% removal in 30min, followed by xenon lamp; 100% removal in 100min, BLB lamp; 70% removal in 100min. LED and fluorescent lamp have about the same removal rate; 50% removal in 100min. The Cr(VI) reduction using PVA-alginate magnetic beads fitted the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) kinetics model with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.972. The PVA-alginate magnetic beads were capable of treating industrial chromium waste containing 300mg/L Cr(VI) within 2h under sunlight.

Registros de Mantodea (Insecta) coletados à luz no dossel da floresta, na torre do km 14 do núcleo ZF-2, Manaus, Brasil

Foram realizadas coletas mensais de insetos de janeiro a dezembro de 2004, durante três noites de transição lunar minguante/nova, das 18:00 às 06:00 horas. Os espécimes foram capturados em um lençol iluminado com lâmpada de 250 watts, luz mista de vapor de mercúrio e lâmpada de 20 watts black light (BL) e black light bulb (BLB). A armadilha foi montada a 45 metros de altura numa torre metálica de 50 metros, que ultrapassa a maioria das copas das árvores, num platô de terra firme, na bacia do rio Cuieiras, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Foram coletados 23 espécies de Mantodea, sendo Chaeteessidae (1 espécie); Mantoididae (2); Mantidae (15); Thespidae (2) e Acanthopidae (3). Seis espécies são novas e serão descritas oportunamente nos seguintes gêneros: Cardioptera Burmeister, 1838, Phyllovates Kirby, 1904, Pseudovates Saussure, 1869, Stagmomantis Saussure, 1869, Stagmatoptera Burmeister, 1838 e Metilia Stal, 1877. Três espécies registradas para o Brasil sem uma região determinada estão sendo registradas para a Amazônia brasileira: Heterovates pardalina Saussure, 1872, Macromantis ovalifolia (Stoll, 1813) e Photina reticulata (Burmeister, 1838). Quatro registros são novos para o estado do Amazonas: Angela guianensis Rehn, 1906, Photina gracillis Giglio-Tos, 1915, Raptrix perspicua (Fabricius, 1787) e Vates festae Gigio-Tos, 1914. Os números de indivíduos, em cada coleta mensal, são apresentados para cada espécie.

Photoinduced Hydrophilic Conversion of TiO2/WO3 Layered Thin Films

The photoinduced hydrophilicity of TiO2 films with underlying WO3 layers (TiO2/WO3 layered thin film) was evaluated. Although the top surface was fully covered by TiO2, the presence of the WO3 layer enhanced the hydrophilic conversion rate under a 10-W cylindrical fluorescent light bulb. When the TiO2 and WO3 layers were separated by an insulating layer, the surface did not become highly hydrophilic under the same light bulb. On a TiO2/WO3 layered film the photocatalytic oxidation of methylene blue adsorbed onto the surface and the photocatalytic reduction of silver nitrate in an aqueous solution were investigated under a 10-W cylindrical black light bulb. The oxidation reaction was enhanced by the presence of the WO3 layer, however the reduction reaction was not. These results indicate that the photogenerated charge carriers can transfer between the TiO2 and WO3 layers, i.e., photogenerated holes accumulate in the TiO2 layer, whereas electrons accumulate in the WO3 layer. Because of the efficient charge separation, a TiO2/WO3 layered film formed on a grounded electroconductive substrate displayed a higher hydrophilicizing rate than when coated onto an insulating substrate. It was also demonstrated that visible light passing through the TiO2 layer could excite WO3. Thus, visible light can be used for the hydrophilic reaction in the present TiO2/WO3 system.

Removal and decomposition of malodorants by using titanium dioxide photocatalyst supported on fiber activated carbon

Effective and compact deodorization systems have been required for the measure of small-scale emission sources of offensive odors usually found in urban areas. We have developed a sheet material with titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst supported on fiber activated carbon (FAC) for a compact deodorization system. In the deodorization system using the TiO2/FAC sheet and a ultraviolet lamp, malodorants can be collected on the TiO2/FAC sheet by adsorption and then decomposed by photocatalysis with UV-irradiation. In this study, we obtained basic information about the removal and the decomposition of malodorants in the photocatalytic deodorization system using the TiO2/FAC sheet. The malodorants used in this study were methyl mercaptan, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide. In addition, two kinds of light sources, a black light bulb (BLB; dominant wavelength: 365 nm) and an ultraviolet germicidal lamp (UV2; dominant wavelength: 254 nm) were used to analyze the effect on removal and decomposition characteristics by different dominant wavelengths. The removal rates of malodorants from the gas phase were determined in the deodorization system in the presence or absence of the TiO2/FAC sheet and UV-irradiation in order to study each removal effect due to adsorption onto the TiO2/FAC sheet, direct photolysis by UV-irradiation, and photocatalytic decomposition. The effect of adsorption onto the TiO2 /FAC sheet was pronounced in this batch-type experiment. The effect of photocatalysis was observed from the removal rates of methyl mercaptan. The percent oxidation of ammonia to nitrate and that of methyl mercaptan to sulfate were examined by determining products, i.e. nitrate and sulfate ions, with purified water after the reaction. The formation of nitrate or sulfate was not observed without UV-irradiation using the BLB, while the reactions progressed in the presence of the TiO2/FAC sheet. When the UV2 lamp was used, the oxidation of methyl mercaptan to sulfate occurred without the TiO2/FAC sheet. This suggests that the decomposition characteristics of malodorants were dependent on the wavelength of the light source.

Mushroom Sciarid Control with Fenvalerate (Pydrin), 1981

Abstract Eight trays (0.61 m x 0.61 m x 0.15 m), each filled with 18 kg of Phase II horse manure compost were placed into each of 3 small mushroom growing rooms. Each tray was spawned with 110 g of MGA Cocoa Tan. Between 7 and 14 days after spawning (DAS), 1810 gravid female sciarids were released into each of 2,rooms; no flies were released into the third room. Pydrin 2.4EC was applied daily with fogger-mister at the rate of 115 g/1000 m starting 8 DAS in 1 of the fly infested rooms and continued to 76 DAS. A Pestolite Insect Trap (Model RD-1P) equipped with blacklight bulb, was used in each room to daily monitor fly populations. The growing methods used were typical for the mushroom industry. Mushrooms were harvested for 46 days beginning 38 DAS. Despite precautions, flies escaped from the infested rooms and became established in the “fly-free” control room late in the crop.