Black Iris Research Articles

Effect of Particle Swarm Optimization Convolutional Neural Network in An Iris Recognition System

An iris recognition system based on Convolutional Neural Network with Particle Swarm Optimization (CNN-PSO) was developed to improve the identified hitches in the existing systems. Iris images of 150 and 108 persons were acquired from LAUIRIS (Nigeria) and CASIA (China) respectively. The images were resized and cropped after which Hough transform was used for effective localization of the iris region and normalised using Daugman’s rubber sheet model, while an efficient Cumulative Sum-based analysis method was used to extract discriminative features from the normalised iris images after which the iris code was generated. The iris code generated in a vector form was optimised with PSO after which they are fed into Convolutional neural network; the same procedure was engaged during enrolment and authentication to generate the iris template. Euclidean distance was used for decision making on test sample template and stored template. The system was implemented with MATLAB R2013a. The performance of the developed system was evaluated on LAURIS and CASIA, and compared with the existing systems (CNN, BPNN-PSO and BPNN) using False Acceptance Rate (FAR), False Rejection Rate (FRR) and Recognition Rate (RR). CNN-PSO has the highest recognition rate of 98.67% and 97.22% for LAUIRIS and CASIA respectively among the systems which showed an improvement over other three recognition technique. The developed CNN-PSO has not only produced an improved Iris recognition system over the others, with the highest recognition rate for both datasets but it also provides a significant recognition rate of black Iris images despite the limitations identified with black Iris images in separating Iris image from other part of the eyes. The developed

Effect of Particle Swarm Optimization Convolutional Neural Network in An Iris Recognition System

An iris recognition system based on Convolutional Neural Network with Particle Swarm Optimization (CNN-PSO) was developed to improve the identified hitches in the existing systems. Iris images of 150 and 108 persons were acquired from LAUIRIS (Nigeria) and CASIA (China) respectively. The images were resized and cropped after which Hough transform was used for effective localization of the iris region and normalised using Daugman’s rubber sheet model, while an efficient Cumulative Sum-based analysis method was used to extract discriminative features from the normalised iris images after which the iris code was generated. The iris code generated in a vector form was optimised with PSO after which they are fed into Convolutional neural network; the same procedure was engaged during enrolment and authentication to generate the iris template. Euclidean distance was used for decision making on test sample template and stored template. The system was implemented with MATLAB R2013a. The performance of the developed system was evaluated on LAURIS and CASIA, and compared with the existing systems (CNN, BPNN-PSO and BPNN) using False Acceptance Rate (FAR), False Rejection Rate (FRR) and Recognition Rate (RR). CNN-PSO has the highest recognition rate of 98.67% and 97.22% for LAUIRIS and CASIA respectively among the systems which showed an improvement over other three recognition technique. The developed CNN-PSO has not only produced an improved Iris recognition system over the others, with the highest recognition rate for both datasets but it also provides a significant recognition rate of black Iris images despite the limitations identified with black Iris images in separating Iris image from other part of the eyes. The developed technique can be applied to various field of life like security, surveillance systems.

A review of quality assurance texture for highly pigmented iris recognition using an optimal wavelength band

The iris identification technology that is commercially available often uses segmentation to capture images of the eye within the 850-nm electromagnetic radiation spectrum. In this paper, the strongly pigmented iris image is taken with a camera at 12 different wavelengths, ranging from 420 to 940 nm. The goal is to identify the best wavelength band to expand the iris image wavelengths from 420 to 940 nm in NIR (near infrared) for the purpose of densely pigmented iris recognition. A system that obtains data, usually by digitizing analog channels and storing the data in digital form, is primarily anticipated for imaging the iris at narrow spectral bands in the range of 420–940 nm. This system takes pictures within particular wavelength ranges across the electromagnetic spectrum. Then, 200 human black iris that match the left and right eyes of 100 distinct people are obtained for the assessment. The most common wavelength for recognizing an iris with significant pigmentation is based on texture quality assurance, Equivalent Error Rate (EER), and False Rejection Rate (FRR) matching performance. The visual perception of heightened, detailed local iris texture information supports this effect.

On the Translation of Nadezhda Teffi’s Prose into the Hungarian Language: Two Eras — Two Points of View

This article addresses the issue of translation of Nadezhda Teffi’s translation into the Hungarian language. First, the author describes the historical context demonstrating the interest of the Hungarian media of the 1910s–1930s towards Russian émigré life in general and the writers of the Russian literary abroad in particular. The article reviews Hungarian sources mentioning Teffi’s name, e.g. books, scholarly articles, media articles, i.e. short stories by Teffi published in the Hungarian media in her lifetime, such as The Black Iris , The Shop Assistant , The Demonic Woman , The House Painter , The Flyer (in German); The Story of an Eyewitness (in Hungarian). After making general theoretical observations on the translation from Indo-European languages into Hungarian, the author offers a review of major aspects of translation from Russian into Hungarian providing examples on different levels (grammar, stylistics, and cultural realia). The author refers to two pieces of Teffi’s fiction: The Story of an Eyewitness published in a Hungarian periodical soon after its publication in Russian (1933–1934), and The Funny in the Sad published in a modern collection of Russian émigré short stories (2014). Both stories focus on the problem of contrasting perception of the same event by different people and the ways of conveying the event in a newspaper or in a personal conversation. The author examines various levels of the translated texts, i.e. levels of the plot, lexis and grammar, semantic, stylistic, and pragmatic levels pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of both translations. The conclusion of the research concerns different degrees of translation equivalence of the abovementioned pieces.

Black Love: On the Colours of Feelings in “Confiteor” by Antoni Szandlerowski

The imagination of Antoni Szandlerowski in his collection of letters to Helena Beatus (Confiteor), his beloved one, is dominated by black. The aim of this article is to show that this colour plays a major role in Confiteor therefore it is used be the author most of the times. When he writes about how pure and beautiful Helena Beatus is, he uses metaphors such as: black dove, black iris, dark cloud, dark corridor. It shows how pessimistic about the future and how guilty about the love he felt Antoni Szandlerowski was. The internal conflict was caused by the will to fulfil as a lover and the duty to continue priestly services. Antoni Szandlerowski is full of doubts. He misses Helena Beatus and feels that he cannot be happy without her. On the other hand, he knows that they cannot make their desire to live side by side real. Since the world is a place of pain and misery where the love cannot thrive due to social norms, lovers can bind together only after death. This way of thinking led Szandlerowski to many neurological disorders, caused nightmares and a painful impression that the whole world around fades away. Szandlerowski uses symbols such as a black dove and a black iris to describe his beloved one and to show the dichotomy of his perception. Therefore love is the source of all the pain and suffering for him.

Safety and efficacy of black iris diaphragm intraocular lens implantation in eyes with large iris defects: Report 4

To assess the safety and efficacy of Morcher 67B black iris diaphragm intraocular lens (IOL) implantation for managing large iris defects and aphakia. Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Prospective case series. The demographic, preoperative, and postoperative data on patients implanted with a black iris diaphragm IOL and followed to 1year were reviewed. Safety measures included loss of corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), perioperative complications, adverse events, and secondary surgical interventions. Efficacy measures included CDVA with glare, daytime and nighttime glare symptom scores, and subjective cosmesis scores. Thirty-one eyes of 31 patients were implanted. There was a 7-line improvement in median Snellen CDVA (P<.001). Four eyes worsened more than 1 line. There was 1 minor intraoperative complication. Twenty-one eyes experienced postoperative complications, most of which were related to preexisting ocular comorbidities. Three adverse events included cystoid macular edema, corneal graft dehiscence, and uveitis with ocular hypertension. There were 12 secondary surgical interventions. The CDVA with glare improved 6 Snellen lines (P<.0001). The mean subjective glare symptoms improved 4.94 points on a 0 to 10 scale during the day (P<.0001) and 3.61 points at night (P<.0001). The mean cosmesis score improved 2.23 points (P<.0001) on the same scale. Black iris diaphragm IOL implantation in aphakic eyes with large iris defects and significant ocular comorbidity was found to be relatively safe and very effective at improving CDVA and reducing light and glare sensitivity.

Development of a biometrically- controlled door system (using iris), with power backup

This paper presents a design and implementation of a biometrically-controlled door system using iris recognition with power backup(case: Nigeria with epileptic power supply) where user's life property will serve as the key to granting access to a place or resource . Today, door system with handles is sub-standard due to its instability to provide the expected security and is susceptible to breakages and deliberate compromises of human operators(due to corruption). Black iris data sets were used to simulate the iris recognition algorithms employed on the fabricated door prototype. The system was tested with a number of pre-enrolled templates and some fresh, incoming subjects. The door only unlocked for pre-enrolled subjects while for the latter, access denial was the case. The door system developed thus, answered only to iris signature.

针对东方人黑色虹膜识别的光谱选择

In this work, the black iris of East Asians is captured at 12 wavelengths, from 420 to 940 nm. The purpose is (1) to find a band of the electromagnetic spectrum, in which more texture information can be extracted from the iris of East Asians, and (2) to determine how many bands of spectral wavelengths will be enough for black-based iris multispectral fusion and find these bands. In section I, the improved convolution matrix and spectrum energy are combined to measure the quality of iris image, and the improved 2-D Gabor wavelet and 1-D Log-Gabor wavelet are combined to evaluate the iris recognition accuracy. The experiments suggest that 700 nm is the most suitable wavelength for black iris recognition. In section II, using the agglomerative clustering based on an improved multi-group two-dimensional principal component analysis ((2D)²PCA), we determine that 3 clusters are enough to represent the 10 feature bands of spectral wavelengths from 545 to 940 nm. This research represents the first attempt in the literature to investigate the iris of East Asians in a multispectral analysis, answered the fundamental questions about multispectral iris recognition of East Asians, and provided a theoretical basis for iris multispectral fusion.

Growth and flowering of black iris ( Iris nigricans Dinsm.) following treatment with plant growth regulators

The effects of application method and concentration of gibberellic acid (GA 3), paclobutrazol and chlormequat on black iris performance were assessed. Plants (10 cm high, 4 ± 1 leaves) were sprayed with 125, 250, 375 or 500 mg L −1 or drenched with 0.25, 0.5, 1 or 2 mg L −1 GA 3. In a second experiment, the plants were sprayed with 100, 250, 500 or 1000 mg L −1 or drenched with 0.25, 0.5, 1 or 2 mg L −1 paclobutrazol. Other plants were sprayed with 250, 500, 1000 or 1500 mg L −1 or drenched with 100, 250, 375 or 550 mg L −1 chlormequat. In each experiment, the control treatment consisted of untreated plants. Results indicated that the tallest plants (37.3 cm) in the GA 3 experiment were those sprayed with 250 mg L −1. The most rapid flowering (160 days after planting) occurred when a 375 mg L −1 GA 3 spray was used, whereas flowering was delayed to 200 days using 1 mg L −1 GA 3 drench. Drenching with 1 mg L −1 GA 3 increased height of the flower stalk by 7 cm compared to the control. Though relatively slow to flower, plants drenched with 1 mg L −1 GA 3 had long and rigid stalks, which were suitable as cut flowers. Number and characteristics of the sprouts were not affected by GA 3. All paclobutrazol sprays resulted in leaf falcation. A 500 or 1000 mg L −1 paclobutrazol spray resulted in severe and undesirable control of plant height, drastic reduction in stalk height and weight, and delayed flowering. Plants drenched with 0.25 or 1 mg L −1 paclobutrazol were suitable as pot plants. Chlormequat reduced plant height only at the highest drench concentration, which also reduced flowering to 70%. No leaf falcation was observed with GA 3 or chlormequat. Chemical names: ( ± )-( R*, R*)-beta-((4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-alpha-(1,1,-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4,-triazol-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat).

Somatic embryogenesis in the endemic black iris

Somatic embryogenesis was achieved from callus, cell suspension and protoplast culture systems in the endemic black iris (Iris nigricans). Subculture of friable callus fragments on embryogenesis induction medium (EIM) containing 4.5 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 0.5 μM kinetin, 4.5 μM 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 300 mg l-1 proline in the dark was necessary before transfer to regeneration medium (RM). Regeneration was studied by transferring friable callus fragments from EIM to RM containing (0.0, 4.5, 9.0, 13.5 μM) of either 6-benzyladenine (BA), 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP), zeatin or thidiazuron (TDZ) in combination with 0.49 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 0.45 μM 2,4-D. Maximum embryogenesis was obtained at 4.5 μM BA while zeatin and TDZ were not effective and embryogenesis did not occur with these treatments. Sucrose at 0.2 M was more effective for embryogenesis when compared to glucose or fructose. Growing cells in suspension culture on EIM containing 4.5 μM 2,4-D in combination with 0.2 M sucrose for four weeks and transferring cells to RM (containing 4.5 μM BA) gave significant embryogenesis with maximum number of embryos (3568 embryos/g cells). Using 4.5 μM 2,4-D in protoplast culture was necessary for the best protoplast division and colony formation. In all experiments, embryos developed on RM were transferred to hormone-free medium (HFM) and 90% converted to rooted plantlets. Produced plantlets gave 95% survival ex vitro. Plantlets developed to whole plants in the greenhouse and flowered.

A linear area centralis extending across the turtle retina and stabilized to the horizon by non-visual cues

A common fresh-water turtle ( Pseudemys scripta elegans) is shown to have a linear area centralis extending horizontally almost all the way across the retina. Within this line the receptors are small and densely concentrated, as demonstrated by using the colored oil droplets to visualize the receptor mosaic in isolated inverted retinas. Below this line the increase of receptor size occurs more gradually than above the line. In the central portion of the line, there is an expansion of the high-density receptor area into the lower half of the retina. In a fresh eyecup the linear area centralis may be seen as a distinct red line that is parallel to a black line across the iris. During limited rotation of the turtle around its lateral or longitudinal axis, the black iris line (and hence the area centralis) is stabilized in the plane of the animal's horizon by reflexive head and eye movements, which occur without visual cues and hence are presumably under vestibular control. This linear type of area centralis, which is stabilized to the horizon, appears to be highly functional specialization for an animal living close to the earth's surface, for which the bulk of relevant visual stimuli must originate at or near the horizon.

An Anthropological Study of Mixed-Blood Children of Japanese White and Negro Parentage

Studies have been made since 1949 on 201 white American-Japanese and 66 Negro-Japanese hybrids in the Tokyo area and in Kanagawa Prefecture. They were all under six years of age, and their mothers were invariably Japanese. The results are as follows:(1) Blood type. The figures for B and O types respectively stand about halfway, between the corresponding figures for the two races. The racial blood index of the white American-Japanese is 2.93, showing a European type, while that of unmixed Japanese stands at 1.35 and is consistently Asiatic. The racial serologic point of the hybrids, as Figure 1 shows, stands at about the midpoint between the two races (Table 1). (2) Dermatoglyphs. Hybrids show the middle percentage of the pattern of two races (Table 2 and 3). (3) Color of skin. By comparison with Hintze's Color Table, we have ascertained that, the skin of the American-Japanese hybrids is 13% whiter than that of unmixed Japanese, and is 2.4% less white than that of white race. Namely in color, it is very near to that of whites and is almost devoid of the characteristic yellowish shade (Table 5). (5) Color and form of hair. About half (52.2%) of the American-Japanese hybrids have black hair, and 11% blond hair. The hair of 60% of the American-Japanese hybrids is straight and that of 14% slightly curled. On the whole, the hair is more wavy in form thanit is intermediate between the two races. (6) Color of iris. A majority (88%) of the American-Japanese hybrids possess a black iris, with only a minority (0.4%) having a bluiush one. It is concluded that the black color of iris is one of the most dominant hereditary factors of the Japanees race in crosses involving the white race (Table 6). (7) Mongolian fold. The Mongolian fold is found in 21.8% of the hybrid children as much as the ratio of Japanese children having the fold at the same age is 23% (Table 7). (8) Stature and weight. An examination of stature and body weight of hybrid children shows that they are about the same as Japanese children in both measurements, but are smaller and lighter than white children. The cephalic index tends near to that of white children. The curve of the nose index and the facial index transverse an intermediate zone between the ranges of both races. (9) Mental tests and deformities. The intellingence quotients are a little lower -by 5 on the average- than comparable figures for Japanese natives. In all there have been three cases of hernia, one case of syndactylism, three cases of idiocy. It is believed that such deformities have been caused through the various operation during the pregnancy.

ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF SATYRUS

I. Nephele.—Kirby, Faun. Bor. Amer., 1837, described this species as follows : “Wings brown ; primaries both above and below with a paler submarginal broad band including two eyelets ; the upper ones surrounded by a paler atmosphere, with a black iris and white pupil ; on the under side the atmosphere of the eyelets is most distinct and forms a kind of glory round them,” etc.