Black Cotton Soil Research Articles

Improvement of Black Cotton Soil Using Waste Plastic Bottle Strips

Stabilization of soil can be done in various ways such as mechanical stabilization, chemical stabilization, and by using other improvement techniques. Use and throw plastic becomes a serious issue as it develops man made hazards. One example is that of Mumbai city floods and waste products. The other issue is that plastic lasts in the environment for hundreds of years, hence pollution remains a problem. Therefore, in the present study, stabilization of soil is done by using locally available plastic waste bottles. These are used in the form of strips by cutting the bottles into strips of six of dimensions 5 mm X 7 mm. Soil samples were collected from Dharwad, Karnataka and their engineering and indexed properties were tested. The soil type used in this project is black cotton soil and it is also known as expansive soil. Testing was done with different plastic waste contents like 0% (without plastic), 2%, 3%, and 5% of weight of dry soil. The main objective of this study was improving properties of soil in an economical way, reducing environmental pollution, and minimizing the problems of plastic waste disposal.

Enhancement of Various Properties of Soil and Stabilization of Soil Using Copper Slag and GGBS

Abstract: The primary objective of this work is to study the interaction of black cotton soils with Copper Slag and GGBS. To improve the Geo-Technical and Engineering Properties of the Black- Cotton soil. To study the behaviour of strength gain in black cotton soil using Copper Slag and GGBS Stabilization

Effect of mining tailing waste on properties of cement stabilized black cotton soil

Effect of mining tailing waste on properties of cement stabilized black cotton soil

AI (ANN, GP, and EPR)-based predictive models of bulk density, linear-volumetric shrinkage & desiccation cracking of HSDA-treated black cotton soil for sustainable subgrade

ABSTRACT AI-based bi-input predictive models have been executed to forecast the bulk density, linear and volumetric shrinkages and desiccation cracking of HSDA-treated black cotton soil (BCS) for sustainable subgrade construction purposes. The BCS was characterised and classified as A-7 group soil with high plasticity and poorly graded condition. Sawdust ash was obtained by combusting sawdust and sieving through 2.35 mm aperture sieve. It was further activated by blending it with pre-formulated activator material (a blend of 8 M NaOH solution and NaSiO2 in 1:1 ratio) to derive waste-based HSDA. The HSDA was further used in wt % of 3, 6, 9, and 12 to treat the BCS. The treated samples were compacted in the standard proctor moulds, cured for 24 h and extruded. The desiccation tests were then performed on the prepared specimens by drying them at a temp of 102°C for 30 days and behavioural changes in weight, height, diameter, average crack development, etc., were taken throughout the period. Multiple data sets were collected for the references test, and treated specimens of 3, 6, 9, and 12% wt HSDA of the soil for 30 drying days. XRF and SEM tests were also conducted to determine the pozzolanic strength via the chemical oxide composition, three chemical moduli (TCM) and the microstructural arrangement of the experimental materials and the treated BCS. The XRF tests showed that the experimental materials had less pozzolanic strength, which improved with the treated blends thereby forming stabilised mass of BCS. Also, it showed the silica moduli of the TCM dominated the stabilisation of the soil with waste-based HSDA. SEM tests showed increased formation of ettringite and gels with the addition of the HSDA. The data collected was subjected intelligent models’ prediction using ANN, GP and EPR for the four outcomes; BD, CW, LS and VS of the HSDA-treated BCS. The models’ performance showed that EPR outclassed the other techniques in predicting BD and CW with accuracies of 98.2% and 92.7% and minimal error, while ANN outclassed the other techniques in predicting LS and VS with accuracies of 98.8% and 99.3% and minimal error, respectively.

Effect of Silica Fume−Cement Kiln Dust Columns on the Strength and Compressibility of Black Cotton Soil

Effect of Silica Fume−Cement Kiln Dust Columns on the Strength and Compressibility of Black Cotton Soil

Multi Expression Programming Model for Strength Prediction of Fly-Ash-Treated Alkali-Contaminated Soils.

Rapid industrialization is leading to the pollution of underground natural soil by alkali concentration which may cause problems for the existing expansive soil in the form of producing expanding lattices. This research investigates the effect of stabilizing alkali-contaminated soil by using fly ash. The influence of alkali concentration (2 N and 4 N) and curing period (up to 28 days) on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of fly ash (FA)-treated (10%, 15%, and 20%) alkali-contaminated kaolin and black cotton (BC) soils was investigated. The effect of incorporating different dosages of FA (10%, 15%, and 20%) on the UCSkaolin and UCSBC soils was also studied. Sufficient laboratory test data comprising 384 data points were collected, and multi expression programming (MEP) was used to create tree-based models for yielding simple prediction equations to compute the UCSkaolin and UCSBC soils. The experimental results reflected that alkali contamination resulted in reduced UCS (36% and 46%, respectively) for the kaolin and BC soil, whereas the addition of FA resulted in a linear rise in the UCS. The optimal dosage was found to be 20%, and the increase in UCS may be attributed to the alkali-induced pozzolanic reaction and subsequent gain of the UCS due to the formation of calcium-based hydration compounds (with FA addition). Furthermore, the developed models showed reliable performance in the training and validation stages in terms of regression slopes, R, MAE, RMSE, and RSE indices. Models were also validated using parametric and sensitivity analysis which yielded comparable variation while the contribution of each input was consistent with the available literature.

Combined Effect of Marble Dust and Waste Paper Sludge in Improving Engineering Properties of Black-cotton Soil of Gelan Area, Ethiopia

Black-cotton soil creates a problem in construction sites of Gelan area, Ethiopia because of its swell and shrinks behavior due to moisture change. In the present study, an alternative method of soil stabilization using the combined effects of Marble dust and waste paper sludge is investigated based on laboratory test results. Standard compaction and unconfined compressive strength tests were performed by mixing Black-cotton soil with waste paper sludge of 5, 10 and 15% by mass of soil. From the tests and experimental studies, addition of 5% waste paper sludge is obtained as optimum blend to improve soil strength. Therefore, soil is mixed with varying percentages of marble dust (i.e., 10, 20, 30 and 40%) in addition to 5% waste paper sludge which resulted in significant improvement of the soil plasticity, swelling and strength characteristics. From the study it is concluded that addition of 5% waste paper sludge with 30% marble dust is the optimum amount to improve the engineering properties of the Black-cotton soil

Use of Recycled Construction and Demolition (C&D) Wastes in Soil Stabilization

With the growing construction sector, there is a constant rise in wastes generated by both construction and demolition activities. According to an estimate by Building Material Promotion Council (BMPTC), 150 million tonnes of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes are generated in India annually. However, the official recycling capacity is a meagre6, 500 tonnes per day (TPD) - just about 1 percent. This paper examines the properties of Black cotton soil and investigates the use of recycled C&D wastes in soil stabilization of black cotton soil. This research focuses on the inexpensive and eco-friendly nature of C&D wastes as an admixture for soil stabilization. The tests were performed using different proportions of recycled C&D wastes in the proportions: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, to increase the strength of black cotton soil. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) showed an increase from 2% to 18.09%, Maximum Dry Density (MDD) showed a decrease from 2.107 g.cc-1 to 1.69 g.cc-1, and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) showed a variation and increased from 15% to 18.09% with the addition of 25% C&D wastes.

Experimental Investigation on Black Cotton Soil Mixed with Tyre Waste

Abstract: Expansive soil or black cotton soil are one of the problematic soil. Settlement of the structure, cracking in the different component of the structure etc. are some major problems caused in the structure constructed over such soil. The Stabilization is process done for improvement of existing soil by using an admixture. Rubber crumbs can be treated as admixture. The potential of using rubber from warm tyres in many civil engineering works has been studied for more than 30 years. Applications where tyres can be used have proven to be effective in protecting the environment and conserving natural resources. Hence in this study attempt is made study to behaviour of black cotton soil using rubber crumbs in terms of stability behaviour. Keywords: Black cotton soil, Rubber crumbs.

Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by Using Rice Husk and Bagasse Ash

Abstract: Black cotton soil is expansive type of soil that expands suddenly and starts swelling once it comes in contact with water. The strength of the soil is very poor due to its physical properties. Expansive soils exhibit improved response in behaviour with different types of stabilizers. Stabilization with admixtures is found to be an effective technique to improve the strength properties of the black cotton soil. During this study the potential of rice husk ash and bagasse ash are found to be useful admixtures to improve the strength properties of the expansive soil. The rice husk is an agricultural by-product from rice milling and bagasse ash is a sugarcane waste from sugar industry. In this research an approach is made to improve the properties of black cotton soil with combination of bagasse ash and rice husk ash. The results show substantial improvement in engineering properties of black cotton soil with the admixtures. Keywords: Black Cotton Soil, Rice Husk Ash, Bagasse Ash.

Behaviour of Sulfate Infected BC Soil with the Addition of Lime Stone Powder and Different Fibres

Abstract: The stress resistant properties of soils can be improved in a variety of ways. For example, sheets, strips or rods of metal or polymeric materials can be placed in the soil to create a composite material. Researchers believe that there is a great potential of combined usage of monofibres and hybrid fibers as a stabilization materials in sulphate infected black cotton soil mix, making it stronger and durable. But not much progress has been made in this regard. The main objective of this research work is to investigate the index properties and stress resistant properties by adding stabilization materials like, lime stone powder along with monofibres and hybrid fibres. The research is proposed to address the following problems. 1. Effect of replacement of sulphate infected BC soil by stabilization material such as lime stone powder (LSP) in different percentages like 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% and thereby determining the optimum dosage of stabilization materials. 2. Effect of addition of different monofibres such as Jute fibre (JF), Poly propylene fibre (PPF), Waste plastic fibre (WPF) and High density polyethelene fibre (HDPEF) on the properties of sulphate infected BC soils. 3. Effect of addition of different hybrid fibres such as (JF+WPF), (PPF+WPF) and (PPF+HDPEF) on the properties of sulphate infected BC soils. It is observed that the sulphate infected black cotton soil using lime stone powder as stabilization material has shown improved index properties at 15% replacement level. Unsoaked CBR value, soaked CBR value, cohesion value from direct shear test and UCC test cohesion value, all show an increasing trend upto 15% replacement of black cotton soil by lime stone powder. After 15% replacement level, all the above values go on decreasing. It is observed that the sulphate infected black cotton soil using lime stone powder as stabilization material along with monofibres has shown improved stress resistance properties when monofibres are added at 1.5% by volume fraction. From the results obtained, it may also be concluded that, the performance of HDPE fibres is better than polypropylene fibres, waste plastic fibres and jute fibres in enhancing the stress resistance properties of sulphate infected black cotton soil using lime stone powder as stabilization material. Keywords: Lime stone powder, Polypropylene fibres, Sulfate infected BC soil, Stabilization, Stress resistant

Effect of Addition of Granite Stone Powder and Different Fibres on the Behaviour of Sulfate Infected BC Soil

Abstract: The stress resistant properties of soils can be improved in a variety of ways. For example, sheets, strips or rods of metal or polymeric materials can be placed in the soil to create a composite material. Researchers believe that there is a great potential of combined usage of monofibres and hybrid fibers as a stabilization materials in sulphate infected black cotton soil mix, making it stronger and durable. But not much progress has been made in this regard. The main objective of this research work is to investigate the index properties and stress resistant properties by adding stabilization materials like, granite stone powder along with monofibres and hybrid fibres. The research is proposed to address the following problems. 1. Effect of replacement of sulphate infected BC soil by stabilization material such as granite stone powder (GSP) in different percentages like 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% and thereby determining the optimum dosage of stabilization materials. 2. Effect of addition of different monofibres such as Jute fibre (JF), Poly propylene fibre (PPF), Waste plastic fibre (WPF) and High density polyethelene fibre (HDPEF) on the properties of sulphate infected BC soils. 3. Effect of addition of different hybrid fibres such as (JF+WPF), (PPF+WPF) and (PPF+HDPEF) on the properties of sulphate infected BC soils. It is observed that the sulphate infected black cotton soil using granite stone powder as stabilization material has shown improved index properties at 15% replacement level. Unsoaked CBR value, soaked CBR value, cohesion value from direct shear test and UCC test cohesion value, all show an increasing trend upto 15% replacement of black cotton soil by lime stone powder. After 15% replacement level, all the above values go on decreasing. It is observed that the sulphate infected black cotton soil using granite stone powder as stabilization material along with monofibres has shown improved stress resistance properties when monofibres are added at 1.5% by volume fraction. From the results obtained, it may also be concluded that, the performance of HDPE fibres is better than polypropylene fibres, waste plastic fibres and jute fibres in enhancing the stress resistance properties of sulphate infected black cotton soil using granite stone powder as stabilization material. Keywords: Granite stone powder, Polypropylene fibres, Sulfate infected BC soil, Stabilization, Stress resistant.

Design of Foundation for 220 kV Electrical Substation on Black Cotton Soil

The design on black cotton soil has always been a difficult task for the engineers because the structure resting on black cotton soil cracks with none warning. Black cotton soil is found in M.P., Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh in our country. Soil proportion changes depending upon their constituents, i.e. water content, density, bulk density, angle of friction, shear strength etc. With the rapid development in Soil improvement, construction technique and social need various constructions of structure are happening. the likelihood of excellent construction sites to create structures on Black Cotton Soils is difficult because of their poor strength and deformation characteristics. The failures of structure are mostly because of the failure of foundations. Foundation is that the most vital a part of the structure. The strength and sturdiness of any structure depends upon the strength of its foundation. The most objective of this study is to style an appropriate and feasible foundation for the black cotton soil for 220KN electrical substation structure using software analysis. This study discussed during which sort of foundation is suitable for 220KN electrical substation in black cotton soil.

Experimental Study on Black Cotton Soil to be used as Filling Material by Strengthning with Bagasse Ash and Brick Dust

Experimental Study on Black Cotton Soil to be used as Filling Material by Strengthning with Bagasse Ash and Brick Dust

Evaluation of Geotechnical Properties of Black Cotton Soil Reinforced with Sisal Fibre for Waste Containment Application

Compacted Black Cotton Soils (BCS) used in geotechnical constructions such as dams and clayey liners in waste containment facilities can suffer from cracking due to swelling and shrinking during wet and dry seasons respectively. In order to reduce the shrinkage of the clayey soil, discrete fibre reinforcement such as the Sisal Fibre (SF) technique was used. An experimental study was carried out on the natural and the modified properties of the soil which include Atterberg limits, compaction, Unconfined compressive strength UCS (i.e., for varying Moulding Water Content (MWC) relative to Optimum Moisture Content (OMC); OMC-2, OMC, OMC+2, OMC+4) and Volumetric Shrinkage Strain (VSS) at MWC relative to OMC; (OMC-2, OMC, OMC+2, OMC+4) were determined, for different percentages inclusion of sisal fibre (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% SF). Results obtained show that the liquid limit and plasticity index of the natural soil are 44.47% and 18.65% which increased with an increase in the sisal fibre content. OMC increased from a value of 19% for the natural soil to a peak value of 24.5% at 1.5% of sisal fibre and thereafter decreased. The natural soil has a Maximum Dry Density (MDD) of 1.55 Mg/m3 which decreased to 1.5 Mg/m3 at 1.5% additive. The VSS of the modified soil significantly decrease compared to the natural soil and it continually decreased as the percentage of sisal fibre increased. The lowest VSS values were observed at 2% SF, having values of 2.85, 3.5, 4.75, and 5.5% for OMC-2, OMC, OMC+2, and OMC+4, respectively. The UCS initially increased and thereafter decreased. Based on the results, soil optimally treated with a maximum of 0.5% sisal fibre and compacted with OMC-2 significantly improved the soil and is recommended for use in waste containment applications.

ESTIMATION OF HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF EXPANDED BLACK COTTON SOIL

In the study a hydroponic medium was prepared from black cotton soil and rice husks. The process involved mixing, moulding, firing and size reduction. The aggregates were prepared at 750°C, 30 minutes and 9:1 for firing temperature, time and ratio of black cotton soil to rice husk (on a weight basis) respectively. Size reduction was done to give a 90:5:5 composition of sand, silt and clay sized particles. The Hydrus 1D version 4.16.0110 model was used to estimate the hydraulic parameters. The results were 0.1 cm3 cm-3, 0.55 cm3 cm-3, 0.01, 1.91, 0.00368 cm s-1 and -1 for Өr, Өs, ά, n, Ks and l respectively. The goodness of fit (R2) and Root Mean Square error (RMSE) used to evaluate the model gave values of 0.83 and 0.0895 cm3 cm-3 respectively. This showed that the model estimations were within acceptable ranges and can be applied to determine the water retention and hydraulic conductivity of the expanded black cotton soil aggregates at varied saturation.

Research Progress on Shrinkage Characteristics of Black Cotton Soil in East Africa

Research Progress on Shrinkage Characteristics of Black Cotton Soil in East Africa

A Study of Black Cotton Soil by Using Sisal Fibre and Coconut Fibre

Abstract: The present study is aimed to compare the behaviour of black cotton soil reinforced with sisal and coconut fiber also referred as coir. The soil used is black cotton soil collected from Arera Colony Area of Bhopal District (M.P). Sisal fiber and coconut fiber are mixed randomly with soil in varying percentages (2%, 4% and 6%) respectively by dry weight of soil and compacted to maximum dry density at optimum moisture content. The test results indicate a reduction in the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content of soil due to the addition of sisal fiber. It also indicates an improvement in the CBR value of soil due to the addition of sisal fiber and coconutfiber and the combination of above two shows better results. The optimum CBR valueis obtained for 2 cm length for both the fibers i.e. for sisalfiber with 4% fiber content and for coconut fiber with 6%. Keywords: Black Cotton soil, Sisal fiber, Coconut fiber, Maximum Dry Density, Stabilization, CBR

Effect of alkali-treated sisal fibres on expansive clay

In this study, the synergic effects of alkaline activation (AA) and fibre inclusions on the mechanical behaviour of fly-ash-stabilised black cotton soil were investigated. The natural fibre used in this research was treated with sodium hydroxide solution as an expedient solution to attain durability. The fibres are added in two forms: discrete fibre and geotextile. Assessment of engineering behaviour of the AA-treated soil reinforced with surface-coated sisal fibres was carried out by conducting various laboratory tests such as free swell test, unconfined compressive strength test and cyclic triaxial test. Microstructural characterisation was carried out by scanning electron microscopy analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The test results conclusively showed that the alkaline-activated fly-ash-treated sisal fibre-reinforced soil exhibits better mechanical behaviour in terms of peak stress and post-peak behaviour and appreciable resistance to swelling. Overall, the study shows that amendment of fibre-reinforced AA-fly-ash could effectively enhance the strength, stiffness and toughness of the soil and could subsidise the anticipated detrimental effects that could cause by dynamic loading. This study affirms the potential of alkali-treated sisal fibre to be an alternative to traditional stabilisers used in construction involving expansive soil.

The Use of Microbial Technology to Soil Stabilization

Microbially exacerbate existing precipitation (MICP) is an emerging technique with great potential for enhancing soil quality. The study's overarching objective is to quantify MICP's contribution to black cotton soil's improved shear strength and reduced hydraulic conductivity. The findings of a laboratory study on the influence of microorganisms on the engineering properties of soil treated with MICP. The bacteria utilized in this study was called Bacillus megaterium. A mold was made with the same interior size as the vortex shear instrument, and soil samples were then tested using this setup. The presence of microbes in black cotton soil greatly improves its shear strength and decreases its hydraulic conductivity, as shown by vane shear and penetration tests.