Bisphenol A In Urine Samples Research Articles

The Correlation of Urine Bisphenol A with Semen Parameters in Men Referred to Infertility Centers: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is known as an endocrine disruptor that has harmful effects on general health. It is commonly used in various industrial products. In this study we tried to evaluate the amount of BPA in urine samples of the men referred to an infertility center. The cross-sectional study population consisted of male partners of infertile couples, who were referred to infertility clinic in Mazandaran, a northern state of Iran. Questionnaires included demographic characteristics, medical history, lifestyle factors, physical examinations. A semen sample and a spot urine sample were taken from each participant. In the initial study group of 240 men, 3 groups were excluded, and 122 men remained for the analysis. Highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied to measure the amount of BPA in the urine samples. BPA was not detected in about half of the samples (53.3%). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that no significant relationship existed between the urine concentrations of BPA, semen parameters and male reproductive hormones. However, in a comparison with semen parameters in people with detectable urine BPA versus nondetectable ones, an inverse association was noticed with sperm concentration. In other parameters, differences were not significant. Smoking had no effects on sperm parameters, but body mass index (BMI) ≥25 reduced the percentage of normal sperm parameters. In most participants, urinary BPA was not detected. Probably in this study low environmental exposure to BPA is the cause of lower urine BPA concentrations compared to other industrially developed countries. Therefore, no overall relationship was observed between BPA level and male infertility.

A novel method for rapid and quantitative detection of bisphenol A in urine.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is classified as an endocrine disruptor (ED) and it can interact with variety of hormone receptors leading to hormonal disruption and increased risk of various adverse health effects. Reducing human exposure to BPA is one of the main challenges of public health, as it is constantly present in daily life. A low-cost and commonly applied method to enable determination of BPA in the patient's body has yet to be developed. Currently available techniques are expensive, time-consuming, and require access to highly equipped analytical chemistry laboratories. Here we describe a fast and cheap engineered lateral flow assay of our design, to detect of BPA in urine samples. The technology not only provides an opportunity to perform rapid medical diagnostics without the need for an access to the central laboratory but also a means for self-diagnosis by the patient. The addition of β-glucuronidase improves the sensitivity of detection as it releases the free BPA from glucuronide complexes in urine. This invention may become a demonstrated analytical means for lowering human exposure to BPA and probably also to other EDs and consequently, may be useful in decrease of the risk for several lifestyle diseases.

Urinary bisphenol A concentrations and in vitro fertilization outcomes among women from a fertility clinic

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widespread environmental endocrine disrupting chemical. Although many animals and in vitro studies reported that BPA may affect female fertility through the effect on maturing oocytes and meiotic cell division, but the data from human studies are limited and inconclusive. The study was conducted to examine the association between urinary BPA concentration and in vitro reproductive outcomes (metaphase II (MII) oocyte yield, top quality embryo, fertilization rate, implantation rate and clinical pregnancy) among women from an infertility clinic.The study participants were enrolled in the Infertility Center in Poland. 450 women aged 24-44 (n = 674 IVF cycles) provided urine samples. The urinary concentrations of BPA were evaluated using validated gas chromatography ion-tap mass spectrometry method. Clinical outcomes of IVF treatment were abstracted from patients electronic chart records. To assess the relationship between urinary BPA concentrations early examined reproductive outcomes generalized linear mixed models were used.The detection rate of BPA in urine samples was 98% and the geometric mean 1.59 ± 2.15 ng/ml. A significant decrease was observed between urinary concentration of BPA and implantation (p = 0.04) and decreased MII oocyte count (p = 0.03). There was no association between other examined IVF outcomes: embryo quality, fertilization rate and clinical pregnancy and BPA exposure.Exposure to BPA may have a negative effect during the early stages of human development. The studies among the larger and more diverse population are needed to confirm the results.

A simple, inexpensive, non-enzymatic microwave-assisted method for determining bisphenol-A in urine in the form of trimethylsilyl derivative by GC/MS with single quadrupole

Humans are widely exposed to bisphenol-A (BPA) owing to the ubiquitous use of this chemical in consumer products. Increasing attention is paid to the effect of BPA, because it has the hormone-like structure and it can potentially adversely affect. A simple, efficient, cheap analytical procedure for quantitative determining the analyte is reported in this paper. The suggested method includes the sample preparation based on a double liquid-liquid microextraction combined with non-enzymatic acidic hydrolysis under the influence of microwave radiation of the BPA conjugates with glucuronic and phosphorous acids followed by trimethylsilylation and GC/MS detection. The detection and quantification limits of BPA in the human urine sample are 0.3 and 1 ng/mL respectively. The calibration curve for this analyte is linear with a correlation coefficient of > 0.99 in the range of 1–50 ng/ml. Method recoveries were between 86 % and 110 %, while repeatability was below 10 %. The method was satisfactorily applied to the determination of target compounds in human urine samples from 20 randomly selected individuals. The detection frequency in urines was 40 %. The maximum detected concentration of BPA was 479 ng/mL. The proposed non-enzymatic method is simple, fast, inexpensive and suitable for the determination of BPA in urine samples in the framework of biomonitoring studies and bioanalytical analyses.

Gestational Urinary Bpa Concentrations and Child Adiposity at Age 3 Years: The MIREC Study

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume chemical, and because of its use in numerous consumer products, exposure is ubiquitous. Prenatal BPA exposure has been associated with excess adiposity in rodent studies, but not consistently in human studies.Objectives: We investigated the relation between prenatal BPA exposure and early childhood adiposity in a prospective cohort study of 686 mother-child pairs.Methods: We used data from the Maternal Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study, a prospective pan-Canadian pregnancy and birth cohort study. We measured BPA in urine samples collected at an average of 13 weeks gestation. In six of the cities, we measured children’s weight, height, waist/hip circumference, and subscapular/triceps skinfold at an average of age 3.4 years. Using linear regression, we estimated covariate-adjusted associations between log2-transformed urinary BPA concentrations and adiposity measures.Results: Median urinary BPA concentrations were 0.8 ng/mL (IQR: 0.5-1.4). Among all children, there was no association between BPA and child adiposity. However, the association of BPA with waist circumference and subscapular skinfold thickness was modified by child sex (sex x BPA interaction p-values<0.2). Among girls, each 2-fold increase in urinary BPA concentrations was associated with a 0.3 cm (95% CI: 0, 0.5) and 0.2 mm (95% CI: 0, 0.3) increase in waist circumference and subscapular skinfold thickness, respectively. Among boys, BPA was weakly inversely associated with subscapular skinfold thickness (b: -0.1; 95% CI: -0.3, 0.1), but was not associated with waist circumference (b: 0.03; 95% CI: -0.19, 0.25).Conclusions: In this cohort, prenatal urinary BPA concentrations were associated with subtle increases in measures of central adiposity during early childhood among girls, but not boys. Future studies should confirm these associations and determine if they persist into later childhood.

Micro-QuEChERS extraction coupled to GC-MS for a fast determination of Bisphenol A in human urine.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is considered an endocrine disruptor and public concern over BPA exposure has been raised. Several studies have assessed human exposure to this plasticizer, confirming its ubiquitous presence and highlighting children as a public of special concern. A simple, efficient, cheap and green analytical procedure is reported within this paper. This paper reports, for the first time, the development of a modified Micro-QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as a new strategy for the efficient extraction and determination of Bisphenol A in human urine samples. Several parameters that are known to influence extraction were optimized. Good linearity was achieved at the studied concentration range (1-50μg/L), with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.998. The optimized method proved to be accurate (≥74% recovery), reproducible (<11% relative standard deviation) and sensitive for BPA determination (detection limit of 0.13μg/L and quantification limit of 0.43μg/L). The analytical procedure was applied to the analyses of 12 urine samples collected from children living in the North/Center region of Portugal. BPA was detected in all the analyzed samples in concentrations ranging from 1.5μg/L to 48.9μg/L. The proposed methodology is suitable for the determination of BPA in urine samples in the framework of biomonitoring studies and bioanalytical analyses, applying GC-MS detection.

Maternal urinary concentrations of free and total bisphenol A (BPA) and BPA-alternatives in the APrON birth cohort

Introduction: Bisphenol A (BPA) has been widely used for manufacturing polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins, and highly detectable in environmental and human samples. BPA is an endocrine disruptor in experimental models, and while epidemiological studies have examined BPA’s possible neurodevelopmental effects, results of these studies have been inconsistent. Biomonitoring data for BPA have mainly focused on total BPA in urine samples, with limited data on free BPA, and even less on BPA alternatives. Methods: In this study, in-line solid phase extraction – liquid chromatography – Orbitrap mass spectrometry was used to examine free and total BPA and BPA alternatives (bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF)) in urine samples collected in the 2nd trimester from 480 pregnant women in the APrON birth cohort (Alberta, Canada). Maternal nutrient status (i.e. folate, zinc, n-3 fatty acids) was also measured in maternal blood at the same time point. Neurodevelopment of children was assessed at 2 years of age using the Bayley-III and Child Behavior Checklist. Results: Total BPA was detectable in 93% of urine samples (GM: 1.23 ng/mL; &lt;0.32 – 44 ng/mL), total BPS was detectable in 59% of urine samples (GM: 0.16 ng/mL; &lt;0.10 – 243 ng/mL), and total BPF was detectable in 10% of urine samples (&lt;1 – 390 ng/mL). The detection frequencies were less than 1% for free BPA, BPS and BPF in urine. Nevertheless, the highest free BPS and BPF concentrations were observed in urine that also contained the highest total BPS and BPF, and typically constituted &lt;1% of the total concentration. Conclusion: The metabolites constituted the majority (&gt;99%) of total BPA and BPA alternatives in urine samples. Mean population exposure to BPA was significantly higher than BPS, but maximum urinary levels of BPS (243 ng/mL) and BPF (390 ng/mL) were higher than maximum BPA (44 ng/mL). Preliminary associations among BPA, BPS, neurodevelopment and nutrient status will also be discussed.

Hormone Impact: BPA Linked to Altered Gene Expression in Humans

Vol. 119, No. 12 News | Science SelectionsOpen AccessHormone Impact: BPA Linked to Altered Gene Expression in Humansis accompanied byBisphenol A Exposure Is Associated with in Vivo Estrogenic Gene Expression in Adults Julia R. Barrett Julia R. Barrett Search for more papers by this author Published:1 December 2011https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.119-a524bAboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit Urinary metabolites of bisphenol A (BPA), a widely used component of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, serve as bio-markers for exposure to the chemical and are detectable in more than 90% of indi-viduals tested in the United States and Europe. Studies to date suggest positive associations between BPA and cardio-vascular disease, diabetes, and reproductive and developmental abnormalities in humans, although further research is needed to confirm these findings. Recent studies have shown links between BPA and changes in total testosterone concentrations and altered estradiol:testosterone ratio in men, but evidence for a mechanism behind such links has been lacking. A new study now links BPA exposure with altered expression of estrogen- and androgen-responsive genes in humans [EHP 119(12):1788–1793; Melzer et al.].The InCHIANTI study—a prospective study of mid- and late-life morbidity risk factors among 1,453 participants in Chianti, Italy—provided the data for the current study. A subset of 96 men provided same-day blood and urine samples in 2008–2009. Urine samples were analyzed for concentrations of BPA, and blood leukocytes were used for transcript analysis of six estrogen- and androgen-responsive genes: ESR1, ESR2, ESRRA, ESRRB, ESRRG, and AR. These genes code nuclear hormone receptors involved in the control of developmental and physiological pathways shown to be activated by BPA in laboratory studies.Urinary BPA concentrations ranged from 0.73 to 56.94 ng/mL and were positively associated with increased expression of ESR2 and ESRRA based on models adjusted for potential confounding factors. Transcripts for other genes were either not detected (ESRRG ) or were not associated with BPA concentrations (ESR1, ESRRB, and AR). Mean expression of ESR2 and ESRRA increased by 65% and 38%, respectively, in the highest versus lowest BPA exposure tertile.The implications of altered gene expression in blood leukocytes are unknown, and this measure has not been validated as a surro-gate measure of effects on hormone-responsive gene expression. However, the results suggest that BPA is bioactive in humans, and the authors argue that the potential link between exposure, hormone signaling, and related disorders is biologically plausible. For example, estrogen receptor β, coded by ESR2, plays a significant role in maintaining the structure and function of tissues in the cardiovascular and central nervous systems.The cross-sectional design, lack of distinction between free and conjugated BPA in urine samples, and possible unidentified confounding factors are limitations of the study. Additional research is needed to confirm the findings and further investigate gene expression changes and effects of BPA exposure in other estrogen-regulated target tissues.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsRelated articlesBisphenol A Exposure Is Associated with in Vivo Estrogenic Gene Expression in Adults10 August 2011Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 119, No. 12 December 2011Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Originally published1 December 2011Published in print1 December 2011 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days.

EXPOSURE TO BISPHENOL A DURING PREGNANCY AND MATERNAL AND NEONATAL THYROID HORMONE LEVELS

Background and Aims: Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in the manufacture of polycarbonate bottles, food packaging, can linings, and dental sealants. High detection frequencies in numerous environmental and human specimens indicate that BPA is a widespread contaminant. Animal and in vitro studies suggest that BPA may disrupt thyroid hormone (TH) but little human data are available, particularly in pregnant women and neonates. Normal thyroid function during these critical developmental periods is essential for normal brain development. Our aim was thus to determine whether maternal exposure to BPA is related to thyroid hormone levels in pregnant women and neonates. Methods: We measured BPA in urine samples collected during the first and second half of pregnancy in women participating in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS). Pregnant women who were &gt;=18 years, &lt;20 weeks gestation, English or Spanish speaking, and qualified for Medicaid (health insurance for low-income families) were eligible for participation in the study. Free thyroxine (T4), total T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was measured in 339 maternal serum samples obtained at ~27 weeks’ gestation. Neonatal TSH levels were abstracted from medical records (n=371). Results: The median BPA urinary concentration was lower in CHAMACOS women (1.1 µg/L) than in the general U.S. population (2.8 µg/L). Preliminary analyses suggest that every 10-fold increase in maternal BPA urinary concentration in the second, but not the first, half of pregnancy was associated with a 0.5 µg/dL decrease in total T4 (95%CI=-1.0, -0.1) after controlling for confounders. Associations were stronger when BPA was measured closer in time to total T4. BPA urinary concentrations were not associated with maternal free T4 or TSH, or with neonatal TSH. Conclusion: Maternal exposure to BPA was inversely associated with total T4 during pregnancy. Findings may have implications for fetal brain development.

Body of Proof: Biomonitoring Data Reveal Widespread Bisphenol A Exposures

Vol. 118, No. 8 NewsOpen AccessBody of Proof: Biomonitoring Data Reveal Widespread Bisphenol A Exposures Kellyn S. Betts Kellyn S. Betts Search for more papers by this author Published:1 August 2010https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.118-a353aCited by:1AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail A review of more than 80 biomonitoring studies from nine nations suggests exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) is ubiquitous in people throughout the world [EHP118(8):1055–1070; Vandenberg et al.]. Moreover, in samples of blood serum, median levels of unconjugated (biologically active) BPA were higher than levels predicted by toxicokinetic models that form the basis of U.S. regulations for the compound, reaching the range that has been shown to cause adverse effects in animals.More than 8 billion pounds of BPA are produced each year, making it one of the world’s most heavily used chemicals. BPA is used in baby bottles, drinking bottles, food storage containers, polyvinyl chloride, stretch films, paper, cardboard, medical equipment, and the epoxy resins lining most metallic food and beverage cans. BPA has estrogenic properties, and animal studies have linked low-level exposure to altered development of the male and female reproductive tract and brain as well as cancers of the mammary gland and prostate.The authors analyzed 24 biomonitoring studies involving blood serum samples from healthy adults, adults with certain diseases, pregnant women, and fetuses or fetal tissues. Overall, these studies indicate exposure to unconjugated BPA is in the range of 0.5–10 ng/mL, with most studies suggesting an average exposure of 1–3 ng/mL. The latter concentrations are higher than those shown to cause effects in human and animal cell cultures.The only data on BPA levels in children after birth is from studies of urine samples, most of which measured total (conjugated and unconjugated) BPA, but some of which measured unconjugated BPA separately from conjugated (inactive) BPA. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention measured total BPA in urine samples from 314 children aged 6–11 years and 715 adolescents aged 12–19. Compared with adults, the younger children’s levels were highest, and adolescents were in-between. Other smaller studies also showed that BPA concentrations were higher in neonates and young children than in adults.Some of the studies measuring BPA in human blood were conducted using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Although this assay is considered less specific than the more precise analytical chemistry methods now favored for measuring BPA, the authors argue these studies are worthy of inclusion in their review because the concentrations they report are in line with what have been detected using the newer methods.The paper also points out “significant deficiencies” in the two studies that have examined the toxicokinetics of BPA exposure in humans, which they say have been given undue weight in regulatory decision making. The authors note we don’t yet know all the potential sources of exposure to BPA, which makes it impossible to predict toxicokinetics. Because the biomonitoring findings contradict the toxicokinetic studies, the authors recommend in a related commentary in the same issue [EHP 118(8):1051–1054; Vandenberg et al.] that biomonitoring data be considered in regulatory decision making whenever available rather than relying only on toxicokinetic models to estimate exposure.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Gugala N and Turner R (2018) The Potential of Metals in Combating Bacterial Pathogens Biomedical Applications of Metals, 10.1007/978-3-319-74814-6_6, (129-150), . Vol. 118, No. 8 August 2010Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Originally published1 August 2010Published in print1 August 2010 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days.

Within-person variability in urinary bisphenol A concentrations: Measurements from specimens after long-term frozen storage

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogenic contaminant of food and water associated with adverse developmental effects in laboratory animals. BPA has recently been linked to morbidity in adult humans, but studies of developmental effects in humans are methodologically more difficult. The ability to measure BPA in urine samples after long-term storage could aid in such studies. Because the half-life of BPA is < 6h, a single measurement would be useful only if the environmental exposure is relatively constant over weeks or months. Our aims were to evaluate the stability of BPA in specimens after 22-24 years of storage and to measure within-person temporal variability in urinary BPA. We measured total BPA concentration by mass spectrometry in first-morning urine samples from 60 premenopausal women. We selected from each woman's stored daily collections three urine samples approximately 2 and 4 weeks apart. Samples were selected from both the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle to assess cycle effects. Temporal variability was assessed with mixed model regression and correlations. BPA levels had an inter-quartile range from 1.1 to 3.1 ng/mg creatinine, slightly higher than levels in specimens from NHANES collected 3-11 years later. The Spearman correlation was approximately 0.5 for samples 2 weeks apart and 0.3 for samples 4 weeks apart. Menstrual cycle phase did not influence levels. BPA tended to increase during the three-year collection period, but not significantly. The similar distribution to NHANES samples and correlation of BPA levels taken at 2-week intervals provide indirect evidence that BPA is relatively stable during long-term freezer storage. The correlations indicate generally stable exposures over periods of weeks. These findings suggest that developmental effects of BPA exposure could be investigated with measurements from stored urine.

Development of Analytical Method for Determining Trace Amounts of BPA in Urine Samples and Estimation of Exposure to BPA.

We have developed a reliable analytical method for determining trace amounts of bisphenol A (BPA), a suspected endocrine disruptor, in urine samples by use of GC/MS so that daily exposure of human bodies to BPA can be estimated. We administered BPA-d16 (100μg) to volunteers in order to conduct an excretion experiment and found that the BPA was absorbed quickly through the digestive tract and excreted mainly as a glucuronide conjugate into urine, in an amount of almost 100 % in 24 hours. The results suggest that determining the BPA content of urine samples enables estimation of the exposure to BPA.The results of our analysis of urine from adults show that the average total BPA concentration was 0.82 ng/ml (0.14-5.47 ng/ml, n=91) and that the average free BPA concentration was 0.08 ng/ml (0.01-0.27 ng/ml, n=11) . Also, from a determination of whole-day urine samples, the exposure to BPA was estimated to be 1.68 μg/day (0.48-4.5 μg/day, n=22) on the average.