Birth In Russia Research Articles

Взаимосвязь воспроизводства населения с репродуктивным здоровьем женщин фертильного возраста в Красноярском крае.

Relevance. Problems of population reproduction and reproductive health of women of fertile age [1] attract much attention from both domestic and foreign researchers. Important demographic indicators that characterize population reproduction are fertility and mortality, the level of which significantly affects the population size, natural growth and determines the demographic situation not only of the territories, but also of the country as a whole [2]. Purpose of the study: to analyze literary sources and compare with official statistical data of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, both for the region with low population density, and separately for the western medical district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, fertility rates, women’s reproductive health, the frequency of abortions and the number of births. Material and methods. For an objective assessment, information was taken from Rosstat for the Krasnoyarsk Territory and data from dashboards of the situation center of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, data from the state report on the state of public health and health care activities in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2022, a retrospective analysis of medical documentation and state statistics materials was carried out with copying data. Results of the study. Over the past three years, negative changes have emerged in the demographic development of the Russian Federation, expressed in a decrease in the number of births and an increase in the number of deaths. Total fertility rate in Russia in 2020. amounted to – 9.8‰, in 2021. – 9.6‰, in 2022 – 8.9‰. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2020. – 10.1‰, 2021 – 10.0‰, 2022 – 9.9‰ [3]. The indicator both for the country as a whole and for the Krasnoyarsk Territory did not reach the following values: 1980. – 15.9‰ and 1990 – 13.4‰. In the western medical district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the birth rate in 2020–12.4‰, in 2021–12.2‰ and in 2022 amounted to 12.0‰. The average age of women giving birth in Russia is 26 years in 2022, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2022 it was 29.2 years and in the western medical district of the region – 29.5 years. The share of premature births among women who completed pregnancy increased over 5 years by 11.2% and in 2022 amounted to 5.8% in the Krasnoyarsk Territory as a whole, and in the western medical district of the region 5.4%. Population reproduction is largely related to women’s reproductive health. Conclusions. The relationship between population reproduction and the reproductive health of women of fertile age in the Krasnoyarsk Territory has been established, based on a study of literature data and statistical data for a region with low population density.

Economic Determinants of High Order Births in Russia: The Study Based on the Analysis of Regional Differentiation

Introduction. Demographic problems are one of the acutest in modern Russia. Negative demographic trends which are specifically manifested in the regions of the country, actualize the study of trends, causes and consequences of the decline in fertility. This will allow developing more effective measures of state support and stimulation of the birth rate. At the same time, the study of regional differentiation is especially in demand in relation to higher-order births. An increase in the number of births of third and subsequent children is necessary to overcome negative demographic trends and increase the population in the country. The purpose of the article is to study the features of regional differentiation of high order births in Russia and to assess the influence of economic factors on them. Materials and Methods. The demographic indicators of Rosstat for 2018–2021, presented in the regional context, were used as an information base; ratings of regions of the agency RIA Rating. The methods of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and comparison tests were used. Based on the Tukey criterion the regions with atypical values of the birth rate were identified and described separately. Results. The analysis has revealed a high level of regional differentiation of higher-order births; showed no relationship between the birth rate of third and subsequent children and the following economic factors in the regions: the implementation of regional maternity capital programs, the level of socio-economic development of the region and the level of well-being of families in the region. The analysis has showed that these factors are not related to the nature of the dynamics of the birth rate of third and subsequent children in the regions of Russia. Discussions and Conclusions. The results obtained have allowed us to conclude that the determinants of high-order births in Russia are not limited to the economic conditions of the population’s life. The effectiveness of the economic measures implemented in the country to support and stimulate high-order births has not been confirmed. The results can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of pronatalist state measures. Understanding the features and causes of the emerging regional differentiation of high-order births will make it possible to build more reasonable forecasts of demographic dynamics.

Infertility and fertility: demographic problems of assisted reproduction

The article dwells upon topical demographic problems of infertility in the context of their national specifics and institutional features. The purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of infertility correction on the annual number of births in Russia through identifying reproductive disorders and expanding assisted reproduction programs as effective tools of the pronatal fertility policy. The material for the analysis is statistical data of the Russian Federal State Statistics Service, official information from the Russian Association of Human Reproduction published in the National Registers of Assisted Reproductive Technologies in 2000-2021, materials of the World Health Organization and international professional associations of reproductive health professionals, domestic and foreign themed publications. The paper casts light on the economic, psychological, medical, social, professional, financial and gender changes in society associated with the development of assisted reproduction as the most effective way to correct infertility. A currently prevailing global trend towards universal access to assisted reproduction programs as the realization of everyone’s right to the highest level of health, regardless of income, marital status, gender identity, etc., is limited in some countries by cost-effectiveness and “threshold of utility” of in vitro fertilization in treating infertility. In Russia, the main concern is the programs involving “third parties” and reproductive donors, especially surrogacy, therefore, it is necessary to strengthen state regulation to make the assisted reproductive technologies most similar to the natural processes and traditional ethical standards.

Birth Seasonality in Russia: Regional Features

In the article based on statistical methods the authors evaluateinterregional differences in seasonality of births in Russia and attempt toexplain the differences in the seasonality of the number of births in the regions of Russia. The relevance of these issues is explained by the need to monitor changes in demographic indicators following the implementation of national projects for the period up to the mid-2020s.The authors considered the most fundamental results of some domestic and foreign studies on this subject. Some hypotheses regarding the causes of the seasonality of births were tested using econometric tools (based on official birth statistics in the regions of the Russian Federation for the period 2006–2020).The statistically significant factors that form the amplitude of seasonal fluctuations were the degree of urbanization, income and the climate based on the OLS model. The amplitude of fluctuations in births decreased with an increase in the level of urbanization (growth in the share of the urban population) and the population of the region. An increase in January temperature increased the amplitude of birth fluctuations. The positive impact of income on the amplitude of the fluctuation was explained by the active planning of the timing of childbearing in high-income regions, but further research was needed. Nutritional characteristics were found to be statistically insignificant factors. The number of marriages took a special place in the formation of the seasonality of births. On the whole for the Russian Federation, based on time series models, a cointegration relationship between the number of marriages and the number of births was found. This relationship had begun to weaken over the past five years.

Pregnancy, childbirth and health of female labour migrants from Central Asia in Russia

The research note contains an analysis of data on health, pregnancy, and childbirth experience among female labour migrants arriving in Russia from Central Asia. Empirically, the study bases on the data of three surveys conducted in 2015, 2017, and 2020. In total, the surveys contain information on 2,028 migrants from Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan living in Russia. The analysis proves that with gradual feminization of labour migration from Central Asia, pregnancy and childbirth in a significant part of labour migrants take place in risky living conditions; the existing system of maternal health protection for migrants in Russia needs modernization. Compared to earlier studies on this topic, the survey data showed a higher proportion of female migrants who had got pregnant and gave birth in Russia along with a lower proportion of migrants who terminated pregnancy. These differences may indicate a change in the reproductive behaviour of women who come to work in Russia from the countries of Central Asia. The presented note shows the need for in-depth studies of the reproductive behaviour of labour migrants in Russia, as well as the development of national migration statistics, which should become gender sensitive.

Partnership Context of First Births in Russia: The Enduring Significance of Marriage

While cohabitation and non-marital childbearing have been increasing in Russia since 1990, the share of marital first births that are conceived prior to marriage has changed very little since the Soviet era. The prior findings on the stability of trends in premarital conceptions in Russia have been contradictory and inconclusive. This study aims to extend the existing empirical evidence on premarital conceptions in Russia and to contribute to the discussion on the persistence of marriage as the preferred partnership context for parenthood. We focus on births that occurred within the first two years of marriage, and compare the childbearing patterns of Russian women who married in different historical periods. For our investigation of fertility among marital cohorts who married during the Soviet era (1960–1991), we use individual-level data from the 1994 microcensus. For our examination of fertility among more recent marital cohorts (2000, 2011, and 2016), we draw on data from birth records in civil registers. We also use relevant complementary data sources. Our findings show that there has been a marked shift in the relationship between conception and marriage in Russia. Increasingly, conceptions have been occurring before marriage, and in the most recent marital cohorts, the level of premarital first conceptions has even surpassed the level of marital first conceptions. The average interval between conception and entry into marriage has also been lengthening. We describe this unique pattern of childbearing and discuss some potential explanations for the ongoing association between marriage and childbearing in Russia.

More Money — More Births? Estimating Effects of 2007 Family Policy Changes on Probability of Second and Subsequent Births in Russia

From 2007 to 2015 total fertility rate in Russia increased from 1.42 to 1.78, following a long period of decline in 1990-1999 and stagnation in 2000-2006. Politicians attribute this growth to a package of pro-natalist policy measures introduced in 2007 and particularly to the maternity (family) capital program, the most well-known innovation of the 2007 reform. Existing studies, although sparse, have not actually proven this point of view clearly yet. This paper aims to reveal whether the pro-natalist measures of 2007 have influenced probability of second and consequent births in Russia. Since in 2007 several family policy measures were introduced simultaneously, and the authors estimate their cumulative effect applying a set of binary logistic regressions on the panel of Russian Generations and Gender Survey data collected in 2004, 2007, and 2011. The study reveals that the probability of second and subsequent births before the introduction of policy measures does not differ significantly from that observed after it. The authors find no effect of 2007 family policy changes on probability of second and consequent births in Russia. The data shows some signs of selective influence of the 2007 policy changes on women with lower human capital and incomes, however, further studies on bigger samples are needed to prove this fact. The study extends the academic discussion and adds to the pool of empirical evidence on the pro-natalist policy effects on fertility. By demonstrating no significant effects of Russian 2007 family policy measures the paper contributes to the overcoming of existing publication bias in the field.
 Acknowledgements. The authors are grateful for the support granted to the research within the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE).

Trends in obstetric care statistics in the Russian Federation

An analysis of obstetric care statistics, which are considered as an indicator of the population’s health both now and in the future, seems relevant.Aim. To assess the dynamics of obstetric care data in Russia from 2006 to 2015 according to official statistics.Material and methods. The official statistics were analyzed using the descriptive statistic methods.Results. During the study period, the number of births in Russia increased by 30,1% and since 2012 has exceeded the level of 1991. We also revealed an increase in the prevalence of ectopic pregnancy (1,62-2,6% of all recorded pregnancies). A high level (~80%) of maternal morbidity over the past 6 years has remained. At the same time, there was a decrease in the incidence of maternal anemia, extragenital diseases, and gestosis. The prevalence of abnormal labor decreased over 10 years by 27,5% and amounted to 88,4 per 1,000 births in 2015, which is lower than in the 1991 (96,5‰). The incidence of labor bleeding decreased during the observation period by 11,4%. It is important that there was a decrease in the number of bleedings in the postpartum and postpartum period, and hemorrhages due to placenta previa and clotting disorder became more frequent. The number of caesarean sections has doubled over 10 years.Conclusion. The analysis shows the favorable trends in reproductive statistics in Russia — a decrease in reproductive losses, certain complications of pregnancy and labor. At the same time, decrease in the number of vaginal delivery and a high incidence of bleeding and sepsis specifies ways to improve the obstetric care service.

Sociomedical factors affecting the birth rate in the Russian Federation

The article considers the number of women giving birth in Russia in the context of the existing demographic problems caused by the depopulation of the country. The study evaluates the social, economic and medical factors influencing the dynamics of the number of women giving birth in the Russian Federation based on correlation and regression analysis, and also provides a short-term forecast for their further change. The implementation of the increase in the number of women giving birth in Russia is one of the current important sociodemographic tasks for the State; This will improve the demographic situation and will lay the foundations for the formation of a sufficient human resource, which will later form the country's high human capital. According to the results of forecasting the dynamics of the number of women in the work in the short term, it was determined that the downward trend in the number of women in the work will continue, since the negative impact of medical factors will remain unchanged. changes, while economic and social factors will not change.

The burden of disease in Russia from 1980 to 2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

SummaryBackgroundOver the past few decades, social and economic changes have had substantial effects on health and wellbeing in Russia. We aimed to use data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to evaluate trends in mortality, causes of death, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and associated risk factors in Russia from 1980 to 2016.MethodsWe estimated all-cause mortality by use of a multistage modelling process that synthesised data from vital registration systems, surveys, and censuses. A composite measure of health loss due to both fatal and non-fatal disease burden (DALYs) was calculated as the sum of YLLs and YLDs for each age, sex, year, and location. Health progress was evaluated in comparison with patterns of change in similar countries by use of the Socio-demographic Index that was developed for GBD 2016.FindingsFollowing rapid decreases in life expectancy after the collapse of the Soviet Union, life expectancy at birth in Russia improved between 2006 and 2016. The all-cause mortality rate decreased by 16·6% (95% uncertainty interval 9·4–33·8) between 1980 and 2016. This overall decrease encompasses the cycles of sharp increases and plateaus in mortality that occurred before 2005. Child mortality decreased by 57·5% (53·5–61·1) between 2000 and 2016. However, compared with countries at similar Socio-demographic Index levels, rates of mortality and disability in Russia remain high and life expectancy is low. Russian men have a disproportionate burden of disease relative to women. In 2016, 59·2% (55·3–62·6) of mortality in men aged 15–49 years and 46·8% (44·5–49·5) of mortality in women were attributable to behavioural risk factors, including alcohol use, drug use, and smoking.InterpretationTrends in mortality in Russia from 1980 to 2016 might be related to complicated patterns of behavioural risk factors associated with economic and social change, to shifts in disease burden, and to changes in the capacity of and access to health care. Ongoing mortality and disability from causes and risks amenable to health-care interventions and behaviour modifications present opportunities to continue to improve the wellbeing of Russian citizens.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Шекспир в современной русской культуре: национальное и глобальное

<p>В статье представлена концепция проекта, задачей которого является изучение влияния творчества У. Шекспира на современную русскую культуру. Особое внимание уделено анализу специфики отечественной рецепции шекспировского наследия в XX–XXI вв. во взаимосвязи национального и глобального.</p><p>В этом отношении небезынтересно проследить, как в России отмечались шекспировские юбилеи в 1864, 1914, 1939, 1964 и 2014 г. Эти сведения дают возможность представить отечественную шекспиросферу в исторической перспективе и сделать некоторые выводы о роли Шекспира в современной культуре России. Автор рассматривает некоторые тенденции, характерные для апроприации шекспировского творчества в нашей стране в XX–XXI столетиях.</p><p> </p>

Estimating Effects of 2007 Family Policy Changes on Probability of Second and Subsequent Births in Russia

From 2007 to 2014 total fertility rate in Russia increased from 1.42 to 1.75. To what extent this growth is related to a package of family policy measures introduced in 2007? Although the maternity (family) capital program is the most well-known innovation of the 2007 reform, we argue that the new rules of monthly childcare allowance assignment is its another major component. Since all measures were introduced simultaneously, it is only possible to estimate their cumulative effect on subsequent fertility behavior. Using panel Russian Generations and Gender Survey data collected in 2004, 2007 and 2011, this study assesses how family policy changes introduced in 2007 were related to the fertility behavior in Russia in recent years. We find a statistically significant increase in the chances of having second and subsequent births in September 2007 to Summer 2011 in comparison with the period of Summer 2004 to September 2007. We interpret that as a cumulative effect of the 2007 policy changes. We acknowledge that the observed effects might be related only to the calendar shifts in fertility behavior and further data and studies are needed to make any conclusions about completed fertility of the cohorts affected by 2007 family policy measures

ANALISIS OF MATERNITY OBSTETRIC SERVICE INDICATORS IN RUSSIA IN 2006-2013 YEARS

The relevance of the analysis of indicators of maternity obstetric service, which is a kind of tool for shaping the health of the population, not only now, but also for the future is not in doubt. Objective. To analyze the maternity obstetric service indicators in Russia in dynamics for 2006-2015 years, according to official statistics. Materials and Methods. Official statistic data is analyzed by descriptive method of statistics. Results. The number of births in Russia has increased during the period of study for 30.1%, and was higher than the level of 1991, from 2012. An increase in the frequency of ectopic pregnancy was marked during the study period (from 1.62 to 2.6% of all reported pregnancies). Analysis of data on the incidence of pregnant women found that its high level saves over the last six years (about 80%). At the same time there is a decrease incidence of anemia among pregnant, extragenital diseases and preeclampsia. Violations of labor decreased for 18.4% in 10 years, their number in 2015 is 88.4 for 1000 labor, that is lower, than in 1991 (96.5‰). The frequency of bleeding during childbirth has decreased during the observation period by 11.4%, the number of bleeding in the 3 period of labor decreased, whereas in the postpartum period and because of the placenta detachment and because of coagulopathy- increased. The number of caesareans has increased two times over 10 years. Conclusion. Analysis has shown favorable trends reproductive situation in the country – an increase in the number of births, the decline of reproductive losses, some complications of pregnancy and childbirth. At the same time a high level of controlled disease in childbirth (bleeding, sepsis) determine ways to improve maternity obstetric service.

The First Marxist Party’s Birth of Russia

Russia in the 19th century is an age of change in which political and economic reform, burst of democracy thought, spread of revolutionary action has become the theme of The Times. At this time, the Russian society is full of all sorts of ideological trend, especially the radical Populism. The Marxism as a kind of” import “has experienced a process of taking root in Russia. Russian intellectuals in this process are also experiencing an ideological test, most people finally chose Marxism, and they believe that Marxism can lead the Russian people to a new historical beginning. By the lead of them, having the common guiding ideology of Marxism, many labour organizations work together to promote the establishment of the Russian social democratic labor party (RSDLP).

Association between Year of Birth and Cognitive Functions in Russia and the Czech Republic: Cross-Sectional Results of the HAPIEE Study

Objectives: To assess differences in cognitive functions by year of birth in Russia and the Czech Republic. Methods: A cross-sectional study in the general population of Novosibirsk (Russia) and 6 cities of the Czech Republic recruited random samples of men and women (3,874 Russians, 3,626 Czechs) aged 45–69 years in 2002 (i.e. born in 1933–1957). Word recall, verbal fluency (number of animals named in 1 min) and letter search were assessed in a clinic. Results: Except letter search in men, we found similar levels of cognitive functioning in Russians and Czechs in the youngest subjects and a steeper association of functioning with year of birth in Russia than in the Czech Republic. For example, the difference in the mean word recall, associated with 10 years difference in year of birth, was 0.9 (SE 0.06) words in Russian men, compared to 0.4 (0.06) words in Czech men; in women, these figures were 0.8 (0.05) and 0.3 (0.05), respectively. For all outcomes, except letter search in men, the interactions between year of birth and country were statistically highly significant, and the differences in the year of birth effects between countries were largely unexplained by socioeconomic indicators and risk factors. Conclusion: The slope of association between lower cognitive functioning and earlier year of birth is much steeper in Russia than in the Czech Republic. Given that poor cognitive functioning is a risk factor for dementia, long-term follow-up of this cohort and other studies into population rates of cognitive impairment in Russia should be a priority.

First Birth in Russia: Everyone does It - Young

Until the early 1990s, the common characteristics of Russian fertility were early and almost universal marriage and childbearing. In this article I examine the impact of cohort on first birth. I follow Russian women (based on self-reported ethnicity) born between 1930 and 1986 by applying event history techniques to the Russian Generation and Gender Survey (GSS). The results show that first birth took place earlier in womens lives cohorts born from the 1930s to the 1960s cohort. Among younger women, the trend is opposite, but it is too early to speak of a strong postponement effect. Differences in first-birth risk between cohorts are due to differences in marriage and cohabitation patterns.

Alcoholism, Tobacco, and Drug Use in the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union

This note reviews recent literature relating to the use of alcohol, tobacco, and intravenous drugs in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Trends in substance use among subpopulations are discussed in relation to changes in the major population health indicators since 1990. This article summarizes recent work into understanding the role of substance use and misuse in the region in explaining demographic developments in terms of life expectancy and population growth. In 1993, 80% of Russian males drank, and among these, alcohol intake averaged near 600 grams per day. Smoking is much more prevalent among Russian men (61.4%) than among women (10.3%). In 2003, 185.8 per 100 thousand Russian men were drug addicted. High rates of male alcohol abuse, suicide, accidents, violence, and cardiovascular disease appear to be major causes of the large falls in life expectancy and rising gender gaps in life expectancy in the region. Life expectancy at birth in Russia was estimated at 60.5 years for males and 74 years for females in 2005. Russia's population is now declining at a rate of 0.37% per annum, and with more than 1% of the population estimated to be HIV positive, it is likely that this population decline will accelerate further in the near future. Many of these population trends are mirrored across the former Soviet Union.

The evolving pattern of avoidable mortality in Russia.

Life expectancy at birth in Russia is over 12 years less than in western Europe. This study explores the possible role of medical care in explaining this gap by examining the evolving pattern of mortality amenable to timely and effective medical care in Russia compared with Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and the UK. Analysis of standardized death rates from causes amenable to health care (treatable) or inter-sectoral health policies (preventable) in all regions and decomposition of differences in life expectancy between Russia and the UK by age, sex, and cause of death for the period 1965-1999/2000. Death rates from treatable causes remained stable between the mid-1960s and mid-1980s in Russia and the Baltic republics while steadily falling in the UK to less than half the rate in Russia. In the 1990s, rates increased in the former Soviet republics, reaching a peak in 1994 but reversing again in Russia in 1998. Deaths from causes amenable to inter-sectoral health interventions were higher in the UK in 1965 than in the Soviet Union but subsequently fell steadily while they increased in the East. Between 1965 and 1999, the male life expectancy gap between Russia and the UK rose from 3.6 to 15.1 years (women: 1.6 and 7.4 years). Treatable causes became an increasingly important contributor to this gap, accounting for almost 3 years by the end of the 1990s in men and 2 years in women. In Russia, elimination of treatable causes of death would have increased life expectancy by 2.9 years in men in 1995/99 compared with 1.2 years in the UK (women: 3.3 and 1.8 years), suggesting that, were the outcomes of health care achieved in the UK to be obtained in Russia, life expectancy for men might improve by about 1.7 years and for women by about 1.5 years. Our findings suggest that the Soviet health care system has failed to match the achievements of the West over the past three decades, highlighting the need to establish a system that provides effective and equitable care for the Russian population.

Birth intervals and early childhood mortality in a migrating Mennonite community

This study explores the significance of birth spacing with regard to neonatal postneonatal and early childhood mortality among rural Mennonites belonging to one congregation in Russia and one in Kansas. Analysis is based on the two causal mechanisms: maternal depletion and sibling competition. Respondents comprised a total of 930 and 1484 births in Russia and Kansas respectively by 381 mothers obtained from the vital events of families reconstructed from church records. In general the multivariate analyses are consistent with the bivariate analyses and further clarify the interrelationships that 1) the subsequent interval seems to explain more of the variance than the previous interval at least in most settings; 2) maternal age is the statistically significant covariate rather than birth order or parity. These and other observations may provide at least tentative support for the action of both mechanisms: maternal depletion and sibling competition (and disease). Other evidences were discussed extensively.

Causes of the Russian mortality crisis: Evidence and interpretations

During 1992–1994 life expectancy at birth in Russia dropped by 6.1 years for men and by 3.3 years for women. Very little individual-level evidence linking mortality experience with social conditions and behaviors is available. This article puts together evidence from analysis of routinely collected data on changes in Russian mortality. These data suggest that the mortality upsurge cannot be attributed to absolute deprivation, collapse of the health system or environmental pollution. Instead, psychological stress caused by the shock of an abrupt and severe economic transition is likely to have played a major role mediated in part by the adverse health effects of excessive alcohol consumption.