Birthrate Problem Research Articles

Irradiation effect and binary radio pulsars with giant companions

Context. Pulsars are neutron stars that rotate rapidly. Most of the pulsars in binary systems tend to spin faster than those in isolation. According to binary evolution theory, radio pulsars in binary systems can have various types of companion stars. However, binary radio pulsars with giant stars, helium stars, and black holes as companions are lacking so far. Aims. We aim to investigate the possible parameter space of binary radio pulsars with giant companions. Methods. We used the MESA stellar evolution code to consider the effect of irradiation in binary evolution and evolved a series of binary models. Results. We present the potential physical properties of binary radio pulsars with giant star companions in the framework of the classical recycling scenario and the irradiation model. We found that the parameter space of binary radio pulsars with giant companions can be greatly expanded by the effect of irradiation. Moreover, when irradiation is strong enough, submillisecond pulsars might be accompanied by giant companion stars. We also demonstrate a correlation between the timescale of the binary system as a low-mass X-ray binary and the irradiation efficiency. Conclusions. The birthrate problem between millisecond pulsars and low-mass X-ray binaries might not be resolved by the irradiation effect. A more detailed binary population synthesis is necessary. Our findings may offer guidance for observers that wish to locate binary radio pulsars with giant companions or submillisecond pulsars.

A Critical Analysis on the Low Birth Rate Problem and the Effectiveness of Relevant Policy

This paper discusses the importance of the birth rate problem and the effectiveness of Chinas Three-Child policy. In order to efficiently elaborate problems, this paper analyses the issue from several perspectives. Firstly, a declining birth rate will have a negative impact on the global and domestic economic development due to the decrease in labour force. Secondly, this paper suggests that the key reason for this declining birth rate is the rising economic pressure on young people. This paper finds that China, Japan, and South Korea face the same low birth rate problem. Hence, this paper investigates the different wage levels and house prices among these East Asian countries and elaborates on the relationship associated with declining birth rates. Furthermore, this paper also discusses how to ensure the successful implementation of the Three-Child policy, and what effect the social welfare and the Three-Child policy can bring to help the society and the economy.

Long-term evolutionary links between the isolated neutron star populations

ABSTRACT We have investigated the evolutionary connections of the isolated neutron star (NS) populations including radio pulsars (RPs), anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs), soft gamma repeaters (SGRs), dim isolated NSs (XDINs), ‘high-magnetic field’ RPs (‘HBRPs’), central compact objects (CCOs), rotating radio transients (RRATs), and long-period pulsars (LPPs) in the fallback disc model. The model can reproduce these NS families as a natural outcome of different initial conditions (initial period, disc mass, and dipole moment, μ) with a continuous μ distribution in the $\sim 10^{27} - 5 \times 10^{30}$ G cm$^3$ range. Results of our simulations can be summarized as follows: (1) A fraction of ‘HBRPs’ with relatively high μ evolve into the persistent AXP/SGR properties, and subsequently become LPPs. (2) Persistent AXP/SGRs do not have evolutionary links with CCOs, XDINs, and RRATs. (3) For a wide range of μ, most RRATs evolve passing through RP or ‘HBRP’ properties during their early evolutionary phases. (4) A fraction of RRATs which have the highest estimated birth rate seem to be the progenitors of XDINs. (5) LPPs, whose existence was predicted by the fallback disc model, are the sources evolving in the late stage of evolution before the discs become inactive. These results provide concrete support to the ideas proposing evolutionary connections between the NS families to account for the ‘birth rate problem’, the discrepancy between the cumulative birth rate estimated for these systems and the core-collapse supernova rate.

저출산 시대 모성에 대한 고찰

Today, Korean society is facing a crisis of low birth rate. Conflict between men and women caused by an intense competitive system and conservative familism is cited as a major cause of the low birth rate problem, which has emerged as a national issue. Radical feminism, which is considered an ideological background that influenced the conflict between men and women, emerged as a backlash against the government's reproductive policy that instrumentalizes motherhood, but its argument for liberation from motherhood is becoming a cause of social conflict. At a time like this, discovering a new positive view of motherhood and its value has important implications. Even within feminism, there is not only a perspective that views motherhood as a control mechanism for women and advocates liberation from motherhood. Since the 1980s, efforts have been made to understand motherhood more diversely within feminism, and there is a movement to present motherhood as a social value by discovering the value of care within motherhood. This perspective is believed to have a positive meaning by presenting the area of care as a common area for men and women and highlighting the ‘right to care’ of the vulnerable in a fiercely competitive society. However, in order for care to become an important value for both men and women, it is necessary to properly understand the value of care within motherhood. The personalist perspective, which understands motherhood as an outstanding attribute of women and shows a complementary relationship between men and women, will help men participate more actively in the area of care by learning about fatherhood through motherhood.

일본의 저출산 대응전략이 한국에 던지는 시사점

Purpose: Korea has the lowest birth rate in the world. We need to find measures to overcome the low birth rate.
 This is a key issue that will determine Korea’s survival. In this study, we would like to find measures to solve the low
 birth rate problem in Korea.
 Research design, data, and methodology: This study aims to understand in detail the various childbirth policies,
 strategies, and peculiarities that have been promoted, focusing on the cases of overcoming low birth rates in
 Nagi-cho, Japan. In addition, the substance cannot be grasped only through the contents introduced at home and
 abroad. We would also like to discuss the hidden truth of Nagi-cho. Hopefully, I hope that this study will be a useful
 hint in solving the low birth rate problem.
 Results: Now, Korean society is suffering from internal threats of low birth rates, not external threats. Just worrying
 doesn’t change the situation. Nevertheless, someone is responsible for identifying and predicting the nature of the
 problem from an objective perspective and raising an alarm in Korean society. Accordingly, the conclusion presented
 eight response strategies to overcome Korea’s low birth rate problem. Typically, the total fertility rate of 0.78 in 2022
 is due to the fact that more than one child was not born between couples. In other words, the reason why the
 current number of births and fertility rates do not rise is not that they do not give birth to a second child, but that
 caused by not having a single child. Couples who give birth to their first child have a high probability of giving birth
 to their second child, but it is impossible to give birth to their second and third children unless their first child is
 born. It is the right childbirth policy to actively support couples who have given birth to a second child.
 Implications: We expect the sum of the partial optimizations to be equal to the sum of the total optimization, and
 this is what we are looking for in the implications 'best answer'. However, at the macro level of a country’s fertility
 rate, it is not easy to achieve the total optimum through partial optimization.

The Present and Future Status of Maternal and Child Health From the Perspective of Unification Medicine

As North Korea’s healthcare sector loses functionality under the collapsing socialist system, the gap in medical care between North and South Korea is widening. As a result, we expect that the social safety network will disintegrate in the medical field after unification, and in view of this, our study analyzes the infants and mothers who are likely to be most affected at this time to establish a direction for the promotion of unification in the future. Maternal health in North and South Korea was analyzed by the prevalence of anemia, maternal mortality ratio, prenatal and postpartum visits, and child health was analyzed by chronic malnutrition, vaccination penetration rate, and infant mortality rate to evaluate North Korea's poor nutritional conditions and medical system. The introduction of the legal system related to maternal and child health in North and South Korea includes prenatal and postpartum management and labor. Under this legal system, North Korea includes accessibility to hospitals and children's nutrition management issues, and South Korea includes subfertility treatment and postpartum care centers. As a countermeasure to the low birth rate problem emerging in both countries, the governments are providing work leave and economic support. In order to make effective use of the maternal health indicators from a unified scientific perspective, they should be calculated and codeveloped by both North and South Korea, and a multifaceted approach is needed through the setting of additional indicators such as the perinatal mortality rate.

Nature-inspired male contraceptive and spermicidal products

The use of hazardous female contraceptives is still the first choice in family planning programs. Moreover, all the drugs examined to be used as infertility inducers in males or as spermicides into the cervix were not sufficiently efficient, in addition to not having complete safety. Therefore, many researchers were directed to assess complementary and alternative medicine to address these harmful effects. Accordingly, this review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of natural products alternatives in the induction of male infertility (male contraception) and/or proceeding of spermicidal action (vaginal contraception), although, that concept may be contradictory or prohibited in some developing and well-developed countries due to low birth rate problems, traditional, and religious beliefs. This study covers the literature from 1968 to 2019. In this review, we included previous controlled experiments with adult rats, mice, rabbits, monkeys and humans with clearly complete experimental criteria. The interventions were natural products derived from raw or refined plants, parts of plants or semi-synthesized compounds. The additional data such as toxicity and safety profiles, irreversibility, mechanism of actions, microbicidal activity, effective doses or concentrations, quantitative analysis in daily food and oral bioavailability, were included to identify the most promising natural products for contraception. In accordance with vaginal contraception, there were some herbal extracts and/or principles that may be used as prospective candidates after performing more pre-clinical and clinical trials. These products are acaciaside-B, Achyranthes aspera protein, xanthotoxin, oleanolic acid 3-β-d-glucuronide, ursolic acid, bivittoside D, subtilosin, Sapindus mukorossi saponins and Sapindus saponaria saponins fractions. Moreover, some products may be considered as effective and safe male contraceptives after clinical evaluation; which are NB-DNJ, NB-DGJ, β-caryophyllene, oleanolic acid, Tripterygium wilfordii glycosides, tripchlorolide, Carica papaya fatty acid esters and ZNF185-derived peptide. Generally, natural products that have high potential to be used as drug candidates concerning male and vaginal contraception are limited.

The Impact of Smartwork Activation on Organizational Performance - Focusing on Mediating Effects of Quality of Life and Moderating Effects of Manager’s Interest

Background/Objectives: The interest in work-life balance has increased in Korea since the low birthrate problem intensified in the 2000s, and recently, a 52-hour workweek has been implemented depending on the size of the company to ensure work-life balance. Companies are also adopting the direction and policies of the government to spread job redesign or organizational culture that can bring work-life balance. Work-life balance is seen as a paradigm for high performance in modern society. Activation of smart work, which is a system that can work anytime and anywhere without being bound by time and place, is inevitable. It is assumed that the quality of life of the members of the organization will be improved through smartwork activation, and that the improvement of the quality of life will soon increase the organizational performanceMethods/Statistical analysis: This study utilizes the original data from the 2018 Smartwork Survey conducted by the Korea Information Society Agency, targeting employees of businesses with five or more business units and CEOs of businesses or heads of departments responsible for introducing and operating smart work. The survey collected samples using stratified sampling methods, and the survey was conducted online and in writing to 1,700 people from October 8, 2018 for 27 days. Finally, 566 data were hypothesized through SPSS 21.0 and AMOS structural model analysis.Findings: As a result of analyzing the effect of smart work on organizational performance through the effect of quality on life, Smartwork activation affects organizational performance, and the improvement of quality of life through time saving and work efficiency due to smartwork affects organizational performance. Managers' interest was found to play a moderating role in the structural relationship between smartwork activation, quality of life and organizational performance.Improvements/Applications: This study suggests smartwork activation by empirically analyzing the effect of smartwork activation on organizational performance by the mediating effect of quality of life for employees of companies working in smart office environment.

Looking for ethical alternatives to the problem of low birthrate: Focusing on caring ethics

Looking for ethical alternatives to the problem of low birthrate: Focusing on caring ethics

Analyzing the Characteristics of Residential Poverty affecting Marriage and Childbirth

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between residential poverty and marriage and childbirth based on the periods of family formation and extension, and to identify the effects of residential poverty on marriage and childbirth using ANOVA, post-hoc analysis, and multinomial logistic model. The empirical analysis confirmed that there were significant effects on marriage and childbirth not only on residential poverty, but also on all variables used in this study, such as household characteristics, economic characteristics, and residential characteristics. Specifically, first of all, occupational stability and assets were important factors in marriage and childbirth. Second, the higher the number of households, the higher the burden on psychological housing and residential costs. Third, childbirths were found to be a little higher in the non-metropolitan area than in the Seoul metropolitan area, where housing costs are high. Fourth, regardless of the residential poverty types, residential poverty was an important factor in hesitating to marry. In particular, this study showed that the possibility of unmarried is the highest if they are in a situation of multiple poverty. Through these results, this study confirmed the implications of improving economic conditions, such as jobs and income stability, as well as providing support for housing and residential stability in order to solve the low birth rate problem through promoting marriage and childbirth.

한국의 저출산율 문제에 울리히 벡의 개인화 이론 적용하기

한국의 저출산율 문제에 울리히 벡의 개인화 이론 적용하기

Development of Scales for Measuring the In-person Growth of Young Children in Japan, China and Korea

There are a lot of developmental scales around the world and they are used in different situations. However, these tests are not perfect for two reasons. The first reason is that most developmental scales, including intelligence tests, normally tend to rank the children in the groups of the same age as those in-growth groups. However, an examination to capture in-person growth is necessary. The second reason is that most conventional development tests are created independently by each country, translated and used in another country, so there is the problem of global standards not being satisfied. To cope with these problems, we tried to develop scales for 3 to 6-year-old children in a group of less than 4,000 in Japan, China and Korea. These countries have some common child rearing cultural aspects and declining birthrate problems. In our research, we examined the validity and reliability of the composition concept, created specific items, investigated, and selected practical items for child rearing. The relevance of the composition concept included content aspect, substantive aspect, structural aspect and external aspect. Keywords: Development of Scales, In-person Growth, Validity, Reliability, Cross Culture Research

Can fiscal policy spur fertility?

Research background: The decreasing fertility rate is a serious problem for policymakers as it affects the pension system as well as private consumption and savings. It seems reasonable to analyze whether fiscal policy may mitigate the low birthrate problem.
 Purpose of the article: In this paper we strive to answer the question whether fiscal incentives spur fertility if parents are rational.
 Methods: A theoretical economic model of utility maximization is applied to analyze the impact of fiscal policy on fertility. The conclusions are based on the analysis of comparative statics simulation calibrated for actual data from Poland.
 Findings & Value added: The results indicate that a substantial fertility effect can be obtained by raising subsidies for children or general benefits for families.

Solutions for Low Birth Rate Problems between Japan and Singapore with Implications for South Korea

Solutions for Low Birth Rate Problems between Japan and Singapore with Implications for South Korea

Solutions for Low Birth Rate Problems between Japan and Singapore with Implications for South Korea

Solutions for Low Birth Rate Problems between Japan and Singapore with Implications for South Korea

Analysis of Current Policies and Services for Overcoming Korea’s Low Fertility Rate Measures to Enhance Childbirth Encouragement Policy

The Korea government has enforced the policies by spending a lot of money into measures of low birthrate problems for the past 10 years. However, the birth rate was 1.19 in 2014, and Korea has remained a country with an extremely low birthrate for the last 10 years. Women‟s fertility rates in 2013 are: 1.0 children in Seoul, and 1.05 in Busan, making Busan with the lowest fertility rate in the 7 metropolitan cities. Korea‟s typical population policy executing the organization “Planned Parenthood Federation of Korea” was established in 1961 and led the “Have 3 kids movement” In the 1980‟s, the government launched “One kid Family”, the suppressing of childbirth policies that have been consistent for 40 years ultimately changed to supporting childbirth policies in 2004 and after. The purpose of this investigation is to seek a political proposal and a plan to solve the problem of the extremely low fertility rate in the Korean society. For this, we should firstly analyze the change in Korea‟s population policy, and secondly, we should compare the progress of change of birthrate and the present situation of local birthrate. Thirdly, we should analyze the various childbirth support policies propelled by local governments and service conditions from the perspective of coexistence of work and family. To strengthen the supportive policies, and to create a society where the coexistence of work and family are both possible, not only the central government, but also the local governments should consider „population policy including the increase of birthrate‟ as a primary assignment and should establish and enforce a long-term plan that is practical for the next 20 years. If not, the low fertility rate will always be an obstacle when it comes to economic and societal development of Korea.

Social Factors and Features of the Reproductive Behaviour of the Population of the Republic of Tatarstan

Abstract This article considers theoretical and applied aspects of demographic problem of birth rate, results of special social research, which provides reproductive state of popularity of the population on both state and regional levels, its peculiarities, factors, influenced on birth rate and government sanctions, directed to its stabilization. It includes results of empirical studies of the author's research.

미취학 아동 육아환경에 관한 거주유형별 만족도 비교 분석

The low birth rate problem is emerging as a serious social problem. It is necessary to confirm the satisfaction with child-rearing environment of children. We conducted the analysis for the items internal environment, external environment, child care environment. In comparison to the needs of the child care environments, it was found that the satisfaction is low. Apartment satisfaction is higher than the residence other types. However, it was numerically lower satisfaction of the apartment. It is determined by regulations for large complex. It is necessary to set a regional basis standard of welfare facilities for the improvement of child-rearing environment. It is expected that the improvement of child care environment and residential child care will give a positive effect to an increase in the birth rate. Research for the infrastructure of child care support of residence must be continued.

Effectiveness of changes of University students' attitudes in the low birth rate problem through a Board game

Effectiveness of changes of University students' attitudes in the low birth rate problem through a Board game

The low-mass X-ray binary-millisecond radio pulsar birthrate problem revisited

We investigate the birthrate problem for low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) and millisecond radio pulsars (MRPs) in this paper. We consider intermediate-mass and low-mass X-ray binaries (I/LMXBs) to be the progenitors of MRPs, and calculate their evolutionary response to the cosmic star formation rate (SFR) both semi-analytically and numerically. With a typical value (1 Gyr) of the LMXB lifetime, one may expect comparable birthrates of LMXBs and MRPs, but the calculated number of LMXBs is an order of magnitude higher than that observed in the Galaxy. Instead, we suggest that the birthrate problem could be solved if most MRPs have evolved from faint to rather than bright LMXBs. The former may have a population of ∼104 in the Galaxy.