Birth Weight In Normal Pregnancies Research Articles

STUDY OF CORRELATION OF PLACENTAL WEIGHT WITH BIRTH WEIGHT OF FETUS IN NORMAL DELIVERY

Objectives: To measure placental weight and birth weight in normal pregnancies and to determine whether there is any association between abnormal placental weight and its ratio with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Design : Descriptive observational study. Material and method: From 1st Sept 2020 to Sept 30th 2021, placentae were obtained from 300 normal pregnancies, between 37-40 gestational weeks. The placentas weights were recorded. Pearson chi square test was used to analyze the data. A p value < 0.05 was considered signicant. Results: In our study 45.7 % were in age group of 21-25 followed by 22.3 % in 15 -20 years 65.7% were multiparous and 34.3 were primiparous . Mean placenta weight was 529.8 g with SD of 93.49.Mean birth weight in our study was 2.91 kg with SD of 0.4 kg. Our study proves that there is a strong relationship between the placenta Conclusion: and the fetus suggesting that the wellbeing of the fetus is highly dependent on the placenta since it serves as a link between the mother and the developing fetus.

Relationship between placental characteristics and puppies’ birth weight in toy and small sized dog breeds

Puppy neonatal mortality may be related to low birth weight, which has been shown in humans to be linked to placental factors. The relation between the newborn puppy and the placental characteristics has been poorly investigated in dogs. Twenty bitches, 9 toy-sized (i.e. < 5 Kg) and 11 small-sized (i.e. 5 to 10 Kg), were included in this study. During natural delivery or c-section, puppies were identified and their order of birth, sex and weight were recorded. Puppy weights were registered at birth and daily until Day 6. Placentas were weighed after removal of extraplacental adnexa, after which a photo was taken and morphometrically assessed. The Total Placental Area (TPA) and the Transfer Zone Area (TZA) were calculated and their surface expressed in mm2. Immunohistochemistry with monoclonal mouse anti CD31 antibody was used to identify fetal and maternal vessels in the placental labyrinth zone. A vascularization index (VI) was determined for each placenta and the Total Vascular Area (TVA) was estimated. Puppies' birth weight correlated positively with placental weight (P < 0.001, r = 0.689). A positive correlation was found between the puppies' birth weight and TPA (P < 0.001, r = 0.786), TZA (P < 0.001, r = 0.772), and TVA (P < 0.001, r = 0.482). A positive correlation was also found between placental weight and TPA (P < 0.001, r = 0.661), TZA (P < 0.001, r = 0.583), and TVA (P < 0.001, r = 0.333). In the small-sized breeds, the placentas of low-weight puppies were lighter and had a smaller TZA and TVA (P < 0.05). The VI was higher in the placentas of the toy-sized compared to small-sized bitches (P < 0.01). No effect of parity, litter size, or sex of the puppy was observed on birth weight or growth rates on Day 6. The growth pattern of low-weight puppies did not differ from that of the other puppies during the first 6 days of life. As in humans, placental weight, the extension of the transfer zone and placental total vascular area correlates closely with the puppies' birth weight in normal pregnancies. Our data could represent reference values for placental weight, TZA, TVA and VI in toy and small-sized dog breeds.

Profiles of gene expression in maternal blood predict offspring birth weight in normal pregnancy.

The association between lower birth weight and increased disease risk in adulthood has drawn attention to the physiological processes that shape the gestational environment. We implement genome-wide transcriptional profiling of maternal blood samples to identify subsets of genes and associated transcription control pathways that predict offspring birth weight. Female participants (N = 178, mean = 27.0 years) in a prospective observational birth cohort study were contacted between 2009 and 2014 to identify new pregnancies. An in-home interview was scheduled for early in the third trimester (mean = 30.3 weeks) to collect pregnancy-related information and a blood sample, and birth weight was measured shortly after delivery. Transcriptional activity in white blood cells was determined with a whole-genome gene expression direct hybridization assay. Fifty transcripts were differentially expressed in association with offspring birth weight, with 18 up-regulated in relation to lower birth weight, and 32 down-regulated. Examination of transcription control pathways identified increased activity of NF-κB, AP-1, EGR1, EGR4, and Gfi families, and reduced the activity of CEBP, in association with lower birth weight. Transcript origin analyses identified non-classical CD16+ monocytes, CD1c+ myeloid dendritic cells, and neutrophils as the primary cellular mediators of differential gene expression. These results point toward a systematic regulatory shift in maternal white blood cell activity in association with lower offspring birth weight, and they suggest that analyses of gene expression during gestation may provide insight into regulatory and cellular mechanisms that influence birth outcomes.

Newborn birth weight in normal pregnancy in rural Telangana

Introduction: Newborn birth weight is a major indicator of health. Although it is influenced by many conditions that affect maternal and feto-placental units, several sociocultural, religious, and geographical factors cannot be ignored. Considering this, the present study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Khammam, Telangana to determine the average birth weight in normal pregnancy at term. Materials and Methods: All the babies, born following normal pregnancy from January 2013 to June 2015, were included in this study to establish their birth weight. Babies born without being affected by any factor influencing fetal weight were considered for the study. Some exclusion criteria such as short maternal height and teenage pregnancy were considered in this study. Results: There were 633 cases in the study group, out of which 226 were primipara and 407 were multipara. Average birth weight for all cases was 2790 g. Average birth weight for the first born babies was 2770 g, whereas in later born, it was 2800 g. Average birth weight of male newborn babies was 2860 g, whereas it was 2710 g for female newborn babies. Conclusion: Abnormal birth weight leads to many complications, both immediate and remote. However, to predict and manage such complications, one must know the average newborn birth weight. This study is the first of its kind in rural Telangana.

Is consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks during pregnancy associated with birth weight?

In Norway, there were parallel increases and subsequent decreases in birth weight (BW) and consumption of sugar‐sweetened carbonated soft drinks (SSC) during the period 1990–2010, and by an ecological approach, we have suggested that the relationship was causal. The objective of this study was to examine if such a relationship was present in a prospectively followed cohort of pregnant women. The study population included 62,494 term singleton mother–infant dyads in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), a national prospective cohort study in Norway from 1999 to 2008. The association between SSC consumption and BW was assessed using multiple regression analyses with adjustment for potential confounders. Each 100 ml intake of SSC was associated with a 7.8 g (95% confidence interval [CI]: −10.3 to −5.3) decrease in BW, a decreased risk of BW > 4,500 g (odds ratio [OR]: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.90 to 0.97) and a near significantly increased risk of BW < 2,500 g (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.10). The negative association with SSC consumption was aggravated by smoking, lack of exercise, and obesity. For mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus, we observed an increased risk of BW > 4,500 g (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.39) and a trend towards significant increase in mean BW (25.1 g, 95% CI: −2.0 to 52.2) per 100 ml SSC. Our findings suggest that increasing consumption of rapidly absorbed sugar from SSC had opposite associations with BW in normal pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus.

Relationship between maternal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) elevation during pregnancy and low birth weight: A longitudinal study of apparently healthy urban Japanese women at very low risk

ObjectiveThyroid hormones cross the placenta and promote fetal development and growth. The present study investigated whether an increase in maternal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration between the first and third trimesters is a determinant of birth weight during normal pregnancy. MethodsMaternal thyroid hormones and TSH were longitudinally measured at 12, 25, and 36weeks of pregnancy in 163 healthy pregnant women. Low birth weight (LBW) was defined as less than 2500g. ∆TSH12–36W was calculated as the difference in TSH concentrations between 12 and 36weeks of pregnancy. ResultsOf the 163 neonates, 10 (6.1%) were LBW neonates. Free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine levels were similar at all gestational ages in the normal birth weight (Normal) and LBW groups. However, the median ∆TSH12–36W value was higher in the LBW than the Normal group (1.67 vs. 0.54mIU/L, P=0.008). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that ∆TSH12–36 was inversely correlated with birth weight (β=−0.179, P=0.008). ConclusionAn increase in maternal TSH concentration between the first and third trimesters is an independent determinant of birth weight in normal pregnancy.

The association between maternal insulin resistance in mid-pregnancy and neonatal birthweight in uncomplicated pregnancies.

There have been few studies performed to address the association between the degree of physiological increase in maternal insulin resistance during pregnancy and neonatal birthweight in non-diabetic pregnancy. We attempted to determine whether maternal insulin resistance, as measured by homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), in mid-pregnancy is associated with neonatal birthweight in normal pregnancies. In this retrospective observational study, we measured HOMA-IR in singleton healthy pregnant women who underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in mid-pregnancy because of a positive diabetes screen. Using multivariate analyses to adjust for maternal parity, pre-gestational obesity, gestational weight gain, plasma glucose levels, and gestational age at delivery, we tested the association between HOMA-IR and birthweight in their offspring. We also tested the association HOMA-IR and a risk of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants. In 655 Japanese women, HOMA-IR was positively associated with birthweight after adjusting for these confounders (p<0.05). A higher HOMA-IR was significantly associated with an increased incidence of LGA infants with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.53 (95% confidence interval, 1.10-2.15) per 1 unit of HOMA-IR. The degree of maternal insulin resistance in mid-pregnancy was associated with birthweight and the risk of giving birth to an LGA infant in normal pregnancies, independent of maternal obesity and glucose levels.

2D-ultrasound and endocrinologic evaluation of placentation in early pregnancy and its relationship to fetal birthweight in normal pregnancies and pre-eclampsia

ObjectivesTo study the relationships between 2D ultrasound measurements of placentation and maternal serum (MS) levels of PAPP-A, inhibin A and fβhCG in early pregnancy and subsequent fetal growth in pregnancies with a normal and abnormal outcome. Study designProspective population-based cohort study of 301 pregnancies with a normal outcome, 18 with a pregnancy complicated by pre-term delivery (PTD) and 14 with subsequent pre-eclampsia (PE). Main outcome measuresBasal placental surface area, placental thickness, ellipsivity and volume; MS PAPP-A and fβhCG at 11–13 + 6 weeks, MS inhibin A at 15–22 weeks and birthweight centile at delivery. ResultsIn the normal group, the basal surface area showed a significantly (P < 0.001) positive correlation with placental thickness and placental ellipsivity. With the exception of placental ellipsivity, all other placental ultrasound parameters were significantly related with birthweight centile. Inhibin A showed a significant (P < 0.005) correlation with birthweight centiles. The basal plate surface area and MS PAPP-A were significantly (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively) lower and MS inhibin A significantly (P < 0.01) higher in PE than in controls. No changes were found in pregnancies complicated by PTD. ConclusionThe basal plate surface area at 11–14 weeks reflects indirectly normal and abnormal placentation and development of the definitive placenta. Combined with MS PAPP-A and/or inhibin A levels this parameter could be useful in identifying from the end of the first trimester, pregnancies subsequently complicated with PE.

The relation of pulsatility indices of middle cerebral, umbilical and uterine arteries with birth weight in normal pregnancies

The relation of pulsatility indices of middle cerebral, umbilical and uterine arteries with birth weight in normal pregnancies

Does the placental weight affect foetal outcome findings from central Nigeria

Placental weight has been shown to have some correlation with fetal outcome. However, this relationship has not been closely studied in our environment. Hence the aim of this study is to determine the mean placental weight and its ratio to birth weight in normal pregnancy, and to determine whether abnormal placental weight and its ratio are associated with poor pregnancy outcome. Methodology : This prospective cross-sectional study of all singleton deliveries in 2011 looked at the birth weights, placental weights, foetal: placental ratio, and Apgar scores in the 1st and 5th minutes in the labour suite of the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, of the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), Jos, Plateau state, in North Central Nigeria. Result : The mean placental weight was 623.0g (SD 145.6). The mean placental weight to birth weight ratio was 20.24%, (SD = 4.836). There was a positive correlation between placental weight and birth weight(r = 0.411) P < 0.0001. There was an association between placental weight below the 10th percentile and foetal distress (P<0.0001) for the 1st and 5th minute Apgar scores. The same association holds true at the ratio . 90th percentile. Perinatal motility was high at placental weight to birth weight ratio . 10th percentile P < 0.0001. Conclusion : The placental weight increased with increasing birth weight. Abnormal placental to birth weight ratio were significantly associated with some adverse pregnancy outcomes. Keywords : Placenta weight: Birth weight ratio, foetal outcome.

Is There a Role for Isofurans and Neuroprostanes in Pre-Eclampsia and Normal Pregnancy?

Pre-eclampsia is a complex disorder of pregnancy that adversely affects the mother and baby. Arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are essential for fetal development and can undergo free radical oxidation to F(2)-isoprostanes (F(2)-IsoPs) and isofurans (IsoFs); and F(4)-neuroprostanes (F(4)-NeuroPs), respectively. These metabolites may be relevant to pre-eclampsia and fetal development. We examined IsoFs, F(4)-NeuroPs, and F(2)-IsoPs in maternal plasma and cord blood plasma of 23 women with pre-eclampsia and 21 normal pregnancies. Women with pre-eclampsia had significantly elevated maternal IsoFs and F(4)-NeuroPs, but not F(2)-IsoPs. Cord blood F(4)-NeuroPs were elevated among neonates of women with pre-eclampsia. In women with pre-eclampsia, birth weight was predicted by gestation at delivery. The latter was also true in normal pregnancy, but birth weight was negatively related to maternal F(2)-IsoPs, IsoFs, and F(4)-NeuroPs. We have shown that in women with pre-eclampsia, IsoFs and F(4)-NeuroPs are elevated, and cord blood F(4)-NeuroPs are increased. The inverse relationship between maternal F(2)-IsoPs, IsoFs, and F(4)-NeuroPs and birth weight may be relevant as predictors of low birth weight in normal pregnancy. Future studies should examine whether these markers in maternal blood at early stages of pregnancy relate to subsequent maternal, fetal, and neonatal complications.

P13.23: Relationship between umbilical artery Doppler resistance with placenta and neonatal birth weight in normal pregnancies

P13.23: Relationship between umbilical artery Doppler resistance with placenta and neonatal birth weight in normal pregnancies

Maternal insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, body mass index, and fetal growth

AIMTo examine the hypothesis that the maternal insulin-like growth factor system may constrain fetal growth.METHODSA prospective observational study of maternal serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and fetal growth...

Maternal determinants of birthweight in normal pregnancy.

Partial and multiple regression analysis was performed to find out the correlation between birthweight and maternal anthropometric variables. Pearson regression analysis revealed significant dependence of birthweight on gestation of pregnancy, maternal weight, symphysis-sternal distance and height, but not on armspan and skin thickness. However, the only maternal variable bearing significant influence on birthweight in partial regression analysis was bodyweight. The effects of maternal determinants on birthweight, though some of them were statistically significant, were clinically unimportant.

Maternal Hemoglobin Concentration Is Closely Related to Birth Weight in Normal Pregnancies

Maternal Hemoglobin Concentration Is Closely Related to Birth Weight in Normal Pregnancies

Maternal hemoglobin concentration is closely related to birth weight in normal pregnancies.

Maternal Hb levels during the third trimester were studied in relation to certain maternal and fetal parameters in 877 apparently normal pregnancies. Low Hb levels at term were closely associated with increased frequency of newborns in the heavy weight-for-date group. Conversely, high maternal Hb levels were closely associated with an increased frequency of newborns in the light weight-for-date group. The maternal Hb levels both in the early third trimester and at term were significantly higher in mothers of small-for-date newborns than in those with newborns of normal weight. In both groups the maternal Hb levels increased significantly during the third trimester of pregnancy. High maternal Hb levels both early and late in the third trimester of pregnancy should be a matter of concern rather than of reassurance.

Cystine aminopeptidase in normal and complicated pregnancies.

SummaryNormal values for serum cystine aminopeptidase (CAP) during pregnancy are established and compared with results from abnormal pregnancies. Steadily rising CAP values suggest adequate lacental function. A correlation exists between the final CAP value and birthweight in normal pregnancies. The implications of various trends in CAP results in abnormal pregnancies are considered.

Factors influencing the birth weight in normal pregnancy

1.1. The effects of the sex and gestational age of the infant, of the weight, height, body build of the mother, and of the maternal weight gain during pregnancy on the birth weight have been assessed in normal pregnancy.2.2. Male infants are generally heavier than females. Therefore, the effects of all other factors were assessed for each sex separately.3.3. There was a significant positive correlation between the birth weight and the gestational age for both males and females.4.4. The weight, height, body build, and weight gain of the mother are significantly and positively correlated with the birth weight. However, these correlations were less than that between the birth weight and the gestational age of the infant.