Big Bang Research Articles

First detection of a deuterated molecule in a starburst environment within NGC 253

Deuterium was primarily created during the Big Bang nucleosynthesis. This fact, alongside its fractionation reactions resulting in enhanced abundances of deuterated molecules, means that deuterium abundances can be used to better understand many processes within the interstellar medium as well as its history. Previously, observations of deuterated molecules have been limited to the Galaxy, the Magellanic Clouds, and (with respect to HD) to quasar absorption spectra. We present the first robust detection of a deuterated molecule in a starburst environment and, apart from HD, the first one detected outside the Local Group. As such, we could constrain the deuterium fractionation as observed by DCN. We observed the central molecular zone (CMZ) of the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253 covering multiple giant molecular clouds (GMCs) with cloud scale observations ($ 30$ pc) using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. Via the MADCUBA package, we were able to perform local thermodynamic equilibrium analysis in order to obtain deuterium fractionation estimates. We detected DCN in the nuclear region of the starburst galaxy NGC 253 and estimated the deuterium fractionation (D/H ratio) of DCN within the GMCs of the CMZ of NGC 253. We found a range of $5 $ to $10 $, which is relatively similar to the values observed in warm galactic star-forming regions. We also determined an upper limit of D/H of $8 $ from DCO within one region, closer to the cosmic value of D/H. Our observations of deuterated molecules within NGC 253 appear to be consistent with previous galactic studies of star-forming regions. This implies that warmer gas temperatures increase the abundance of DCN relative to other deuterated species. This study also further expands the regions, particularly in the extragalactic domain, in which deuterated species have been detected.

Exploring the Big Bang with Femtoscopy

Exploring the fundamental constituents of the matter around us and in the Universe, as well as their interactions, is among the premier goals of physics. Investigating ultrarelativistic collisions in particle accelerators has delivered answers to these questions many times in the past decades. In this article we focus on the research aimed at recreating the matter that filled the Universe in the first microsecond after the Big Bang – but this time in collisions of heavy ions. In particular, we discuss the technique called femtoscopy, which provides us with a tool to understand the space–time structure of particle creation in heavy-ion collisions. We use Lévy-stable distributions to investigate this structure and explore its dependence on particle momentum and collision energy.

Pengertian Pemimpin dan Kepemimpinan, Dimensi, Teori Kepemimpinan

Leaders and leadership have been an inseparable part of human nature since the beginning of their existence. The discussion of leaders and leadership not only explains the characteristics and abilities needed to be an effective leader, but also highlights their strategic role in driving the organization and achieving common goals. A popular saying states that no country or organization can survive without adequate leaders. This confirms that leaders are the essence of management, and the success of an organization is greatly influenced by the morality and competence of its leaders. However, not all individuals who occupy leadership positions have the appropriate abilities or even a deep understanding of the essence of leadership. Conversely, many have a natural talent for leadership but never get the opportunity to explore their full potential. Rasulullah SAW. is considered a prime example in terms of leadership, spreading goodness and beauty in life. In the educational context, leadership plays an important role in organizing educational institutions. Even in a smaller scope, teachers must have a leadership spirit to manage the class, organize learning well, and motivate students. Leadership itself can be defined as the process of influencing and directing group activities towards a common goal, involving strategy, commitment and development of organizational culture. Leadership theory can be categorized into 4 parts, namely (1) Great Man Theory and Big Bang Theory, (2) Theory of Personality Traits (Characteristics), (3) Behavioral Theories (4). Contingency Theory or Situational Theory. In conclusion, leaders and leadership play a crucial role in every aspect of human life, from organizations to education. Effective leader development requires a deep understanding of leadership theories and the application of leadership values ​​in everyday life.

Origins

Abstract Scientific origins are information sources that transmit encoded information signals to receivers. Originary sciences identify information preserving receivers and decode the signals to infer their origins. Paradigmatic cases of scientific origination such as the Big Bang, the origins of species, horizontal gene transfer, the origin of the Polynesian potato, and ideational origins in the history of ideas are analyzed to discover what is common to them ontologically and epistemically. Some causes are not origins. Origination supervenes on causation, but has different properties. The unique properties of origins that causes do not share shield theories of origination from the kind of counterexamples and counterintuitive results that challenge comparable theories of causation. The epistemology of origination may serve as a basis for founding a novel epistemic and methodological division of the sciences into originary historical sciences and causal theoretical sciences.

Analysis of initial singularity admitting viable bounce models

This research investigates the non-singular cosmic bounce models corresponding to Bianchi type-I spacetime in the framework of symmetric teleparallel theory. A specific functional form of this modified theory is used to examine the dynamics of bouncing cosmology. This study formulates the modified field equations and considers various parametric values to obtain feasible solutions. We examine the behavior of different cosmic bounce models corresponding to different scale factors and Hubble parameters, which resolves the big bang singularity as these parameters support the cyclic universe, there is a transition from an earlier contraction phase to another expansion phase. Furthermore, we investigate the behavior of energy density and pressure to comprehend the attributes of dark energy. The comprehensive analysis of equation of state parameter is also studied to determine the evolutionary eras of the universe. Our results indicate that the symmetric teleparallel theory describes cosmic expansion near the bouncing point.

Elevated UV luminosity density at Cosmic Dawn explained by non-evolving, weakly mass-dependent star formation efficiency

Abstract Recent observations with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have uncovered unexpectedly high cosmic star formation activity in the early Universe, mere hundreds of millions of years after the Big Bang. These observations are often understood to reflect an evolutionary shift in star formation efficiency (SFE) caused by changing galactic conditions during these early epochs. We present FIREboxHR, a high-resolution, cosmological hydrodynamical simulation from the Feedback in Realistic Environments project, which offers insights into the SFE of galaxies during the first billion years of cosmic time. FIREboxHR re-simulates the cosmic volume (L = 22.1 cMpc) of the original FIREbox run with eight times higher mass resolution (mb ∼ 7800 M⊙), but with identical physics, down to z ∼ 6. FIREboxHR predicts ultraviolet (UV) luminosity functions in good agreement with available observational data. The simulation also successfully reproduces the observed cosmic UV luminosity density at z ∼ 6 − 14, demonstrating that relatively high star formation activity in the early Universe is a natural outcome of the baryonic processes encoded in the FIRE-2 model. According to FIREboxHR, the SFE – halo mass relation for intermediate mass halos (Mhalo ∼ 109 − 1011 M⊙) does not significantly evolve with redshift and is only weakly mass-dependent. These properties of the SFE – halo mass relation lead to a larger contribution from lower mass halos at higher z, driving the gradual evolution of the observed cosmic UV luminosity density. A theoretical model based on the SFE – halo mass relation inferred from FIREboxHR allows us to explore implications for galaxy evolution. Future observations of UV faint galaxies at z > 12 will provide an opportunity to further test these predictions and deepen our understanding of star formation during Cosmic Dawn.

Observational analysis of gravitational baryogenesis constraints in Einstein-Æther gravity

In this article, we investigate the mystery of matter dominance over antimatter through gravitational baryogenesis in context of Einstein-Æther gravity. This study aims to focus on the phenomenon of baryon asymmetry produced in the universe a while after the Big Bang. The supremacy of matter over antimatter is quantified by ηBs=ηB−ηB¯s where s is entropy of the universe and ηB(ηB¯) is number of baryon (anti baryon). We take four different models from Einstein-Æther gravity to analyze the ratio ηBs and compared our outcomes with the observational bounds. We found this ratio is consistent with the observational data. For a further verification, we examine the Hubble parameter (H) for each model and compared them with observational values, finding a high degree of agreement. Additionally, we perform Chi-square (χ2) test on Hubble parameter for each model to assess their compatibility with recent observational data. Furthermore, we compared our findings with the ΛCDM model and the latest Pantheon+SH0ES observational data. This comparison unveiled a reasonable level of consistency among the considered models and the observational data.

Cosmological implications of the minimum viscosity principle

It is shown that black holes in a quark gluon plasma (QGP) obeying minimum viscosity bounds exhibit a Schwarzschild radius in close match with the range of interaction of the strong force. For such black holes, an evaporation time of about [Formula: see text] s is estimated, indicating that they would survive by far the quark-gluon plasma era, namely between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] s after the big bang. On the assumption that the big-bang generated unequal amounts of quark and antiquarks, this suggests that such unbalance might have survived to this day in the form of excess antiquark nuggets hidden to all but gravitational interactions. A connection with the saturon picture, whereby minimum viscosity regimes would associate with the onset coherent quantum field structures with maximum storage properties, is also established.

Predicting spatial curvature ΩK in globally CPT -symmetric universes

Boyle and Turok’s CPT-symmetric universe model posits that the Universe was symmetric at the big bang, addressing numerous problems in both cosmology and the Standard Model of particle physics. We extend this model by incorporating the symmetric conditions at the end of the Universe, which impose constraints on the allowed perturbation modes. These constrained modes conflict with the integer wave vectors required by the global spatial geometry in a closed universe. To resolve this conflict, only specific values of curvature are permissible, and in particular the curvature density is constrained to be ΩK∈{−0.016,−0.011,−0.004,…}, consistent with observations. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Dark sector tunneling field potentials for a dark big bang

All of the significant evidence for dark matter observed thus far has been through its gravitational interactions. After 40 years of direct detection experiments, the parameter space for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) as dark matter candidates is rapidly approaching the neutrino floor. Moreover, there have been no signs of WIMPs in any particle production experiments so far. In this light, we consider a dark sector that is strongly decoupled from the visible sector, interacting exclusively through gravity. In this model, proposed by Freese and Winkler [Dark matter and gravitational waves from a dark big bang, ], dark matter can be produced through a first-order phase transition in the dark sector dubbed “the dark big bang.” We fully determine the allowed region of parameter space for the tunneling potential that leads to the realization of a dark big bang and is consistent with all experimental bounds available. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Parametrically amplified super-radiance towards hot big bang universe

We propose a mechanism of preheating stage after inflation, using a new idea of parametrically amplified super-radiance. Highly coherent state, characterized by macro-coherence of scalar field coupled to produced massless particle in pairs, is created by parametric resonance effects associated with field oscillation around its potential minimum, within a Hubble volume. The state is described effectively by the simple Dicke-type of super-radiance model, and super-radiant pulse is emitted within a Hubble time, justifying neglect of cosmic expansion. Produced particles are shown to interact to change their energy and momentum distribution to realize thermal hot big bang universe. A long standing problem of heating after inflation may thus be solved. A new dark matter candidate produced at the emergence of thermalized universe is suggested as well.

Early dark energy during big bang nucleosynthesis

We study the impact of an early dark energy component (EDE) present during big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) on the elemental abundances of deuterium D/H, and helium Yp, as well as the effective relativistic degrees of freedom Neff. We consider a simple model of EDE that is constant up to a critical time. After this critical time, the EDE transitions into either a radiation component that interacts with the electromagnetic plasma, a dark radiation component that is uncoupled from the plasma, or kination that is also uncoupled. We use measured values of the abundances and Neff as determined by cosmic microwave background observations to establish limits on the input parameters of this EDE model. In addition, we explore how those parameters are correlated with BBN inputs; the baryon to photon ratio ηb, neutron lifetime τn, and number of neutrinos Nν. Finally, we study whether this setup can alleviate the tension introduced by recent measurements of the primordial helium abundance. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Hybrid α -Ta/ β -Ta lumped element kinetic inductance detectors with photon noise limited sensitivity and stability

The terahertz (THz) band is of immense interest in astronomy as it encompasses significant energy generated following the Big Bang, offering critical insight into processes invisible in other bands, such as the earliest stages of planet, star, and galaxy formation. Kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) have emerged as a formidable contender in the field of THz astronomy, attributed to their exceptional sensitivity and scalability. In this study, we introduce a kind of KIDs incorporating a lumped element (LE) resonator design, with inductors fabricated on β-Ta film and capacitors on α-Ta film. We characterize the noise of the hybrid α-Ta/β-Ta LEKIDs, achieving an optical noise equivalent power of 8.3 ± 5.7 × 10−19 W/Hz1/2, demonstrating high sensitivity. Additionally, the LEKIDs exhibited stability across multiple thermal cycles. The combination of high sensitivity and stability makes the hybrid LEKIDs promising for the stringent demands of THz astronomy.

Wind Turbine Operation Status Monitoring and Fault Prediction Methods Based on Sensing Data and Big Bang–Big Crunch Algorithm

As wind power generation technology rapidly advances, the threat of wind turbine failures to the secure and stable operation of the power grid is gaining increasing attention. Real-time monitoring of operation status and predicting potential failures in wind turbines are indispensable requirements for the safe integration of wind power. In this paper, a model based on the least squares support vector machine (LSSVM), whose parameters are optimized by the Big Bang–Big Crunch algorithm, is constructed to improve the monitoring of wind turbine operation status and fault prediction accuracy. The research methodology consists of several key stages. Firstly, the initial wind turbine sensing data are preprocessed, utilizing factor analysis to reduce dimensionality and obtain the main influencing factors of wind turbine operation. Then, an improved failure prediction model for wind turbines, based on the least squares support vector machine, is developed using the preprocessed data. The model parameters are optimized by utilizing the Big Bang–Big Crunch optimization algorithm to enhance the prediction accuracy of wind turbine failures. Finally, the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method are validated through a case study conducted on a regional power grid with wind farm integration.

Characterizing gravitational wave detector networks: from A♯ to cosmic explorer

Abstract Gravitational-wave observations by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and Virgo have provided us a new tool to explore the Universe on all scales from nuclear physics to the cosmos and have the massive potential to further impact fundamental physics, astrophysics, and cosmology for decades to come. In this paper we have studied the science capabilities of a network of LIGO detectors when they reach their best possible sensitivity, called A#, given the infrastructure in which they exist and a new generation of observatories that are factor of 10 to 100 times more sensitive (depending on the frequency), in particular a pair of L-shaped Cosmic Explorer observatories (one 40 km and one 20 km arm length) in the US and the triangular Einstein Telescope with 10 km arms in Europe. We use science metrics derived from the top priorities of several funding agencies to characterize the science capabilities of different networks. The presence of one or two A# observatories in a network containing two or one next generation observatories, respectively, will provide good localization capabilities for facilitating multimessenger astronomy and precision measurement of the Hubble parameter. Two Cosmic Explorer observatories are indispensable for achieving precise localization of binary neutron stars, facilitating detection of electromagnetic counterparts and transforming multimessenger astronomy. Their combined operation is even more important in the detection and localization of high-redshift sources, such as binary neutron stars, beyond the star-formation peak, and primordial black hole mergers, which may occur roughly 100 million years after the Big Bang. The addition of the Einstein Telescope to a network of two Cosmic Explorer observatories is critical for accomplishing all the identified science metrics. For most metrics the triple network of next generation terrestrial observatories are a factor 100 better than what can be accomplished by a network of three A# observatories.

REPRESENTATION AND DEMOCRATIC PROCESS IN THE PRODUCTION OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BY THE IASB: A DISCURSIVE ANALYSIS

In a globalized world where representation and democratic values ​​are extolled, especially in the West, institutions that do not profess and practice them are criticized for lacking legitimacy. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), as a social institution, influences and is influenced by the social environment. However, criticism has been leveled at the institution regarding its legitimacy, especially because it is a private regulatory entity. Such criticism calls into question values ​​such as independence, public interest, due process, accountability, diversity, and representativeness. The objective of this paper is to analyze, based on some documents published by the IASB, the values ​​that this institution professes, seeking to confer the perception of legitimacy before the public. The theoretical premise adopted is that of social constructivism and institutional accounting theory, which advocate that meanings and symbols are social constructions and that, therefore, institutions play an important role in the creation, maintenance, or modification of symbolic universes, as well as in their legitimacy. Discourse Analysis (DA) will be used as an instrument capable of revealing the values ​​advocated by the IASB. In the end, it is found that the IASB has professed values ​​such as representativeness, diversity, transparency, due process, public interest, independence, and accountability, seeking to legitimize itself before the public. In this sense, this article contributes to highlighting that the IASB's discourse is in tune with social values ​​dear to the Western world.

The ‘Universe in a Box’: a hands-on activity to introduce primary school students to cosmology

Abstract Physics Education Research shows that active learning and interdisciplinary strategies can enhance students’ engagement in physics. In primary school, the implementation of active learning pedagogies such as Inquiry-Based Science Education aims to encourage students’ autonomy and participation in their learning process. Indeed, active learning promotes pupils’ creativity, helping them develop the skills that increasingly determine their future employability and personal development, introducing them to STEM. In this regard, stories and storytelling can help improve teaching and students’ physics learning. Telling the Universe and its history can afford this job. The Big Bang, the Cosmic Microwave Background, and the formation of stars and planets are valuable tools for introducing primary school students to physics and the scientific method while fostering their curiosity about science. Moreover, it helps the instructors monitor the development of peculiar misconceptions on these topics, preventing them from fully understanding physics phenomena. In this paper, we present an innovative short-term program (one session of three hours) called ‘The Universe in a Box’ to introduce primary school students (grades 4–5, ages 9–10) to cosmology. We illustrate our design and the educational purposes of the program and present the outcomes from its implementation in five different laboratories in Sardinia, Italy, from 2022 to 2024 (60 students involved). This work can furnish a theoretical and methodological guide for primary school teachers and instructors on integrating formal curricula with contemporary physics topics using interdisciplinary approaches, engaging their students in STEAM (STEM plus Arts).

A super-Eddington-accreting black hole ~1.5 Gyr after the Big Bang observed with JWST

A super-Eddington-accreting black hole ~1.5 Gyr after the Big Bang observed with JWST

Data Analysis of LHC Heavy Ion Collision for QGP Study

Abstract. By recreating the first kind of matter in the history of the universe, the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), through PbPb collisions, scientists can study the state of the early universe after the big bang. In this paper, the data from PbPb collisions collected by the Alice experiment at Large Hardron Collider is analyzed to investigate the properties of the QGP. The team focused on Fourier decomposition of azimuthal and angular correlation analysis, using data at a center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair. The distributions of the transverse momentum p_T, the pseudo-rapidity and the azimuth angle were plotted and analyzed. The shapes of plots didnt perfectly match the predictions because of data fluctuations and the limitations of detectors. However, the trend of positive correlation between the coefficients and the transverse momentum p_T was found. The results confirm previous research findings on the collective motion and anisotropic flow of QGP. The study provides insights into the QGP's behavior and supports the theoretical predictions about its properties.

Indirect Measurement of the 3He(n,p)3H Reaction Cross Section at Big Bang Energies

Neutron-induced nuclear reactions play an important role in the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. Their excitation functions are, from an experimental point of view, usually difficult to measure. Nevertheless, in the last decades, big efforts have led to a better understanding of their role in the primordial nucleosynthesis network. In this work, we apply the Trojan Horse Method to extract the cross section at astrophysical energies for the 3He(n,p)3H reaction after a detailed study of the 2H(3He,pt)H three-body process. Data extracted from the present measurement are compared with other published sets. The reaction rate is also calculated, and the impact on the Big Bang nucleosynthesis is examined in detail.