Bipolar View Research Articles

User Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction: Bipolar versus Unipolar Conceptualizations

ABSTRACT User satisfaction is a longstanding determinant of information systems (IS) post-adoption continuance intention. Traditionally, user satisfaction has been conceptualized as a bipolar continuum, stretching from high dissatisfaction to high satisfaction, with neutrality as a midpoint. This view may limit the effectiveness of user satisfaction measurements as it implies that users cannot experience mixed feelings of satisfaction and dissatisfaction. However, users often have simultaneous mixed feelings. By considering user satisfaction and dissatisfaction as separate unipolar dimensions, each ranging from neutral to high, we address the limitation of the bipolar approach. Data collected from an online survey supports this unipolar perspective, enabling the representation of mixed feelings and mitigating the limitations of the bipolar view. Furthermore, both user satisfaction and dissatisfaction uniquely contribute to continuance intention, broadening our understanding of user post-adoption behavior. This study paves the way for future research on the antecedents and consequences of user satisfaction and dissatisfaction.

Positive psychology is better served by a bivariate rather than bipolar conceptualization of mental health and mental illness: a commentary on Zhao & Tay (2022)

ABSTRACT The nature of the relationship between mental health and mental illness is complex and depends on the way we measure and define each concept. A recent article in the Journal of Positive Psychology raises an important question: will positive psychology be better served by a bipolar or bivariate conceptualization of the relationship between well-being and ill-being? Here, bipolar refers to a conceptualization where mental health and mental illness are opposite anchors of the same continuum and bivariate considers each concept related yet distinct. We argue that the bivariate conceptualization offers academic opportunities that are not possible under a bipolar view. We argue that the bipolar conceptualization limits academic progress, diminishes the opportunity for personal recovery, and is not supported by the literature. We further summarize the measurement considerations that would improve the ‘separability’ between mental health and mental illness, to realize the academic opportunities that the bivariate model offers positive psychology.

Using Comparative Network Analysis to Explore Trust Relationships in Network Societies

Though deviations in the nature of trust have been recognized and regarded influential for conducting international business activities successfully, empirical research into the trust context of network societies remains scarce today. We suggest a theory that reflects the multiplicity and peculiarity of trust and its relational and environmental context. By surveying 882 respondents from three countries (China, Russia, and South Korea) data suggests that with increased network importance, in-group trust increases alike. Moreover, individuals drawing predominantly on out-group trust attach less importance to in-group trust. With increases in nonspecific trust, both in-group and out-group trust increases. Hence, we find a multiplicity of trust relationships that call for a reexamination of the conventional bipolar view on trust relationships.

The Sinuosity of “Byzantism” in Russian Thought of the Middle 19th and the Early 20th Centuries. Part 1 Alexander Herzen, Alexey Khomyakov, Ivan Kireevsky, Terty Filippov

The paper traces the formation and development of the image of Byzantium and the concept “byzantism” in the Russian journalistic literature of the mid-second half of the 19th century. It is shown that the impetus for the formation of this concept was in the essays by Alexander Herzen, where “byzantism” was loaded with negative connotations. The article starts from Pavel Annenkov's scheme, which suggests that Alexei Khomyakov, a thinker equal to Herzen but of the opposite charge, was, in contrast to Herzen, an admirer of Byzantium. It is argued that Ivan Kireevsky carried out the Byzantine-centric line within the Slavophile circle, and it was his point, which, as I believe, Annenkov had attributed to Khomyakov. While, as it is shown in the article, Byzantinocentrism is characteristic of the only one among various lines in Kireevsky's attention to Byzantium. In this context, three versions of Kireevsky's historiosophy are distinguished. Its context is the historiosophical scheme of François Guizot. Following this scheme, the early Kireevsky still did not pay attention to Byzantium; later, using the same scheme, but changing his optics, Kireevsky drew a Byzantine-centric picture; however, soon he, under the influence of Khomyakov, changed his mind and started to perceive Byzantium as a bipolar civilization with light and dark sides. It is shown that the two last views on Byzantium were reflected in the controversy about the Greek-Bulgarian question of that time. Within its framework, the Byzantinocentric view, considering the Byzantine civilization as the wholeness, as I believe, under the influence of Kireevsky, was led by Terty Filippov, a defender of the Greeks within the Greek-Bulgarian dispute. Another view, suggesting the bipolarity of the Byzantium, was stated by Khomyakov, whose stance within the dispute was opposite to Filippov's one. At the same time, in Khomyakov's interpretation, this view incorporated an anticlerical component, which was not typical for Kireevsky's interpretation of the bipolar view of Byzantium.

해방 이후 고려 · 조선시대사 연구에서의 관료제설, 막스 베버, 그리고 유교적 전통의 트랜스내셔널한 발명

This paper first offers a post-colonial critique on Japanese colonial historiography and Post-1945 South Korean historiography on Confucian tradition of Korea that they both have shared a very essentialized understanding on Confucian tradition of Korea as unique nature of Korean society based on the same overarching evolutionary modernization narrative in spite of their contradictingly different definition of it as either premodern backwardness or Confucian modernity. In order to go beyond this still dominant essentialized bipolar view on Confucian tradition of Korea, based on a transnational perspective, this paper seeks to show how post-1945 South Korean historiography has redefined Confucian tradition of Korea. Then, to do so, this paper tries to historicize post-1945 South Korean historiography’s appropriation of Max Weber’s bureaucracy and modernization theories for the studies of Koryŏ-Chosŏn history from U.S. academia of social science and tries to rethink about the meaning of this appropriation within the broader context of Cold War and South Korean post-coloniality. Then, this paper turns to look at how post 1945 South Korean historiography on late Koryŏ and early Chosŏn history has struggled to rede ne and reinvent Confucian tradition of Korea as the unique origin of its own modernity that is as close as “Western Modernity”, based on this appropriation of Max Weber’s bureaucracy and modernization theories from 1945 to early 2000.

User Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction, and Ambivalence: A Bivariate Evaluative Space Perspective

User satisfaction is a critical determinant of information systems success. Prior research has long conceptualized it as a bipolar continuum with a “neutral” midpoint and “extremely dissatisfied” and “extremely satisfied” as endpoints. Therefore, the bipolar view imposes the constraint that an increase in satisfaction implies an equal and opposite decrease in dissatisfaction. Consequently, a key limitation of the bipolar conceptualization is its inability to account for simultaneous processing of positivity and negativity, i.e., ambivalence. A bivariate perspective relaxes this constraint, permitting the representation of mixed feelings, which allows potential additional insights. It represents satisfaction and dissatisfaction as distinct unipolar constructs each ranging from “neutral” to “extremely satisfied” or “extremely dissatisfied”, respectively. Users commonly experience mixed feelings, and the bipolar approach discards potentially useful information about the true affective state and distinct antecedents and consequences of satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Results of our survey (n=214) support the unipolar conceptualization. Unipolar satisfaction and dissatisfaction are moderately correlated -0.48, well below the -1.00 implied by the bipolar view. Unipolar satisfaction and dissatisfaction have unique and distinct effects on behavioral intention. Bipolar satisfaction explains no additional variance beyond the unipolar constructs. Together, these findings suggest that the unipolar conceptualizations can better represent user satisfaction and dissatisfaction. This study highlights the significance of ambivalence, advances the understanding of user satisfaction and dissatisfaction as distinct unipolar constructs, and provides a basis for new research into the potentially differential relationships to key antecedents and consequences in nomological networks relating actionable design and implementation actions to user behavioral outcomes.

Psychometric properties of the Portuguese Environmental Attitudes Inventory / Propiedades psicométricas del Inventario Portugués de Actitudes Ambientales

This paper aimed to assess the structural validity of the Portuguese version (EAI-PT) of the Environmental Attitudes Inventory using exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). EFA showed that all 12 EAI-PT scales have adequate reliabilities. Ten scales loaded heavily on one higher-order factor, whilst scales 5 (confidence in science and technology) and 12 (support for population growth policies) loaded on a different factor; moreover, these scales did not correlate with any other scale, indicating that they are not related to environmental attitudes in the Portuguese population. The removal of these two scales and five items from other scales is suggested, resulting in an EAI-PT version with 95 items and 10 scales. CFA confirmed that a vertical structure of EA with either two second-order factors that reflect the dilemma between Preservation and Utilization or one second-order factor that expresses a bipolar view of environmental attitudes are equally adequate.

Vice-Regal Intervention in Australian Domestic Politics: Ronald Munro Ferguson and the ALP Split of 1916

The Australian Labor Party (ALP) split over conscription has usually been interpreted as arising from the actions of William Morris (Billy) Hughes on the one side, in conflict with various forces within the labour movement on the other. However, this bipolar view ignores the role of the Governor-General Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson who had been proactive in Australian domestic politics from 1914 in order to maximise the war effort on Britain's behalf and to enhance his own office. His firm belief that conscription was necessary and Hughes was the only man capable of being Prime Minister led him to work behind the scenes to secure those objectives. He was also suspicious of the ALP and its ties with the Catholic community that he saw as linked to Irish disloyalty and so supported counter-intelligence measures against them. This article examines how this largely overlooked vice-regal involvement contributed to the political upheaval in this period.

Choosing the Exchange Rate Regime-a Case for Intermediate Regimes for Emerging and Developing Economies

The main objective of the paper is to verify the vanishing interim regime hypothesis (so-called bipolar view) and to analyse factors that may influence the probability of use of intermediate exchange rate regimes, especially in emerging and developing economies. In order to accomplish the research objectives the evolution of exchange rate regimes is presented with the special consideration of decisions of IMF member states in this respect. Next a logistic regression model that estimates the probability of use of an intermediate regime is applied. The results achieved allow a challenge to the vanishing interim regime hypothesis. Empirical observations support this hypothesis only in advanced countries and not in their emerging and developing peers.

Crises and exchange rate regimes: time to break down the bipolar view?

ABSTRACTWe revisit the link between crises and exchange rate regimes (ERR). Using a wide panel of 90 developed and developing countries over the period 1980–2009, we find that corner ERR are not more prone to crises compared to intermediate ERR. This finding holds for different types of crises (banking, currency and debt), and is robust to a wide set of alternative specifications. Consequently, we clearly break down the traditional bipolar view: countries that aim at preventing crisis episodes should focus less on the choice of the ERR, and instead implement sound structural macroeconomic policies.

Exchange rate regime in India & role of central bank in exchange rate management

This paper studies exchange rate regimes pursued in Indian economy since past decades. The paper has attempted to study transformation from fixed regime to floating or pegged arrangements in India & also the challenges associated with these reforms as brought in 1992. Further , several authors have identified variables to assess the presence of central bank intervention even under the system of floating exchange rate & efficiency of their efforts in targeting the real exchange rate. Finally, it has identified that as per impossible trinity , given the open capital account , a bipolar view seems appropriate in India.

A bipolar approach in fuzzy multi-objective linear programming

The traditional frameworks for fuzzy linear optimization problems are inspired by the max–min model proposed by Zimmermann using the Bellman–Zadeh extension principle to aggregate all the fuzzy sets representing flexible (fuzzy) constraints and objective functions together. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach to model fuzzy multi-objective linear programming problems (FMOLPPs) from a perspective of bipolar view in preference modeling. Bipolarity allows us to distinguish between the negative and the positive preferences. Negative preferences denote what is unacceptable while positive preferences are less restrictive and express what is desirable. This framework facilitate a natural fusion of bipolarity in FMOLPPs. The flexible constraints in a fuzzy multi-objective linear programming problem (FMOLPP) are viewed as negative preferences for describing what is somewhat tolerable while the objective functions of the problem are viewed as positive preferences for depicting satisfaction to what is desirable. This approach enables us to handle fuzzy sets representing constraints and objective functions separately and combine them in distinct ways. After aggregating these fuzzy sets separately, coherence (or consistency) condition is used to define the fuzzy decision set.

Oil prices and exchange rate volatility in Arab countries

I test the bipolar view hypothesis on the exchange rates of countries of the Arab Monetary Fund (AMF) which are countries with relative free capital mobility. I find that oil price shocks seem to be the source of less flexible exchange rates.

Oil Prices and Exchange Rate Volatility in Arab Countries

I test the bipolar view hypothesis on the exchange rates of countries of the AMF which are countries with relative free capital mobility. I find that oil price shocks seem to be the source of less flexible exchange rates.

International monetary arrangements for the 21st century—Which way?

This paper examines some competing views on currency regime choice by applying the dynamic multi-state Markov (MSM) model to the regime transitions of 166 countries from 1980 to 1999. The findings suggest that the bipolar view is valid only in the long run and for a reason quite different from what the proponents had imagined, namely, economic development rather than crisis-driven exits. The estimated steady-state probabilities even predict that a unipolar fixed exchange rate system could emerge in the long run. Despite some divergence, both de jure and de facto regime data corroborate the key findings.

The Fall of the Vanishing Interim Regime Hypothesis: Towards a New Paradigm of the Choice of the Exchange Rate Regimes

This paper verifies strong and weak versions of the vanishing interim regime hypothesis (so-called bipolar view). It is shown herein that the strong as well as weak version of this hypothesis can be discredited. Empirical observations support the bipolar view only for the advanced countries, but not for emerging and developing ones. On the contrary – the number of interim regimes, used by emerging and developing countries more than doubled in the 1999–2008 period. Results of the logistic regression analysis also challenge a bipolar view. Moreover, they provide a strong support for the view that the probability of the use of interim regimes in emerging and developing countries significantly differs in various regions of the world. This can be treated as an evidence of the existence of other factors that influence these countries’ choices concerning exchange rate regimes, partly resulting from differences in institutional fundamentals and different economic structures as well as macroeconomic policy stabilization programs.

Exchange rate regimes, capital controls, and currency crises: Does the bipolar view hold?

This paper empirically examines the link between de facto exchange rate regimes and the incidence of currency crises in 84 countries from 1980 to 2001 using probit models. We employ the de facto classification of Reinhart and Rogoff (2004) that allows us to estimate the impact of relatively long-lived exchange rate regimes on currency crises with much greater precision. We find no evidence that, as the bipolar view argues, intermediate regimes have a significantly higher probability of currency crises than both hard pegs and free floats. Using the combined data of exchange rate regimes and the existence of capital controls, we also find that hard pegs with capital account liberalization have a significantly lower probability of currency crises than intermediate regimes with capital controls and free floats with capital controls. Hence, the bipolar view does not strictly hold in the sense that intermediate regimes are significantly more prone to currency crises than the two extreme regimes. However, the fact that hard pegs with capital account liberalization are substantially less prone to currency crises is worthy of note.

FEAR OF FLOATING IN EAST ASIA?

Abstract. We examine the de facto exchange rate arrangements in eight East Asian countries during the post-Asian crisis period. The empirical results suggest that three countries adopted a hard peg or a peg with capital account restrictions, whereas five countries moved toward a more flexible exchange rate arrangement in the post-crisis period. Three of these five countries (Korea, Indonesia and Thailand) achieved a level of exchange rate flexibility close to the level accomplished in a free floater such as Australia. These results suggest that ‘fear of floating’ in East Asia is not prevalent in the post-crisis period, supporting the bipolar view of the optimal exchange rate regime.

Accepting/rejecting propositions from accepted/rejected propositions: A unifying overview

Looking at inference as a way of transforming information so as to make it more easily usable (or interpretable) allows to consider accepted and rejected propositions as equally relevant and naturally gives a bipolar view of reasoning. The four possibilities of transforming information from accepted or rejected propositions into accepted or rejected ones are analyzed and examples illustrating them are given. This analysis is not only interesting per se but can also be useful in increasing capabilities of existing theorem provers. A unified framework based on former work by the authors is extended by incorporating the idea of theory-anti-subsumption related to Plotkin's generalization. Working on some technical details of this framework should allow automated reasoning tools to deal with different ways of connecting accepted and rejected propositions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Mundell-Fleming Lecture: Exchange Rate Systems, Surveillance, and Advice

This paper draws together some lessons and questions about exchange rate systems and attempts to state what is known and what is not known about them. It begins by revisiting the bipolar issue with regard to exchange rates, restating the hypothesis and updating it in light of events of this decade, arguing that the bipolar view is fundamentally correct for emerging market and industrialized countries with open capital accounts. It also examines the choice of exchange rate regime for countries with capital accounts that are not open, and managed floating regimes and exchange market intervention for countries with open capital accounts. Concluding remarks provide comments and advice for IMF surveillance.