Bipolar Disorder In Adolescents Research Articles

The differences in testosterone and stress hormones between unipolar and bipolar depression in adolescents and adults

BackgroundWhile patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) often exhibit aberrant hormones, it is still unknown whether the hormones differ between MDD and BD across the age spectrum. We aimed to investigate the differences in testosterone and stress hormones between depressed patients with MDD and BD in adolescents and adults, and the impact of suicidal ideation on these. MethodsA total of 432 depressed patients (270 MDD and 162 BD) were recruited, including 177 adolescents and 255 adults. Plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol (CORT), testosterone (T), and prolactin (PRL) were measured in all patients. Suicidal ideation was assessed by item 3 of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. ResultsIn adolescents, plasma T levels were higher in MDD than in BD (p=0.018), MDD patients with suicidal ideation exhibited higher T levels than BD patients with suicidal ideation (p=0.036), and plasma T levels were associated with diagnosis (ORadjus=0.777, p=0.023). In adults, plasma ACTH levels were elevated in MDD versus BD (p=0.012) and were also diagnosis-related (ORadjus=0.972, p=0.019). Plasma levels of other hormones were not significantly different between MDD and BD in adolescents or adults (all p>0.05). ConclusionsThere was an age-specific difference in the T and ACTH between depressed patients with MDD and BD. Suicidal ideation was linked to T in adolescents.

Bipolar Disorder and Its Factors

This research investigates the factors contributing to bipolar disorder in adolescents and young adults aged 13 to 23. Data: The data for this study was collected from 52 adolescents and young adults, students and individuals aged between 13 to 23 years. Non-parametric single-sample or Wilcoxon tests were used for data classification and categorization. There were 34 female and 18 male participants. The findings of this research have shown us that factors such as genetics, negative emotions (anger, anxiety, and stress), substance and alcohol use, social pressure, awareness of illness and bipolar disorder, sudden lifestyle changes, mood swings, and relationship disturbances were directly associated. Factors such as regular lifestyle habits including diet, sleep, and exercise; sudden changes in lifestyle, mood swings, sexual tendencies and irrational beliefs such as suicide, as well as difficulties in adhering to daily routines, financial resources, sudden lifestyle changes, mood swings, and bipolar disorder; sudden changes in sexual tendencies and bipolar disorders have no direct relationship.

Hospital-treated bipolar disorder in adolescence in Finland 1980-2010: Rehospitalizations, diagnostic stability, and mortality.

Estimates of the occurrence of bipolar disorder among adolescents vary from country to country and from time to time. Long delays from first symptoms to diagnosis of bipolar disorder have been suggested. Studies among adults suggest increased mortality, particularly due to suicide and cardiovascular diseases. We set out to study the prognosis of adolescent onset bipolar disorder in terms of rehospitalizations, diagnostic stability, and mortality. The study comprised a register-based follow-up of all adolescents admitted to psychiatric inpatient care for the first time in their lives at age 13-17 during the period 1980-2010. They were followed up in the National Care Register for Health Care and Causes of death registers until 31 December 2014. Incidence of bipolar disorder among 13- to 17-year-old adolescents over the whole study period was 2.8 per 100, 000 same aged adolescents, and across decades, the incidence increased six-fold. Patients with bipolar disorder during their first-ever inpatient treatment were rehospitalized more often than those treated for other reasons. Conversion from bipolar disorder to other diagnoses was far more common than the opposite. Mortality did not differ between those firstdiagnosed with bipolar disorder and those treated for other reasons. The incidence of adolescent onset bipolar disorder has increased across decades. The present study does not call for attention to delayed diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Adolescent onset bipolar disorders are severe disorders that often require rehospitalization, but diagnostic stability is modest. Mortality is comparable to that in other equally serious disorders.

Hypomania-Checklist-33: risk stratification and factor structure in a mixed psychiatric adolescent sample

BackgroundThe 33-item Hypomania Checklist (HCL-33) has been shown to distinguish between adolescent bipolar disorder (BD) and unipolar depression. To investigate the utility of the HCL-33 as a screening tool in routine diagnostics, the frequency and psychopathological characteristics of detected individuals in a mixed psychiatric sample necessitate more examination.MethodsThe HCL-33, Children’s Depression Inventory, Beck’s Anxiety Inventory, and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire were completed by 285 children and adolescents (12–18 years) in a mixed psychiatric sample. Applying the proposed HCL-33 cut-off score of ≥ 18, individuals with depressive symptoms were divided into at-risk or not at-risk for BD groups. The factorial structure, sum and factor score correlations with psychopathology, and impact on daily functioning were assessed.Results20.6% of the sample met at-risk criteria for BD. These individuals (n = 55) were older, more anxious, and showed more conduct problems vs the not at-risk group (n = 107). A two- and a three-factor model were pursued with the same Factor 1 (“active-elated”). Factor 2 (“risk-taking/irritable”) was separated into 2a (“irritable-erratic”) and 2b (“outgoing-disinhibited”) in the three-factor model. Whereas higher Factor 2 and 2a scores correlated with a broad range of more severe symptomatology (i.e., depression, anxiety, hyperactivity), higher Factor 1 and 2b scores correlated with more emotional and conduct problems, respectively. 51.7% of the sample reported a negative impact from hypomanic symptoms on daily functioning.LimitationsCross-sectional design and data collection in a single mental health service.ConclusionsThe HCL-33 may be a useful tool to improve diagnostics, especially in adolescents with depressive symptoms additionally presenting with anxious symptoms and conduct problems.

Enhancing Early Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder in Adolescents Through Multimodal Neuroimaging

BackgroundBipolar disorder (BD), a severe neuropsychiatric condition, often appears during adolescence. Traditional diagnostic methods, which primarily rely on clinical interviews and single-modal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, may have limitations in accuracy. This study aimed to improve adolescent BD diagnosis by integrating behavioral assessments with multimodal MRI. We hypothesized that this combination would enhance diagnostic accuracy for at-risk adolescents. MethodsA retrospective cohort of 309 participants, including patients with BD, offspring of patients with BD (with and without subthreshold symptoms), non-BD offspring with subthreshold symptoms, and healthy control participants, was analyzed. Behavioral attributes were integrated with MRI features from T1-weighted, resting-state functional MRI, and diffusion tensor imaging. Three diagnostic models were developed using GLMNET multinomial regression: a clinical diagnosis model based on behavioral attributes, an MRI-based model, and a comprehensive model integrating both datasets. ResultsThe comprehensive model achieved a prediction accuracy of 0.83 (95% CI, 0.72–0.92), significantly higher than the clinical (0.75) and MRI-based (0.65) models. Validation with an external cohort showed high accuracy (0.89, area under the curve = 0.95). Structural equation modeling revealed that clinical diagnosis (β = 0.487, p < .0001), parental BD history (β = −0.380, p < .0001), and global function (β = 0.578, p < .0001) significantly affected brain health, while psychiatric symptoms showed only a marginal influence (β = −0.112, p = .056). ConclusionsThis study highlights the value of integrating multimodal MRI with behavioral assessments for early diagnosis in at-risk adolescents. Combining neuroimaging enables more accurate patient subgroup distinctions, facilitating timely interventions and improving health outcomes. Our findings suggest a paradigm shift in BD diagnostics, advocating for incorporating advanced imaging techniques in routine evaluations.

COVID-19 pandemic amplified mortality rates among adolescents with bipolar disorder through family-related factors.

Recently, a growing number of adolescents have been afflicted with mental disorders, with annual morbidity rates on the rise. This trend has been exacerbated by the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, leading to a surge in suicide and self-harm rates among this demographic. To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent bipolar disorder (BD), along with the underlying factors contributing to heightened rates of suicide and self-harm among adolescents. A comprehensive statistical analysis was conducted utilizing clinical interviews and self-reports obtained from patients or their guardians. Diagnostic criteria for BDs were based on the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, international classification of diseases-11, and the National institute of mental health research domain criteria. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0 software, with significance set at P < 0.05. A cohort of 171 adolescents diagnosed with BD between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2022, was included in the analysis. The gender distribution was 2.8:1 (female to male), with ages ranging from 11 to 18 years old. Major factors contributing to adolescent BDs included familial influences, academic stress, genetic predisposition and exposure to school-related violence. Notably, a significant increase in suicide attempts and self-harm incidents was observed among adolescents with BD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical analysis indicated that the pandemic exacerbated familial discord and heightened academic stress, thereby amplifying the prevalence of suicidal behavior and self-harm among adolescents. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated familial tensions and intensified the incidence of suicide and self-harm among adolescents diagnosed with BD. This study underscores the urgent need for societal, familial and educational support systems to prioritize the well-being of adolescents and offers valuable insights and guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of adolescent BDs.

Factors influencing delays in the diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder in adolescents and young adults: A systematic scoping review.

IntroductionBipolar Disorder (BD) is a complex psychiatric condition that typically manifests during late adolescence and early adulthood. Over the past two decades, international studies have reported that BD often goes unrecognized and untreated for several years, which can lead to negative clinical and functional outcomes. However, the components of delay in the diagnosis and treatment of BD in adolescents and young adults and various factors influencing those components have not been systematically explored.ObjectivesTo determine the known factors that contribute to delays in the treatment of BD in adolescents and young adults and identify current knowledge gaps.MethodsA conceptual framework based on the Model of Pathways to Treatment by Scott and colleagues was used as a foundation for our search and extraction strategy to ensure all components of delay and potential factors influencing each component are explored. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline (PRISMA-ScR) to systematically search the electronic databases of MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL for peer-reviewed original research articles published from January 01, 2000 through March 29, 2023. Inclusion was restricted to studies with quantitative or qualitative data on individuals diagnosed with bipolar spectrum disorders with symptomatic onset or study participation between the ages of 13-24. Grey literature and studies not published in English were excluded due to resource limitations. Two independent reviewers screened the references retrieved by the literature search based on our inclusion criteria. The findings of included studies were summarized in a narrative and tabular form according to component of delay.ResultsOur search yielded 5180 unique citations, of which 44 articles met our inclusion criteria. We present findings on the patient, illness, and healthcare provider/mental health system factors contributing to the delays in illness appraisal, help-seeking, diagnosis, and treatment.ConclusionsTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic scoping review to explore the potential factors that influence delays in the treatment of BD in adolescents and young adults. Findings from this review will inform clinical practice and policy. We also demonstrate the utility of a systematic approach to identifying the components of delay, from symptom recognition through treatment, as a methodology to help identify knowledge gaps to inform future research.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Incidence and correlates of suicide attempts in adolescents with major depressive versus bipolar disorders: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundMajor depressive disorders (MDD) and bipolar disorders (BD) are the most common psychiatric diagnoses of suicide attempts (SA) in adolescents. However, little is known regarding the differences in incidence and clinical-related features of SA between these two disorders. The study aims to examine the SA incidence and related factors in adolescents with MDD versus BD. MethodA retrospective survey was conducted in outpatients. SA incidence, demographic characteristics and substance use history were collected. Symptom Checklist-90 was used to measure the severity of symptoms. The Revised Chinese internet addiction scale and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 were utilized to assess the presence of internet addiction and impulsiveness. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was used to measure childhood maltreatment subtypes. Results295 MDD and 205 BD adolescents were recruited. The incidence of SA for MDD and BD were 52.5 % and 56.4 %, respectively. BD adolescents who attempted suicide showed worse symptoms, higher rates of nicotine and alcohol use, higher motor and non-planning impulsivity, and a more childhood physical abuse proportion than MDD adolescents with SA. Physical abuse in childhood was found to be associated with SA in both disorders (OR = 1.998 for MDD; OR = 2.275 for BD), while higher anxiety (OR = 1.705), and alcohol use (OR = 2.094) were only associated with SA in MDD. LimitationsRetrospective, cross-sectional design cannot draw causality, and biases in self-report measurements cannot be ignored. ConclusionsThe findings revealed some difference between BD and MDD for adolescents with SA, and it emphasize significance of prompt identification and exact distinction between BD and MDD in adolescents.

Bipolar Disorder in Adolescents: Early Detection and Intervention Strategies

As a severe mental condition marked by extreme mood swings, with the development of science and technology, adolescent bipolar disorder’s detection and therapy have been increasingly valued by research workers. This article explores the complex issue of adolescent bipolar disorder, highlighting the part played by genetic predisposition and neurological factors in determining how the condition develops, providing directions for further study and likely targeted treatments with a literature review approach. Meanwhile, this review highlights the crucial need for early detection and therapeutic techniques. With the examination of early detection measures and discussion of the value of screening instruments, prodromal symptom recognition, and community and school collaboration. The knowledge gained from this research offers a thorough framework for comprehending and treating adolescent bipolar disease, with the ultimate goal of increasing diagnostic precision, informing therapies, and eventually enhancing the long-term well-being of those who experience it. This review sheds light on the current landscape of early detection and intervention of adolescents’ bipolar disorders.

Childhood Clinical Features Preceding the Onset of Bipolar Versus Major Depressive Disorders During Adolescence

Objective: To identify childhood psychopathological features that predict the onset of adolescent Bipolar (BD) versus Unipolar Major Depressive Disorder (UD) during adolescence. Method: We analyzed clinical data from 495 juveniles diagnosed with DSM-5 UD (n = 359), and BD (n = 136), using bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression model. Results: BD subjects exhibited earlier onset of any psychiatric feature compared to UD. Antecedents associated with later BD were: oppositional defiant > specific phobias > ADHD > obsessive compulsive (OCD). Antecedents selectively associated with later UD were: social anxiety and separation anxiety. Factors significantly and independently associated with later BD diagnosis were: [a] emotional dysregulation at onset of the mood disorder; [b] first depressive episode with mixed features; [c] antecedent ADHD; [d] antecedent OCD, and [e] antecedent oppositional-defiance. Conclusion: Identifying developmental differences in BD and UD symptoms can aid clinicians in early identification and treatment planning for bipolar disorder in youth.

Global, regional and national burdens of bipolar disorders in adolescents and young adults: a trend analysis from 1990 to 2019

BackgroundBipolar disorder is identified as a cause of severe damage to the physical, psychological and social functioning of adolescents and young adults.AimsThe aim of this study is to ascertain the...

Differentiation between depression and bipolar disorder in child and adolescents by voice features

ObjectiveMajor depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are serious chronic disabling mental and emotional disorders, with symptoms that often manifest atypically in children and adolescents, making diagnosis difficult without objective physiological indicators. Therefore, we aimed to objectively identify MDD and BD in children and adolescents by exploring their voiceprint features.MethodsThis study included a total of 150 participants, with 50 MDD patients, 50 BD patients, and 50 healthy controls aged between 6 and 16 years. After collecting voiceprint data, chi-square test was used to screen and extract voiceprint features specific to emotional disorders in children and adolescents. Then, selected characteristic voiceprint features were used to establish training and testing datasets with the ratio of 7:3. The performances of various machine learning and deep learning algorithms were compared using the training dataset, and the optimal algorithm was selected to classify the testing dataset and calculate the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and ROC curve.ResultsThe three groups showed differences in clustering centers for various voice features such as root mean square energy, power spectral slope, low-frequency percentile energy level, high-frequency spectral slope, spectral harmonic gain, and audio signal energy level. The model of linear SVM showed the best performance in the training dataset, achieving a total accuracy of 95.6% in classifying the three groups in the testing dataset, with sensitivity of 93.3% for MDD, 100% for BD, specificity of 93.3%, AUC of 1 for BD, and AUC of 0.967 for MDD.ConclusionBy exploring the characteristics of voice features in children and adolescents, machine learning can effectively differentiate between MDD and BD in a population, and voice features hold promise as an objective physiological indicator for the auxiliary diagnosis of mood disorder in clinical practice.

Distinct functional patterns in child and adolescent bipolar and unipolar depression during emotional processing.

Accumulating evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging studies supported brain dysfunction during emotional processing in bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). However, child and adolescent BD and MDD could display different activation patterns, which have not been fully understood. This study aimed to investigate common and distinct activation patterns of pediatric BD (PBD) and MDD (p-MDD) during emotion processing using meta-analytic approaches. Literature search identified 25 studies, contrasting 252 PBD patients, and 253 healthy controls (HCs) as well as 311 p-MDD patients and 263 HCs. A total of nine meta-analyses were conducted pulling PBD and p-MDD experiments together and separately. The results revealed that PBD and p-MDD showed distinct patterns during negative processing. PBD patients exhibited activity changes in bilateral precuneus, left inferior parietal gyrus, left angular gyrus, and right posterior cingulate cortex while p-MDD patients showed functional disruptions in the left rectus, left triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus, left orbital frontal cortex, left insula, and left putamen. In conclusion, the activity changes in PBD patients were mainly in regions correlated with emotion perception while the dysfunction among p-MDD patients was in the fronto-limbic circuit and reward-related regions in charge of emotion appraisal and regulation.

Evidence of factors influencing delays in the diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder in adolescents and young adults. Protocol for a systematic scoping review.

Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a complex psychiatric condition that typically manifests during late adolescence and early adulthood. Over the past two decades, international studies have reported that BD often goes unrecognized and untreated for several years, which can lead to negative clinical and functional outcomes. However, the components of delay in the diagnosis and treatment of BD and various factors influencing those components have not been systematically explored. The scoping review described in this protocol aims to map the existing literature on potential factors that influence delays in the treatment of BD in adolescents and young adults, in order to identify the knowledge gaps and future research and policy priorities. This protocol for a systematic scoping review will be reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline (PRISMA-ScR). We will search the electronic databases of MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL for peer-reviewed primary research articles published in academic journals. Grey literature will not be explored due to resource limitations. A conceptual framework based on the Model of Pathways to Treatment by Scott and colleagues was used as a foundation for our search and extraction strategy to ensure all components of delay and potential factors influencing each component are explored. Two independent reviewers will screen the references retrieved by the literature search and select relevant studies based on our inclusion criteria. The data from included studies will be synthesized into a narrative summary, and implications for future research, practice and policy will be discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this will be the first scoping review to explore the potential factors that influence delays in the treatment of BD in adolescents and young adults. We intend to disseminate the review results through academic conferences and publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

A preliminary composite of blood-based biomarkers to distinguish major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder in adolescents and adults

BackgroundSince diagnosis of mood disorder heavily depends on signs and symptoms, emerging researches have been studying biomarkers with the attempt to improve diagnostic accuracy, but none of the findings have been broadly accepted. The purpose of the present study was to construct a preliminary diagnostic model to distinguish major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) using potential commonly tested blood biomarkers.MethodsInformation of 721 inpatients with an ICD-10 diagnosis of MDD or BD were collected from the electronic medical record system. Variables in the nomogram were selected by best subset selection method after a prior univariable screening, and then constructed using logistic regression with inclusion of the psychotropic medication use. The discrimination, calibration and internal validation of the nomogram were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), the calibration curve, cross validation and subset validation method.ResultsThe nomogram consisted of five variables, including age, eosinophil count, plasma concentrations of prolactin, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The model could discriminate between MDD and BD with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.858, with a sensitivity of 0.716 and a specificity of 0.890.ConclusionThe comprehensive nomogram constructed by the present study can be convenient to distinguish MDD and BD since the incorporating variables were common indicators in clinical practice. It could help avoid misdiagnoses and improve prognosis of the patients.

The new mode of computerized therapy in improving the symptoms of bipolar disorder in adolescents

BackgroundBipolar disorder usually leads to serious mental health problems, including anxiety, depression, psychotic symptoms, and cognitive impairment. Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial. The existing computer therapy is mostly based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), which takes functional contextualism as its philosophical foundation and empirical research on the basic properties of human cognition and language. Its goal is to improve psychological flexibility by balancing acceptance and change.Subjects and Methods The study designed a computerized treatment program for bipolar disorder based on six core technologies of ACT: (1) facing bipolar disorder directly, (2) accepting the current situation without avoiding it, (3) cognitively controlling one’s own state, (4) observing one’s psychological state more, (5) living in the present, and (6) maintaining independent values. Adolescents were selected for the MDQ questionnaire, and a control group experiment was conducted. The experimental group received computerized therapy for eight weeks of intervention.ResultsAfter treatment analysis, the results were obtained and analyzed by SPSS 23.0. The MDQ value of the experimental group significantly decreased, but there was no significant improvement in the control group. 58% of the tested adolescents in the experimental group showed significant improvement in symptoms.ConclusionsThe research results show that the new computer therapy model for bipolar disorder based on ACT has certain effects and can be used for primary autonomous intervention treatment. Further treatment is worthy of deeper research.AcknowledgementThe research foundation ability improvement project of Young and middle-aged teachers in colleges and universities in Guangxi in 2022, No. 2022KY1458.

Causes of Bipolar Disorder in Adolescents

Mood fluctuation is common in daily life, however, severe mood fluctuation may be a symptom of affective illness. Bipolar disorders as a severe affective illness have a high prevalence, especially among adolescents. Although one of the most frequently discussed psychiatric illnesses is bipolar disorder, the causes are still not precisely known. Through reviewing previous research, this paper analyzes the causes of bipolar disorder, including personal and social factors, as well as the intervention and treatment of bipolar disorder. Both personal and social factor serve as important variables in affecting bipolar disorder. Offspring of parents with bipolar disease undoubtedly have considerable genetic impact; nonetheless, an adolescent's individuality leads their mood to swing correspondingly, ultimately progressing to bipolar disorder. Social factors such as family environment have a huge impact on adolescents mental state; interpersonal relationships strongly affect adolescents mood status, and furthermore, social environment also hugely affects how adolescents interact with their peers, as a result causes bipolar disorder. The intervention and treatment of bipolar disorder should be further developed in future research.

Is There Any Risk for Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents with Psychiatric Disorders?

Objective: We aimed to investigate the risk of antipsychotic drug treatment in the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents and to determine which psychiatric disorder is more associated with MetS in the pediatric population. Methods: The sample consisted of 118 children and adolescents (88 used psychotropic medication). The hemogram, fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, weight, and blood pressure levels of all the participants and information regarding medication doses of the patient group at the sixth month of the treatment process were obtained. Results: Bipolar disorder (BPD) was the only psychiatric disorder associated with MetS. Quetiapine and valproic acid were found to have increasing effects on MetS. Weight gain and the increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly increased the likelihood of MetS. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses revealed that quetiapine increased the risk of MetS through weight gain, and valproic acid increased MetS risk through systolic blood pressure. Conclusion: Especially BPD and psychotropic use in children and adolescents disrupt metabolic regulation and pose a risk for MetS. Determining the risk factors causing MetS, especially in children and adolescents, plays a significant role in preventing mortality and morbidity at advanced ages.

The diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: Past, present and future.

This article examines the ongoing debate concerning the diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. This contentious issue has generated robust discussion over the past two decades without consensus, and as such the true prevalence of so-called paediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) remains unknown. In this article we offer a solution to break this deadlock. Recent meta-analyses and additional literature concerning the definition and prevalence of PBD was critically reviewed with a view to understanding the perspectives of those developing the taxonomy of PBD, and those engaged in research and clinical practice. A key finding is the lack of iteration and meaningful communication between the various groups interested in PBD that stems from deep-seated problems within our classificatory systems. This undermines our research efforts and complicates clinical practice. These problems make the already difficult diagnosis of bipolar disorder in adults even more challenging to transpose to younger populations, and additional complexities arise when parsing clinical phenomenology from normative developmental changes in youth. Therefore, in those manifesting bipolar symptoms post-puberty, we argue for the use of adolescent bipolar disorder to describe bipolar symptoms whereas in pre-pubertal children, we propose a reconceptualisation that allows symptomatic treatment to be advanced whilst requiring critical review of these symptoms over time. Significant changes in our current taxonomy are necessary and to be clinically meaningful, these revisions to our diagnoses need to be developmentally-informed.

Homicidal ideation and psychiatric comorbidities in the inpatient adolescents aged 12-17.

Adolescents with a homicidal tendency is a growing concern in the United States. Studies in the past have showcased the relationship between homicidal ideation (HI) and psychiatric illnesses, but very limited information is available on the adolescent and inpatient population. We aim to evaluate the prevalence of demographic characteristics and psychiatric disorders in adolescents with and without HI. Adolescent (age 12-17) population admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of homicidal ideation was identified from the 2016-2018 National Inpatient Sample Dataset (NISD). Patients without HI were defined as the control group. The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities between the groups was compared by applying the Rao-Scott adjusted chi-square test. We used multivariable logistic regression to generate odds ratio (OR) of homicidal ideation as an outcome; we adjusted age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, substance use disorders, alcohol use disorders, and psychiatric comorbidities. A total of 18,935 patients (mean age: 14.5) with HI diagnosis were identified in this study. Majority of the patients were male subjects in the HI group compared to the control group (58.7 vs. 41.2%, p < 0.001). Racially, HI was more prevalent in white race (56.0 vs. 52.6%, p < 0.001) and black race (22.3 vs. 17.8%, p < 0.001), compared to Hispanic race (14.9 vs. 21.3%, p < 0.001). Major depression (Odds ratio [OR]: 2.66, p < 0.001), bipolar disorder (OR: 3.52, p < 0.001), anxiety disorder (OR: 1.85, p < 0.001), ADHD, and other conduct disorders (OR: 4.01, p < 0.001), schizophrenia (OR: 4.35, p < 0.001) are strong predictors of HI. Suicidality was prevalent in 66.9% of patients with HI. We found a higher prevalence of psychiatric illnesses such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder in adolescents with homicidal ideation in the inpatient setting. White and black races were more prevalent in patients with homicidal ideation. Further large-scale longitudinal research studies are warranted to establish the correlation between psychiatric disorders and homicidal ideation among adolescents.