Biphasic Form Research Articles

An extended multiplicative error model of allometry: Incorporating systematic components, non-normal distributions, and piecewise heteroscedasticity.

Allometry refers to the relationship between the size of a trait and that of the whole body of an organism. Pioneering observations by Otto Snell and further elucidation by D'Arcy Thompson set the stage for its integration into Huxley's explanation of constant relative growth that epitomizes through the formula of simple allometry. The traditional method to identify such a model conforms to a regression protocol fitted in the direct scales of data. It involves Huxley's formula-systematic part and a lognormally distributed multiplicative error term. In many instances of allometric examination, the predictive strength of this paradigm is unsuitable. Established approaches to improve fit enhance the complexity of the systematic relationship while keeping the go-along normality-borne error. These extensions followed Huxley's idea that considering a biphasic allometric pattern could be necessary. However, for present data composing 10 410 pairs of measurements of individual eelgrass leaf dry weight and area, a fit relying on a biphasic systematic term and multiplicative lognormal errors barely improved correspondence measure values while maintaining a heavy tails problem. Moreover, the biphasic form and multiplicative-lognormal-mixture errors did not provide complete fit dependability either. However, updating the outline of such an error term to allow heteroscedasticity to occur in a piecewise-like mode finally produced overall fit consistency. Our results demonstrate that when attempting to achieve fit quality improvement in a Huxley's model-based multiplicative error scheme, allowing for a complex allometry form for the systematic part, a non-normal distribution-driven error term and a composite of uneven patterns to describe the heteroscedastic outline could be essential.

Crab (Charybdis natator) exoskeleton derived chitosan nanoparticles for the in vivo delivery of poorly water-soluble drug: Ibuprofen

The study aims to extract and purify chitosan (CS) from the exoskeleton of crab (C. natator) and develop ibuprofen (IBU) encapsulated CS nanoparticles (IBU-CSNPs). Analysis of purified CS revealed characteristic functional and crystallinity peaks. Moreover, morphological analysis of prepared IBU-CSNPs showed uniform spherical shape with a size range of 40–100 nm whereas encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and loading capacity (LC%) were estimated to be 68.94 ± 1.61% and 28 ± 1.18% respectively. Further, in vitro release profile of IBU from IBU-CSNPs was observed to be in biphasic form with initial release up to 15 h followed by the sustained release in different test conditions. Further, the effects of purified CS on the viability of RAW264.7 cells exhibited no toxic effects in higher concentrations. Furthermore, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated nanoparticles (FITC-IBU-CSNPs) were investigated on in vivo model of adult zebrafish for time-dependent circulation and accumulation of the drug through the nano-carrier system. It was observed that the drug diffusion from the nanoparticles was in a sustained manner throughout the gastrointestinal region which resulted in suppression of inflammation. Overall, this study provides an effective and facile process for preparing a crab CS-based nano-carrier system used for the delivery of IBU in vivo which may help in the curing of prolonged chronic inflammatory diseases. Moreover, it may also help to reduce adverse effects of these drugs in the gastrointestinal tract such as ulcers and bleeding.

Nanosuspension: A Modern Approach In Drug Delivery System- A Review

The drugs moiety included in Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class II and Class IV has low aqueous solubility and remedy for the solubility problem is nanotechnology techniques. Nanotechnology techniques play an important role at the molecular level and nano length scale size. To increase the dissolution rate of drug moiety which directly lead to increase bioavailability of drug depends on decrease drug particles into nano-scale range. Nanotechnology techniques in the pharmaceutical field include nanosuspension. Nanosuspension is biphasic dosage forms contain colloidal dispersions of nanosized drug particles which are stabilized by surface-active agents. Nanosuspension dosage form increases the stability and bioavailability of low aqueous soluble drugs. Solubility plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of drugs irrespective of the route of administration. Most of the presently investigated drug moieties having lower aqueous solubility and therefore has low bioavailability of drugs. The study is focused on formulation consideration, various methods of preparation along with evaluation parameters of nanosuspension.

Nocturnal finger skin temperature in menstrual cycle tracking: ambulatory pilot study using a wearable Oura ring

BackgroundBody temperature is a common method in menstrual cycle phase tracking because of its biphasic form. In ambulatory studies, different skin temperatures have proven to follow a similar pattern. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the applicability of nocturnal finger skin temperature based on a wearable Oura ring to monitor menstrual cycle and predict menstruations and ovulations in real life.MethodsVolunteer women (n = 22) wore the Oura ring, measured ovulation through urine tests, and kept diaries on menstruations at an average of 114.7 days (SD 20.6), of which oral temperature was measured immediately after wake-up at an average of 1.9 cycles (SD 1.2). Skin and oral temperatures were compared by assessing daily values using repeated measures correlation and phase mean values and differences between phases using dependent t-test. Developed algorithms using skin temperature were tested to predict the start of menstruation and ovulation. The performance of algorithms was assessed with sensitivity and positive predictive values (true positive defined with different windows around the reported day).ResultsNocturnal skin temperatures and oral temperatures differed between follicular and luteal phases with higher temperatures in the luteal phase, with a difference of 0.30 °C (SD 0.12) for skin and 0.23 °C (SD 0.09) for oral temperature (p < 0.001). Correlation between skin and oral temperatures was found using daily temperatures (r = 0.563, p < 0.001) and differences between phases (r = 0.589, p = 0.004). Menstruations were detected with a sensitivity of 71.9–86.5% in window lengths of ±2 to ±4 days. Ovulations were detected with the best-performing algorithm with a sensitivity of 83.3% in fertile window from − 3 to + 2 days around the verified ovulation. Positive predictive values had similar percentages to those of sensitivities. The mean offset for estimations were 0.4 days (SD 1.8) for menstruations and 0.6 days (SD 1.5) for ovulations with the best-performing algorithm.ConclusionsNocturnal skin temperature based on wearable ring showed potential for menstrual cycle monitoring in real life conditions.

DRomics: A Turnkey Tool to Support the Use of the Dose-Response Framework for Omics Data in Ecological Risk Assessment.

Omics approaches (e.g., transcriptomics, metabolomics) are promising for ecological risk assessment (ERA) since they provide mechanistic information and early warning signals. A crucial step in the analysis of omics data is the modeling of concentration-dependency which may have different trends including monotonic (e.g., linear, exponential) or biphasic (e.g., U shape, bell shape) forms. The diversity of responses raises challenges concerning detection and modeling of significant responses and effect concentration (EC) derivation. Furthermore, handling high-throughput data sets is time-consuming and requires effective and automated processing routines. Thus, we developed an open source tool (DRomics, available as an R-package and as a web-based service) which, after elimination of molecular responses (e.g., gene expressions from microarrays) with no concentration-dependency and/or high variability, identifies the best model for concentration-response curve description. Subsequently, an EC (e.g., a benchmark dose) is estimated from each curve, and curves are classified based on their model parameters. This tool is especially dedicated to manage data obtained from an experimental design favoring a great number of tested doses rather than a great number of replicates and also to handle properly monotonic and biphasic trends. The tool finally provides restitution for a table of results that can be directly used to perform ERA approaches.

BiOBr‐Ag8SnS6 heterostructured nanocomposite photocatalysts: Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic application

AbstractBiOBr‐Ag8SnS6 heterostructured nanocomposite photocatalysts have been synthesized by chemical coprecipitation method in the presence of ethylene glycol solvent at a temperature of 100 °C for 4 hr. The synthesized BiOBr‐Ag8SnS6 heterostructured composites were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible near‐infrared spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area measurement. X‐ray diffraction pattern of BiOBr‐Ag8SnS6 heterostructures showed the peaks corresponding to tetragonal structure of BiOBr and orthorhombic structure of Ag8SnS6 nanoparticles, which indicated that they exist in biphasic form in the composite. Photoluminescence studies showed that the BiOBr‐Ag8SnS6‐1 composite possesses the lowest recombination rate of e−–h+ pairs. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of BiOBr, Ag8SnS6 nanoparticles, BiOBr‐Ag8SnS6‐1, and BiOBr‐Ag8SnS6‐2 was found to be 0.05, 2.35, 1.88, and 1.0 m2/g, respectively. BiOBr‐Ag8SnS6 heterostructured nanocomposite photocatalysts exhibited robust photodegradation towards degradation of indigo carmine dye than that of single‐phase BiOBr and Ag8SnS6 nanoparticles under sunlight irradiation. The enhanced photoactivity could be ascribed to heterostructure effect between BiOBr and Ag8SnS6 nanoparticles, an improved visible light absorption and the separation and easy transfer of photogenerated electrons and holes, across the interface of BiOBr‐Ag8SnS6. The radical scavenger experiments showed that photogenerated holes and superoxide radicals were the main active species involved in the photodegradation process of indigo carmine.

BiOCl-Ag8SnS6 heterostructure: Facile preparation and photocatalytic applications

BiOCl-Ag8SnS6 heterostructured nanocomposites have been synthesized by chemical coprecipitation method in presence of ethylene glycol solvent and capping agent at a moderate temperature (100 °C, 4 h). The BiOCl-Ag8SnS6 heterostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, UV–vis NIR spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurement. XRD pattern of BiOCl-Ag8SnS6 heterostructure showed the peaks corresponding to orthorhombic structure of Ag8SnS6 nanoparticles and tetragonal structure of BiOCl indicating that they exist in biphasic form. BET surface area of BiOCl microspheres, Ag8SnS6 nanoparticles and BiOCl-Ag8SnS6-2 were found to be 1.91 m2/g, 2.35 m2/g and 4.52 m2/g, respectively. BiOCl-Ag8SnS6 heterostructured composites exhibited robust photocatalytic degradation towards degradation of congo red dye than that of single phase BiOCl and Ag8SnS6 nanoparticles under sunlight irradiation. This could be ascribed to heterostructure effect between BiOCl and Ag8SnS6 nanoparticles which facilitate the separation and easy transfer of photogenerated electrons and holes, across the BiOCl-Ag8SnS6 interface resulting into an enhanced photocatalytic activity. The results of different scavengers confirm that photogenerated holes and superoxide radicals was the main active species for oxidising congo red dye during the photocatalytic process.

Formulation aspects behind the Development of a Stable Biphasic Liquid Dosage Form with Special Reference to Microemulsion: A Review

Formulation aspects behind the Development of a Stable Biphasic Liquid Dosage Form with Special Reference to Microemulsion: A Review

Prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella species isolated from captive reptiles in the Czech Republic

This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and characterising the strains of Salmonella species in various captive reptiles in the Czech Republic. A total of 211 samples of cloacal swabs from lizards, chelonians and snakes, and 14 swabs from terraria surfaces were collected between November 2014 and July 2015. After isolation according to the reference method (EN ISO), Salmonella spp. isolates were characterised using serotyping and macrorestriction analysis followed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Altogether, 39 isolates were obtained from 29 (19%) reptiles and from terraria surfaces. Among the different reptilian species, Salmonella spp. were found in 22 (25.6%) lizards, three (17.6%) snakes and four (8%) chelonians with 31 isolates classified as Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica and eight isolates classified as Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae. In total, 14 different serotypes were detected, with the most frequent serotypes being Salmonella Oranienburg, S. Fluntern, S. Tennessee and S. Cotham. Resistance to one antimicrobial agent (ampicillin, tetracycline or streptomycin) was detected in five isolates. The results of the macrorestriction analysis within the serotype groups showed varying level of heterogeneity. This study confirms that reptiles kept as pets can be both carriers and reservoirs of Salmonella spp., and that they can harbour various serotypes with intermittent excretion of the bacteria in faeces. Half of the detected serotypes have been involved in human reptile-associated salmonellosis cases in the past. S. enterica subsp. salamae serotype O:1,13,23;H:z29;H:1,5, monophasic S. enterica subsp. salamae serotype O:40;H:g,t;H:– and its biphasic form (S. enterica subsp. salamae serotype O:40;H:g,t;H:1,5) have apparently been isolated from reptiles for the first time in this study.

Formulation aspects behind the development of a stable biphasic liquid dosage form with special reference to microemulsion

Biphasic liquid dosage have an associated limitation of poor physical stability and therefore it is said to be thermodynamically unstable. Moreover, this area is also of great interest among the researchers towards the improvement of the stability. Thus, development of microemulsion systems is of great interest among the researchers. A microemulsion is a system of water, oil and amphiphilic compounds (surfactant and co-surfactant) which is a transparent, single opticalisotropic and thermodynamical stable liquid. Microemulsions are readily distinguished from normal emulsions by their transparency, low viscosity and more fundamentally their thermodynamic stability. In this review article, the various aspects of pharmaceutical microemulsion were compiled together and the target audiences are specifically the M. Pharm and B. Pharm students so that their knowledge towards the subject concern can be enhanced and also at the same time can be motivated towards the publication.

Photocatalytic decomposition of cyanide in pure water by biphasic titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Cyanide found in industrial wastes is among the critical environmental issues. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of various operating parameters, such as cyanide initial concentration, hydrogen peroxide dosage, amount of catalyst, UV light intensity and acidity on the photocatalytic degradation of cyanide using TiO2 nanoparticles. The characterization of synthesized nanoparticles was also conducted using X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Biphasic form of TiO2 nanoparticles indicated the maximum removal yield and complete degradation of cyanide. Increase in initial concentration of cyanide causes decrease in removal yield. The complete removal of cyanide was achieved with dose of 3 mg L−1 in 45 min, while lasting for 90 min without H2O2 degradation process. In addition, at pH 11 and catalyst content of 1 g L−1, the maximum cyanide removal was observed. The efficiency of cyanide removal can be affected by various operating parameters. Increasing cyanide concentration resulted in decreasing removal rate of cyanide, as for concentrations 15 and 100 ppm cyanide was completely degraded during 10 and 90 min, respectively. Moreover, for cyanide degradation, the optimum TiO2 content and pH were determined as 1 g L−1 and 11, respectively. Furthermore, the efficiency of removal process corresponds with the increased UV lamp irradiation and H2O2 dosage.

Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Degradation of Cyanide in Wastewater

Cyanide is highly toxic, and although various approaches have been employed for its remediation, these methods do not have the required performance. This report describes the synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with maximum photocatalytic properties and their application for the treatment of cyanide in wastewater. Three types of crystalline titanium nanoparticles were synthesized: anatase, rutile, and a biphasic mix of rutile and anatase. The phase and microscopic properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The specific surfaces of the particles were determined, and their photocatalytic activity was studied under the ultraviolet irradiation for cyanide degradation. The results indicate that an increase in sulfate ion leads to changes in the phase ratios of rutile to anatase. The diameter of the nanoparticles was between 18 and 22 nm, and they displayed high photocatalytic properties. The biphasic form of the titanium dioxide nanoparticles demonstrated the highest removal of cyanide. Complete degradation of cyanide was observed in a pilot scale experiment.

Paired-Pulse Plasticity in the Strength and Latency of Light-Evoked Lateral Inhibition to Retinal Bipolar Cell Terminals

Synapses in the inner plexiform layer of the retina undergo short-term plasticity that may mediate different forms of adaptation to regularities in light stimuli. Using patch-clamp recordings from axotomized goldfish Mb bipolar cell (BC) terminals with paired-pulse light stimulation, we isolated and quantified the short-term plasticity of GABAergic lateral IPSCs (L-IPSCs). Bright light stimulation evoked ON and OFF L-IPSCs in axotomized BCs, which had distinct onset latencies (∼50-80 and ∼70-150 ms, respectively) that depended on background light adaptation. We observed plasticity in both the synaptic strength and latency of the L-IPSCs. With paired light stimulation, latencies of ON L-IPSCs increased at paired-pulse intervals (PPIs) of 50 and 300 ms, whereas OFF L-IPSC latencies decreased at the 300 ms PPI. ON L-IPSCs showed paired-pulse depression at intervals <1 s, whereas OFF L-IPSCs showed depression at intervals ≤1 s and amplitude facilitation at longer intervals (1-2 s). This biphasic form of L-IPSC plasticity may underlie adaptation and sensitization to surround temporal contrast over multiple timescales. Block of retinal signaling at GABA(A)Rs and AMPARs differentially affected ON and OFF L-IPSCs, confirming that these two types of feedback inhibition are mediated by distinct and convergent retinal pathways with different mechanisms of plasticity. We propose that these plastic changes in the strength and timing of L-IPSCs help to dynamically shape the time course of glutamate release from ON-type BC terminals. Short-term plasticity of L-IPSCs may thus influence the strength, timing, and spatial extent of amacrine and ganglion cell inhibitory surrounds.

Discrepancy Between the Quantitative Ultrasound Value of Malaysian Men and the Manufacturer’s Reference and the Impact on Classification of Bone Health Status

The local normative value in quantitative ultrasound (QUS) equipment needs to be established for wider application and accurate classification of patients into respective fracture risk groups. The present study aimed to establish the calcaneal speed of sound (SOS) value for Chinese and Malay men in Malaysia and determine the difference between calcaneal SOS of the local population and the reference values provided by the manufacturer for each age group. This study will also determine the effect of using the manufacturer’s young adult (20–29yr) reference or the local young adult reference to classify the subjects into the respective risk groups. Eight hundred forty Malay and Chinese men residing in central peninsular Malaysia were recruited and their calcaneal QUS value was determined using the CM-200 machine (Furuno Electric, Nishinomiya City, Japan). The results showed that the differences in SOS values between Chinese and Malay men were not significant across all the age groups studied (p>0.05). The age-dependent reduction of SOS value assumed a biphasic form, which was evident at 30–39yr and older than 60yr. The calcaneal SOS of the subject under study was significantly higher as compared with the manufacturer’s reference (based on Japanese population) in all groups aged 40yr and older (p<0.05). A significant proportion of the subjects in the osteoporosis group was misclassified using the manufacturer’s young adult reference as compared with using the local young adult reference (p<0.05). In conclusion, the overall normative value of SOS obtained was suitable for Chinese and Malay men in Malaysia, and a local reference value should be applied to avoid misclassification of subjects into the respective risk groups.

PEG-anchored rhodium polyether diphosphinite complex as an efficient homogeneous and recyclable catalyst for hydroaminomethylation of olefins

Abstract A recyclable rhodium polyether diphosphinite complex anchored in polyethylene glycol [RhPEGD] was studied for hydroaminomethylation of various olefins with primary and secondary amines. The protocol was optimized with respect to various reaction parameters and the general applicability of catalyst for hydroaminomethylation of different functionalized olefins with corresponding amines was investigated. During the course of reaction, catalyst was soluble with reactants/products while could be quantitatively separated from reaction media in biphasic form by addition of anti-solvent on completion of reaction. The catalyst exhibited remarkable activity and was subsequently recycled up to five consecutive cycles.

ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Polyether Diphosphinite Complex Anchored in Polyethylene Glycol as an Efficient Homogeneous Recyclable Catalyst for the Heck Reactions.

Abstract Palladium polyether diphosphinite complex anchored on polyethylene glycol is reported as an efficient catalyst for Heck coupling reactions. The catalyst is soluble in the solvent with reactants and products during reaction and can be separated from reaction media in biphasic form by the addition of anti-solvent like n -hexane and further recycled. The developed methodology offers mild reaction condition, short reaction time with an excellent recyclability of the catalyst. Aryl iodides as well as aryl bromides are well tolerated giving excellent yields.

Palladium polyether diphosphinite complex anchored in polyethylene glycol as an efficient homogeneous recyclable catalyst for the Heck reactions

Palladium polyether diphosphinite complex anchored on polyethylene glycol is reported as an efficient catalyst for Heck coupling reactions. The catalyst is soluble in the solvent with reactants and products during reaction and can be separated from reaction media in biphasic form by the addition of anti-solvent like n-hexane and further recycled. The developed methodology offers mild reaction condition, short reaction time with an excellent recyclability of the catalyst. Aryl iodides as well as aryl bromides are well tolerated giving excellent yields.

Synovialosarcome primitif rénal : une tumeur kystique chez des patients jeunes

The study of the clinical, histological and immunohistochemical aspects of three kidney tumors corresponding to synovial sarcomas operated on in our center over three years. Three patients aged between 27 and 33 had an enlarged nephrectomy for kidney tumors corresponding to a histological examination of a synovial sarcoma. The tumors were symptomatic in 100% of cases with back pain and spontaneous rupture. Size varied from 5 to 13cm. The radiological aspect was a cystic tumor (BosniakIV) in two cases and in the other a spontaneous perirenal hematoma. Two were in the right kidney and one in the left kidney. The parts were analyzed after fixation. Immunohistochemical coloration and an analysis in molecular biology by RT-PCR of fusion transcripts were carried out. One patient died because of local development and metastasis 24 months after an enlarged nephrectomy associated with radio chemotherapy (Maidprotocol). Two patients were in total remission after an average of 25 months following the same treatment. The histology found a mesenchymal fusocellular monotone proliferation corresponding to a sarcoma. In all three cases, it was a biphasic form with plaques of fusiform cells and epithelial cells. The immunohistochemical study shows a positivity of the contingent epithelial and fusiform. The muscular markers were negative. A study in molecular biology of the fusion transcript allowed for the finding of a translocation (X;18) in all three cases. Primitive synovial sarcoma of the kidney occured in young patients. The translocation (X;18) is pathognomonic of the diagnosis. The prognosis is bleak despite complete excision, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Mucinous, gland predominant synovial sarcoma of a large peripheral nerve: a rare case closely mimicking metastatic mucinous carcinoma

Synovial sarcoma is a distinctive soft tissue neoplasm with monophasic and biphasic forms. It is typically a deep-seated soft tissue tumour of the extremities of young adults and occasional cases...

Immunostaining for SYT protein discriminates synovial sarcoma from other soft tissue tumors: analysis of 146 cases

Synovial sarcoma in its classic biphasic form can be distinguished readily from other soft tissue lesions; however, monophasic and poorly differentiated forms are diagnostically more problematic. For this reason, we assessed the efficacy of immunostaining for SYT and SSX1 proteins, the gene products resulting from unique synovial sarcoma translocation, to distinguish synovial sarcoma from other soft tissue lesions. A total number of 146 cases were analyzed, including 47 synovial sarcoma cases (all of which were verified by FISH to have t(X; 18) translocation and SYT–SSX fusion gene) and 99 soft tissue tumors of various types. A polyclonal IgG antibody against SYT was used to stain formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues. Forty-one out of 47 (87%) synovial sarcoma displayed strong positive nuclear staining (ranging from 80 to 90% of the tumor cells) for SYT antibody. Nineteen of 99 (19%) non-synovial sarcoma cases showed variable nuclear and cytoplasmic staining with SYT, which ranged from 20 to 60% of tumor nuclei, and included malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (5/25), solitary fibrous tumor (2/14), Ewing sarcoma (2/6), low grade fibromyxoid tumor (2/4), extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (2/6), gastrointestinal tumor (4/17), epithelioid sarcoma (2/2). The remaining non-synovial sarcomas were negative. This is the first study demonstrating SYT protein expression in tissue sections of synovial sarcoma. This method could provide an easy, rapid and widely applicable means of assisting in the diagnosis of synovial sarcoma, particularly when material and/or resources are unavailable for PCR or FISH-based testing. However, as variable weak staining for SYT may be encountered in a small percentage of non-synovial sarcoma sarcomas, a positive interpretation should be made only when the staining is strong, nuclear and present in the majority of cells.