Field Of Biotechnology Research Articles

Associations Between Microsatellites Markers and Growth Traits in Goat

The rapid progress in the field of biotechnology gives us a great chance to improve the productivity of our native animals in short time, relatively. The situation in Saudi Arabia not differ in compare with other country in our region which have a big challenge to increase the meat production for food security purposes. The situation in goat is very far from the point which other farm animals like cattle reached today, where a complete QTLs maps for most important traits is available. But by the same way, long time ago we have a complete comparative map between goat and both sheep and cattle. According to that in the previous investigation in both sheep and cattle we collected a total of 19 loci distributed in goat different chromosomes along with a total of 1050 records from 525 individual of a crossbred of Aradi and Damascus Goat were used to perform the linkage analysis. The studied traits were body weight at birth, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks of age. The association between microsatellite markers and body weights traits were estimated by stepwise partial regression. Twelve markers (BMS2325, BMS332, BM17132, BMS1316, BM1827, BM1225, BMS2142, BM1558, BMS2809, BMS1348, BMC4216 and BM1329) successfully linked to studied traits. These markers are. In general, our work design and plan successfully worked and could explained some of genetic vitiation by using microsatellites markers. Further work to build a complete QTLs map for meat production traits is necessary to make a complete view about this important species.

Design and experimental evaluation of a compact inchworm piezoelectric actuator with bridge-type displacement amplification mechanism

Abstract Miniaturization is an important direction in piezoelectric actuator research, with related efforts focusing on reducing structural complexity and simplifying guiding mechanisms. However, some actuators experience backward movement after miniaturization design. There remains significant room for improvement in mechanism configuration and the design of flexible amplification mechanisms to further reduce actuator size. In this paper, a compact inchworm actuator with bridge-type displacement amplification mechanism (BTDAM) is proposed, which does not require an additional guiding mechanism and adopts a three-dimensional packaging approach with high space utilization and a compact amplification mechanism. Because the output capacity of the BTDAM significantly impacts the operating performance of the actuator, mathematical modeling and simulation analysis are conducted. Compared with the experimental results of the amplification ratio of the BTDAM, the error of the theoretical model was 5.05%, and that of the FEM analysis was 9.1%. The dimensions of the prototype are 23 × 23 × 19 mm, and it weighs 23 g. The test results indicate that the proposed actuator can achieve stable stepping motion without backward movement. Under a voltage of 75 V, the proposed actuator achieves a maximum motion speed of 384 μm/s and a maximum output force of 1.7 N. With its compact structure and light weight, the proposed actuator shows promising application prospects in the aerospace and bioengineering fields.

Predictive model of spatial nematic order in confined cell populations

Two-dimensional tissues made of spindle-shaped cells have many applications in the fields of tissue engineering and biotechnology. The uniformity of the tissues is critically affected by topological defects, which are singular points of cell alignment. For systematic control and analysis of defect distributions, this paper proposes a numerical method to predict and quantify spatial distributions of defects in two-dimensional domains. In the proposed method, spindle-shaped cells are modeled as nematic liquid crystals, whose alignment and Frank elastic energy are explicitly expressed. The equilibrium distributions of the defects can then be calculated using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method. The proposed method was experimentally verified by culturing mouse myoblast (C2C12) cells on microwells. The order of the defect scattering was almost the same as for the proposed estimation method, indicating that the proposed method can be used for the systematic design of topographical guides for controlling defect distributions.

The future of warfare. Anticipated changes in military trends

Purpose: to discuss the changes in the scientific and technical field, and examine their impact on military art. Method: comparative analysis, and synthesis. Findings: Today's military and political realities require the Armed Forces to be ready for wars that may occur at any time, including in the future, in order to ensure the country's national security. Because, as in the past, the struggle for natural resources, competition between states, aspirations for hegemony, as well as ideological differences and security concerns, which lead to military conflicts, will continue in the future. At the same time, the great progress achieved and expected in the field of technology will significantly change the traditional forms and methods of fighting. The study and skillful application of these forms and methods in the Armed Forces will be one of the main conditions for success in future wars. Scientific and technical progress affects all areas of human activity without exception, and has a noticeable effect on the development of methods and forms of war. In the future, the content and typology of military operations, strategy and tactics, forms and methods of application of armed forces will be formed under the influence of scientific and technical progress, mainly in the fields of artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and nanotechnology. For this reason, in order to study the nature of future wars, to predict the methods and forms of military operations, the article considers the causes of wars, discusses the changes in the scientific and technical field, and examines their impact on military art. Theoretical implications: The paper enhances our understanding of significant transformations due to advancements in technology, changes in geopolitical dynamics, and evolving societal expectations, against the backdrop of the extensive use of autonomous systems, including drones, unmanned vehicles, and AI-powered decision-making tools. Practical implications: The paper contibutes to the development of military strategies and operational plans, which consider how technological, social, and geopolitical changes will concretely affect the future warfare. Value: The study offers significant value in understanding and predicting the nature and character of future warfare and provides multiple lenses through which to analyze the war and devise strategies in line with emerging security threats.

Experimental and Numerical Studies of the Temperature Field in a Dielectrophoretic Cell Separation Device Subject to Joule Heating.

Technologies for rapid and high-throughput separation of rare cells from large populations of other types of cells have recently attracted much attention in the field of bioengineering. Among the various cell separation technologies proposed in the past, dielectrophoresis has shown particular promise because of its preciseness of manipulation and noninvasiveness to cells. However, one drawback of dielectrophoresis devices is that their application of high voltage generates Joule heat that exposes the cells within the device to high temperatures. To further explore this problem, this study investigated the temperature field in a previously developed cell separation device in detail. The temperature rise at the bottom of the microfluidic channel in the device was measured using a micro-LIF method. Moreover, the thermofluidic behavior of the cell separation device was numerically investigated by adopting a heat generation model that takes the electric-field-dependent heat generation term into account in the energy equation. Under the operating conditions of the previously developed cell separation device, the experimentally obtained temperature rise in the device was approximately 20 °C, and the numerical simulation results generally agreed well. Next, parametric calculations were performed with changes in the flow rate of the cell sample solution and the solution conductivity, and a temperature increase of more than 40 °C was predicted. The results demonstrated that an increase in temperature within the cell separation device may have a significant impact on the physiological functions of the cells, depending on the operating conditions of the device.

Synthesis and Characterization of Carbonaceous Materials for Medical Applications: A Comprehensive Review

Carbonaceous materials have gained significant attention in recent years for their various applications in the field of medicine and biotechnology. This comprehensive review explores the synthesis and characterization of carbon-based materials and their potentials in various medical applications. The paper delves into the methods of fabrication of carbon-based nanoparticles, such as carbon nanotubes, biochar, and graphene, while highlighting their unique properties. Characterization techniques, such as microscopy, spectroscopy, and surface analysis, are discussed to provide insights into the chemical and structural properties of these materials. Furthermore, the review examined their wide-ranging medical applications, encompassing tissue engineering, drug delivery, biosensing, and imaging, showcasing the versatility and promising contributions of carbonaceous materials in the healthcare industry. The review outlines the current challenges and prospects in the field, emphasizing the growing significance of carbon-based materials as valuable tools in advancing medical science and technology, as well as public health.

Novel sol-gel derived layered double oxides and layered double oxide/γ-Al2O3 with tunable selectivity as promising adsorbents for L-lactate uptake from the myoblast culture medium

Cultured meat production, a biotechnological solution for global protein demand and sustainability, faces economic challenges due to the high demand for cell culture medium. Contamination with cell metabolites, particularly L-lactate, impedes myoblast proliferation in high-density suspension culture. Eliminating L-lactate is crucial for reusing the medium and overcoming economic barriers in mass myoblast culture. Retaining essential nutrients like D-glucose, amino acids, and vitamins after L-lactate removal is imperative for sustained myoblast growth. This study proposes a sustainable and economically feasible adsorption technique utilizing novel sol-gel derived Mg-Al layered double oxides and Mg-Al layered double oxide/γ-Al2O3 with tunable selectivity as a promising tool for L-lactate uptake from the myoblast medium. In an aqueous solution, L-lactate uptake and selectivity over D-glucose were enhanced with the decrease in total Mg/Al ratio and crystallinity, increase in Al2O3 dispersion in adsorbent, specific surface area, and porosity. The latter was achieved successfully by metal alkoxide sol-gel method employing an organic structure-directing agent, where LDO/amorphous alumina nanohybrid with Mg/Al = 1.23 was successfully prepared in mixed methanol-ethanol solution in a relatively short time. A simple mixture of Mg-Al LDO with Mg/Al = 2 and nano-γ-Al2O3 prepared by a sustainable and economically feasible co-precipitation method was found to have comparable efficiency and selectivity to a costly sol-gel derived material. In myoblast medium, lower total Mg/Al was associated with higher cytocompatibility, pH-stability, and selectivity, while surface properties of materials did not play a significant role. Nano-γ-Al2O3 was identified as the most promising material for selective L-lactate uptake from the myoblast culture medium. Thus, further optimization of the medium treatment process with nano-γ-Al2O3 can realize cost-effective high-density myoblast culture with circular use of the medium – a novel sustainable process in the biotechnology field.

Maternal consumption of yoghurt activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor increases group 3 innate lymphoid cells in murine offspring

ABSTRACT Indole derivatives are microbial metabolites of the tryptophan pathway involved in gut immune homeostasis. They bind to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), thereby modulating development of intestinal group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) and subsequent interleukin-22 production. In mice, indole derivatives of the maternal microbiota can reach the milk and drive early postnatal ILC3 development. Apart from the gut microbiota, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) also produce indole compounds during milk fermentation. Using germ-free mice, the aim of our study was to test if maternal intake of a dairy product enriched in AhR-activating indoles produced by fermentation could boost maturation of the intestinal innate immune system in the offspring. A set of 631 LAB strains were genetically screened for their potential to produce indole compounds. Among these, 125 strains were tested in combination with standard strains to produce yoghurts that were screened for their ability to activate AhR in vitro using the HepG2–AhR–Luc cell line. The most active yoghurt and a control yoghurt were formulated as pellets and fed to germ-free dams during pregnancy and lactation. Analysis of the offspring on postnatal day 14 using flow cytometry revealed an increase in the frequency of small intestinal lamina propria NKp46 +ILC3 s in the pups born to dams that had consumed the purified diet containing an AhR-active yoghurt (AhrY-diet) compared to control yoghurt (ConY-diet). Selection of LABs based on their ability to produce a fermented dairy able to activate AhR appears to be an effective approach to produce a yoghurt with immunomodulatory properties. IMPORTANCE Key progresses in the sequencing and functional annotation of microbial organisms have revolutionized research in the fields of human metabolism and food biotechnology. In particular, the gut microbiome is now recognized as an important mediator of the impact of nutrition on human metabolism. Annotated genomes of a large number of bacteria are now available worldwide, which selectively transform food through fermentation to produce specific bioactive compounds with the potential to modulate human health. A previous research has demonstrated that the maternal microbiota shapes the neonatal immune system. Similarly, this report shows that lactic acid bacteria can be selected to produce fermented food that can also modulate postnatal intestinal immunity.

Emerging Bioengineering Approaches for Cancer and Tumor Therapy

Cancer has become a significant socioeconomic burden globally, with millions of new cases and deaths each year. The promising field of bioengineering has recently undergone significant advancements, providing new methods for combating cancer. Increasing attention has been directed toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of human diseases, supported by the availability of various genetic tools and rapid technological advancements. These developments have enabled the use of the latest gene therapy techniques for cancer treatment, including gene editing, gene deletion, and correcting defective genes through methods such as TALENs, Zinc fingers, RNAi, CRISPR, site-directed mutagenesis (SDM), and enzyme therapy to modulate catalytic activity. In addition, bioengineering vaccines like mRNA vaccines, bioinformatics, computational tools, artificial intelligence (AI), nanotechnology, and chemotherapy are emerging as significant cancer treatment strategies. Among these, gene editing and gene therapy have gained particular attention in recent years and are often used in combination with other therapeutic approaches. The engineering of enzymes and advancements in nanotechnology have also significantly progressed. AI and bioinformatics have contributed to more precise diagnosis, prediction, and prognosis, enabling tailored treatment of cancer and tumors. Imaging and radiotherapy, enhanced by AI, have improved surgical outcomes, even from remote locations. Precision oncology has emerged, using bacteria and viruses to target tumors directly. In this review, we discuss recent advancements and challenges in various cancer therapies.

Bioengineering breakthroughs: The impact of stem cell models on advanced therapy medicinal product development.

The burgeoning field of bioengineering has witnessed significant strides due to the advent of stem cell models, particularly in their application in advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs). In this review, we examine the multifaceted impact of these developments, emphasizing the potential of stem cell models to enhance the sophistication of ATMPs and to offer alternatives to animal testing. Stem cell-derived tissues are particularly promising because they can reshape the preclinical landscape by providing more physiologically relevant and ethically sound platforms for drug screening and disease modelling. We also discuss the critical challenges of reproducibility and accuracy in measurements to ensure the integrity and utility of stem cell models in research and application. Moreover, this review highlights the imperative of stem cell models to align with regulatory standards, ensuring using stem cells in ATMPs translates into safe and effective clinical therapies. With regulatory approval serving as a gateway to clinical adoption, the collaborative efforts between scientists and regulators are vital for the progression of stem cell applications from bench to bedside. We advocate for a balanced approach that nurtures innovation within the framework of rigorous validation and regulatory compliance, ensuring that stem cell-base solutions are maximized to promote public trust and patient health in ATMPs.

Toxigenic effects of sponges and benthic diatoms on marine invertebrates and their possible biotechnological applications

Secondary metabolites play important physiological roles being bioactive as defences against other organisms, or attractive signals used for various purposes, including reproduction. Their production and the emission in the environment may be viewed as an adaptive feature subjected to evolutionary selection. They were demonstrated to be useful for applications in various biotechnological fields, such as pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmeceutical. Sponges and microalgae, including diatoms, are the most promising sources of bioactive compounds from the sea. We aimed at detecting the ecotoxicological effects of crude extracts and fractions obtained from three marine sponges, Geodia cydonium, Haliclona (Halichoclona) vansoesti and Agelas oroides and two benthic diatoms, Nanofrustulum shiloi and Cylindrotheca closterium on model marine organisms. We tested their effects on the Mediterranean purple sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus, and on two diatoms, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Cylindrotheca closterium, chosen because they are considered standard indicators for assessment of ecological impacts. Our results showed that extracts and fractions from both sponges and diatoms may be harmful for model invertebrates. However, eggs appeared “protected” from sponge allelochemicals when still unfertilized. The majority of sponge fractions exhibited noticeable impacts during the post-fertilization treatments. In contrast, fractions from diatoms notably increased the rate of malformations compared to the control, both in pre- and post-fertilization treatments.

Spatial transcriptomics analysis identifies therapeutic targets in diffuse high-grade gliomas.

Diffuse high-grade gliomas are the most common malignant adult neuroepithelial tumors in humans and a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The advancement of high throughput transcriptome sequencing technology enables rapid and comprehensive acquisition of transcriptome data from target cells or tissues. This technology aids researchers in understanding and identifying critical therapeutic targets for the prognosis and treatment of diffuse high-grade glioma. Spatial transcriptomics was conducted on two cases of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type diffuse high-grade glioma (Glio-IDH-wt) and two cases of IDH-mutant diffuse high-grade glioma (Glio-IDH-mut). Gene set enrichment analysis and clustering analysis were employed to pinpoint differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the progression of diffuse high-grade gliomas. The spatial distribution of DEGs in the spatially defined regions of human glioma tissues was overlaid in the t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) plots. We identified a total of 10,693 DEGs, with 5,677 upregulated and 5,016 downregulated, in spatially defined regions of diffuse high-grade gliomas. Specifically, SPP1, IGFBP2, CALD1, and TMSB4X exhibited high expression in carcinoma regions of both Glio-IDH-wt and Glio-IDH-mut, and 3 upregulated DEGs (SMOC1, APOE, and HIPK2) and 4 upregulated DEGs (PPP1CB, UBA52, S100A6, and CTSB) were only identified in tumor regions of Glio-IDH-wt and Glio-IDH-mut, respectively. Moreover, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses revealed that upregulated DEGs were closely related to PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, virus infection, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. Importantly, the expression of these DEGs was validated using GEPIA databases. Furthermore, the study identified spatial expression patterns of key regulatory genes, including those involved in protein post-translational modification and RNA binding protein-encoding genes, with spatially defined regions of diffuse high-grade glioma. Spatial transcriptome analysis is one of the breakthroughs in the field of medical biotechnology as this can map the analytes such as RNA information in their physical location in tissue sections. Our findings illuminate previously unexplored spatial expression profiles of key biomarkers in diffuse high-grade glioma, offering novel insight for the development of therapeutic strategies in glioma.

Agarose Degrading Potential and Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Marine Bacterium Aliagarivorans sp. Strain DM1 Isolated from the Arabian Sea.

In recent years, agar-degrading bacteria have gained significant interest due to their biotechnological, environmental, microbiological, and industrial applications. Agar poses challenges such as marine waste accumulation, difficult industrial processing, limited natural degradability, and sustainability concerns due to high demand and overharvesting of red algae. The present study addresses the need for efficient agar-degrading microorganisms by isolating Aliagarivorans sp. strain DM1 from biofilm on fabric surfaces in the intertidal regions of the Arabian Sea, India. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain DM1 is closely related to Aliagarivorans taiwanensis AAT1T, and it exhibited significant agar-degrading activity on Zobell marine agar plates. Whole genome sequencing of Aliagarivorans sp. strain DM1, conducted using the Illumina NovaSeq platform, yielded a genome size of 4,898,415bp with an average G + C content of 53.3%. The genome includes 4,518 predicted protein-coding genes (CDS), 86 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, with thirteen predicted agarases identified. The highest enzyme activity recorded was 51.00 U mL-1 on the 6th day of incubation using 10% inoculum, with optimal conditions of pH 8-9, 0.8M NaCl, and temperatures between 50 and 60°C. These findings underscore the promise of Aliagarivorans sp. strain DM1 in developing efficient enzymatic processes that can be applied in various biotechnological and industrial fields, including waste management and agaro-oligosaccharide production. Furthermore, strain DM1 possesses several key characteristics that enhance its adaptability and utility in marine and industrial applications, surpassing closely related strains in enzyme stability, environmental tolerance, and industrial versatility.

Immobilization and Kinetic Properties of ß-N-Acetylhexosaminidase from Penicillium oxalicum

The application of immobilized enzymes often plays a key role in successfully implementing an economically feasible biocatalytic process at an industrial scale. Designing an immobilized biocatalyst involves solving several tasks, from the selection of the carrier and immobilization method to the characterization of the kinetic properties of the immobilized enzyme. In this study, we focused on the kinetic properties of free and immobilized ß-N-acetylhexosaminidase (Hex), a promising enzyme for application in the field of biotechnology, especially for the synthesis of bioactive carbohydrates. Hex was immobilized via covalent binding in methacrylate particles. The effect of immobilizing Hex from Penicillium oxalicum into porous particles on kinetic properties was investigated, and mathematical and experimental modeling showed that the kinetic behavior of the enzyme was significantly influenced by diffusion in the particles. Along with the study on kinetics, a simple method was developed to investigate the reversible inhibition of the immobilized enzyme in a continuous-flow system. The method is suitable for application in cases where a chromogenic substrate is used, and here it was applied to demonstrate the inhibitory effects of N-acetyl-glucosaminyl thiazoline (NAG-thiazoline) and O-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosylidene)amino N-phenyl carbamate ((Z)-PugNAc) on Hex.

A Versatile Magnetic Nanoplatform for Plug-and-Play Functionalization: Genetically Programmable Cargo Loading to Bacterial Magnetosomes by SpyCatcher "Click Biology".

Bacterial magnetosomes ("MAGs") represent a promising class of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with exceptional material characteristics and high application potential in the biomedical and biotechnological field. For the surface functionalization of MAGs with different protein cargos, their enveloping membrane can be addressed by genetic means. However, the expression of foreign polypeptides as translational fusion to magnetosome membrane proteins is still laborious and lacks versatility as the generated particles are monospecific and thus restricted to predetermined functions. Utilizing the SpyTag-SpyCatcher (ST-SC) bioconjugate system, we here establish a flexible platform for the targeted nanoassembly of multifunctional MAGs that combines the rapidity of chemical coupling (e.g., by cross-linking reactions) and the unmatched selectivity and controllability of in vivo functionalization. MAGs genetically engineered to display either SC- or ST-connectors are shown to efficiently bind a variety of complementary tagged (protein) cargo. Specifically, we cover a broad spectrum of representative functional moieties and foreign cargo (such as enzymes, antibodies, fluorophores, and silica beads) with relevance in biotechnology and biomedicine and demonstrate the interchangeability of the MAGs-adapted ST-SC system. For the controlled generation of artificial shells surrounding the particles, SC-MAGs are effectively coated by protein-corona proteins. The potential of the here-provided toolkit is even more enhanced by using SC-MAGs as an affinity tool for selective protein pulldown in vitro and in vivo. Overall, this innovative technology turns bacterial MAGs into a flexible magnetic nanoscaffold for the targeted plug-and-play display of virtually unlimited additional functionalities, thereby generating a multitude of magnetic hybrid materials that can be used in many applications.

A Systematic Review of Literature on Intellectual Property and the Creative Industry in Africa Using Scopus

The shift of the world to a knowledge economy, mainly driven by Intellectual Property (IP), calls for research dissemination through scholarly publishing to promote the protection and commercialisation of IP. In Africa, innovations such as mobile payment systems, drones, and development in the fields of renewable energy, biotechnology, and artificial intelligence have become key drivers of economic growth and development. However, many African countries have yet to know and appreciate the value of IP to their economies. The benefits of IP may be fully realised through proper awareness and understanding of IP using scholarly publications. The study sought to examine the published documents that focus on IP and the creative industry in Africa in order to create awareness and understanding of the breadth and scope of IP and IPRs. Content analysis was conducted on Scopus using descriptive informetrics. The Scopus database was used to ascertain the published documents that focus on IP and the creative industry in Africa. The researcher used the search string TITLE, ABSTRACT, KEYWORD and also applied Scopus “Analyse Search Results”, which facilitated in-depth analysis of the documents according to the key indicators (the year of publication, territory or country, source, author, institute/ affiliation, types of document, subject areas and sponsors). The analysis revealed that there were very few documents published each year on IP and the creative industry published in Africa. Although documents on IP and the creative industry in Africa were published through three document types, there was a diversity of the subject areas in which research on IP and the creative industry in Africa was found. Of the available research, most authors were affiliated with institutions in Africa, but only one of the journals belonged to an African country, and of all the sponsors, only four belonged to an African country. There was very little research on IP and the creative industry published in Africa, although IP is applicable to different disciplines. Africa needs to improve its science and technology capacity, research facilities and funding, and understanding and awareness of IP. Scholarly publishing on IP and the creative industries would be more pronounced if supported by local sponsors and journals instead of relying on scholars and institutions affiliated with countries outside Africa.

Evaluation of the probiotic ability of Cellulolytic Bacillus subtilis SBMP4 (FSP20) isolated from waste-dump site in FIIRO, Lagos Nigeria

BACKGROUND: Current invention in the field of biotechnology includes research into the probiotic potentials of enzyme-producing bacteria species. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the probiotic ability of cellulolytic Bacillus subtilis SBMP4 isolated from waste dump site. METHODS: Isolated Bacillus species was screened for cellulolytic ability on carboxyl methylcellulose agar (CMCA), and hydrolysis efficiency was calculated. Probiotic ability of cellulolytic Bacillus species was carried out as follows: pathogenic potentials, bacteriocin producing ability, antibiotic susceptibility testing, gastric acid, and bile tolerance. Molecular identification was done by means of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, blast search analysis and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: Zone of clearance of 30 ± 2.08 mm on CMCA with hydrolysis efficiency of 114 % depicted the isolate’s cellulolytic potential. Bacillus subtilis SBMP4 showed γ-hemolytic phenotype with negative lecithinase activity. Antibacterial activity of bacteriocin observed against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 reference culture, had maximum inhibition zone of 14±1.0 mm at 72 hour of incubation. Substantial susceptibility towards 9 out of 10 commonly used antibiotics further depicted the isolate’s probiotic ability. Bacillus subtilis SBMP4 exhibited good gastric acid tolerance (pH 2.5) of 5.857 Log cycle/ml and good tolerance to 5 % and 10 % bile salt concentrations with 6.134 and 6.301 Log cycle/ml of viable bacteria cells. Molecular identification of the selected bacteria species revealed it to be Bacillus subtilis SBMP4 with RefSeq accession number NR_118383, showing maximum sequence similarity of 98%. CONCLUSION: Cellulolytic Bacillus subtilis SBMP4 possesses good probiotic ability and has the potentials of being applied as additive in livestock feeding to enhance overall productivity. KEYWORDS: Cellulolytic, Probiotic, CelA gene, Bacteriocin, Bacillus subtilis

COURSE

This course booklet is validated by the scientific council of our University Center. It explores in detail the fundamental principles, techniques, and applications in the field of biotechnologies. It serves as an educational resource designed to enhance understanding in various areas impacted by biotechnological advancements.

Increased artemisinin production in Artemisia annua L. by co-overexpression of six key biosynthetic enzymes

Malaria remains a global health issue, especially in resource-limited regions. Artemisinin, a key antimalarial compound from Artemisia annua, is crucial for treatment, but low natural yields hinder large-scale production. In this study, we employed advanced transgenic technology to co-overexpress six key biosynthetic enzymes—Isopentenyl Diphosphate Isomerase (IDI), Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (FPS), Amorpha 4,11-diene Synthase (ADS), cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP71AV1), cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (AACPR) and artemisinic aldehyde D11 reductase (DBR2)—in A. annua to significantly enhance artemisinin production. Our innovative approach utilized a co-expression strategy to optimize the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway, leading to a remarkable up to 200 % increase in artemisinin content in T1 transgenic plants compared to non-transgenic controls. The stability and efficacy of this transformation were confirmed in subsequent generations (T2), achieving a potential 232 % increase in artemisinin levels. Additionally, we optimized transgene expression to maintain plant growth and development, and performed untargeted metabolite analysis using GC–MS, which revealed significant changes in metabolite composition among T2 lines, indicating effective diversion of farnesyl diphosphate into the artemisinin pathway. This metabolic engineering breakthrough offers a promising and scalable solution for enhancing artemisinin production, representing a major advancement in the field of plant biotechnology and a potential strategy for more cost-effective malaria treatment.

Exfoliation of Ti3 C2 MXene using (NH4 )2TiF6 Etchant and Simultaneous Synthesis of Ti3 C2 MXene/NH4 TiOF3 Mesocrystals Hybrids

Abstract A new single-step method is suggested to fabricate block structures consisting of NH4TiOF3 wrapped around Ti3C2 MXene (Ti3C2) by etching Ti3AlC2 MAX phase with (NH4)2TiF6. The optimal reaction conditions for Ti3AlC2 MAX phase and (NH4)2TiF6 are systematically investigated. (NH4)2TiF6 selectively etches the Al in the Ti3AlC2 MAX phase and promotes promoting the mild hydrolysis reaction of (NH4)2TiF6 to form NH4TiOF3 crystals. The exterior shapes of Ti3C2/NH4TiOF3 hybrids can be tuned by adjusting the reagent concentration, reaction temperature. The phase composition, morphology and photophysical properties of the Ti3C2/NH4TiOF3 hybrids are investigated using various characterization techniques. Ti3AlC2 MAX phase reacts with (NH4)2TiF6 at 60 °C for 24 h to form hybrids which are surrounded by NH4TiOF3 crystals simultaneously with the formation of Ti3C2 nanosheet. The resulting Ti3C2/NH4TiOF3 are porous and finely structured, showing potential for various applications in biotechnology, sensing, and environmental fields. This method provides important insights into future applications of Ti3C2/NH4TiOF3 hybrids.