Biosynthesis Of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Research Articles

Biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles from red seaweed Hypnea valentiae and evaluation of their antioxidant and antitumor potential via the AKT/PI3K pathway

This work specifically examines the eco-friendly production of iron oxide nanoparticles from the red seaweed Hypnea valentiae (Hv-Fe3O4-NPs), with an emphasis on their potential applications in cancer treatment. The synthesised Hv-Fe3O4-NPs were characterised and confirmed through various analytical techniques such as UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Diffraction analysis (XRD), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM). Hv-Fe3O4-NPs exhibit notable DPPH and hydrogen peroxide scavenging abilities, suggesting their potential as antioxidants. Moreover, these nanoparticles exhibit effective anticancer efficacy against human MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer) cells (IC50 = 33.89 µg/mL) compared to lung cancer (A549 cells) (IC50 = 66.79 µg/mL). The Hv-Fe3O4-NPs effectively generates the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level to induce apoptotic activity in breast cancer cells. The RT-PCR gene expression analysis showed that Hv-Fe3O4-NPs could downregulate the expression of AKT and PI3K and upregulate the expression of PTEN at 34 µg/mL, showing strong anti-cancer activity. Moreover, the molecular docking examination of compounds from H. valentiae, which targeted the AKT/PI3K pathway proteins in breast carcinoma with aberrant mutations, resulted in advantageous binding scores. This research presents a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach with considerable potential for exhibiting antioxidant and anticancer properties, particularly against breast cancer.

Antibacterial activity of extracellular biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles against locally isolated β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from Egypt

Nowadays, extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli has been recognized and recorded worldwide as one of the main causing agents and a major contributor to nosocomial infections. The current study aimed to isolate and detect β-lactamase-producing E. coli and use it in the extracellular biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs). Fifteen Gram-negative (G-ve), lactose-fermenting, negative citrate and non-spore-forming coliform bacteria were isolated from the total bacterial isolates from water samples. Different tests were performed to detect β-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates including the chromogenic methods as acidimetric and iodometric techniques and the phenotypic methods as cloverleaf test and Masuda double-disc test. ESBL-producing E. coli was detected and confirmed by a modified double disc synergy test using ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, amoxicillin combined with clavulanic acid, imipenem, cefepime, and cefoxitin. The quantitative assay of β-lactamase was done using a micro-iodometric assay. Among E. coli bacterial isolates, S1B1 isolate (the highest isolate of β-lactamase activity) was selected and tested for the extracellular biosynthesis of Fe2O3 NPs. The produced nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscope and Zeta analysis. Results confirmed the successful biosynthesis of Fe2O3 NPs which displayed an absorption peak at 346 nm and a Fe2O3 crystallographic lattice plane at (104). Fe2O3 NPs were negatively charged spherical-shaped NPs with an average size of ≈ 24 ± 2 nm. The FTIR spectrum refers to the presence of NPs-associated proteins which act as stabilizing and capping agents. Antibacterial activity of Fe2O3 NPs was tested against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC6633 (G+ve bacterium), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 (G-ve bacterium), as well as the β-lactamase-producing E. coli S1B1 strain. Fe2O3 NPs revealed moderate to strong antibacterial action against the tested strains with a minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) ranging from 25 to 40 µg/ml.

Retracted: Biosynthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract of Ruellia tuberosa: Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Behaviour Kevlar-Based Hybrid Epoxy Composites.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2023/1731931.].

Aflatoxin detoxification by biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles using green and black tea extracts

Researchers have recently been interested in employing nanoparticles (NPs) obtained from herbal extracts through green synthesis for various applications. This study investigated the detoxification of aflatoxins, which are toxic substances produced by molds Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The present work examined the levels of aflatoxins in hazelnut and peanut puree. Turkish black tea extract (BTE), Turkish green tea extract (GTE), green synthesized black tea-based iron oxide nanoparticles (BTFeONPs), and green tea-based iron oxide nanoparticles (GTFeONPs) were produced for aflatoxin removal. Characterizations and various antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the tea extracts and iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) were investigated. The aflatoxin levels of hazelnut puree used for this study were 6.57 ± 0.06 µg/kg for aflatoxin B1 and 13.03 ± 0.16 µg/kg for total aflatoxin, whereas the aflatoxin levels of (AFLB1) peanut puree were 7.79 ± 0.15 µg/kg for AFLB1 and 15.21 ± 0.12 µg/kg for total aflatoxin. Using soluble BTE resulted in a 40 to 50% decrease in aflatoxin levels in hazelnut and peanut purees, while soluble GTE led to a 30 to 45% decrease. Meanwhile, using BTFeONPs and GTFeONPs resulted in a 33 to 48% and 40 to 50% decrease, respectively, in aflatoxin levels in hazelnut and peanut purees.

Biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles at different temperatures and its application for the removal of Zinc by plant mediated nanoparticle, as an eco-friendly nanoadsorbent

Surface and underground water sources are threatened by various pollutants every day. Due to the fact that heavy metals do not disappear, their presence in the environment is very dangerous. Therefore, in this study, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using Aloe vera extract and their application for Zinc removal from aqueous solution was studied. Nanoparticles were synthesized in different temperature conditions of 25 °C and 90 °C. The synthesized nanoparticle characteristics were identified using SEM, EDX, XRD, BET surface area, FTIR and UV–visible Spectroscopy. The SEM images indicated that the iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized at 25 °C and 90 °C had spherical morphology with average particle diameter 62.96 nm and 65.34 nm and based on BET results with a specific surface area of 37.450 and 42.520 m2 g−1, respectively. Adsorption of Zn(ΙΙ) in aqueous solution on the surface of synthesized nanoparticles was investigated and the highest adsorption efficiency was obtained at pH = 7, T = 25 °C, adsorbent concentration = 0.3 g/L, contact time = 90 min, adsorbed concentration = 10 mg/L. The adsorption fitted the pseudo second-order kinetic rate equation well, which confirmed that adsorption was via chemisorption. Freundlich model compared to Langmuir model can better describe the adsorption behavior of Zinc with iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanoparticles synthesized at 90 °C had a more uniform structure and higher absorption capacity. The absorption efficiency of 99 % was observed for nanoparticles synthesized.

Biogenic synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Spilanthes acmella: antioxidation potential and adsorptive removal of heavy metal ions.

The sequestration of contaminants from wastewater, such as heavy metals, has become a major global issue. Multiple technologies have been developed to address this issue. Nanotechnology is attracting significant interest as a new technology, and numerous nanomaterials have been produced for sequestrating heavy metals from polluted water due to their superior properties arising from the nanoscale effect. This study reports biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IO-NPs) and their applications for adsorptive sequestration of various metal ions from aqueous solutions. Biosynthesis of IO-NPs has been carried out by using leaf extract of Spilanthes acmella, a medicinal plant. FTIR analysis of the leaf extract and biosynthesized IO-NPs marked the role of various functional groups in biosynthesis of IO-NPs. FESEM analysis revealed the average size range of IO-NPs as 50 to 80nm, while polydisperse nature was confirmed by DLS analysis. EDX analysis revealed the presence of Fe, O, and C atoms in the elemental composition of the NPs. The antioxidant potential of the biosynthesized IO-NPs (IC50 = 136.84µg/mL) was confirmed by DPPH assay. IO-NPs were also used for the adsorptive removal of As3+, Co2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions with process optimization at an optimized pH (7.0) using dosage of IO-NPs as 0.6g/L (As3+ and Co2+) and 0.8g/L (Cd2+ and Cu2+). Adsorption isotherm analysis revealed the maximum adsorption efficiency for As3+ (21.83mg/g) followed by Co2+ (20.43mg/g), Cu2+ (15.29mg/g), and Cd2+ (13.54mg/g) using Langmuir isotherm model. The biosynthesized IO-NPs were equally efficient in the simultaneous sequestration of these heavy metal ions signifying their potential as effective nanoadsorbents.

Degradation of oxytetracycline in wastewater based on activated persulfate by biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotube-modified biochar

In this study, a green and safe modified biochar (OBC) was successfully prepared by combining biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles with carbon nanotubes to activate peroxydisulfate for oxytetracycline (OTC) degradation. The OBC exhibited excellent catalytic performance and 91 % OTC was removed based on optimized preparation and operating conditions (initial concentration of 50 mg L−1). Multiple quenching experiments and free radical assays revealed that singlet oxygen (1O2) was the sole active species. Besides, the pathway of 1O2 production was inferred by comprehensive characterization analysis (SEM−EDS, XRD, FTIR, XPS). The OTC removal was mainly attributed to the non-radical pathway consisting of OBC adsorption, 1O2 oxidation, and direct electron transfer combined with the electrochemical measurement results. Meanwhile, the stability of the catalytic system was determined by adjusting the solution parameters. The Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS) showed that OTC was converted to small molecules by dehydration, amino, methyl shedding, or dehydroxylation. This clean, reliable, and energy-efficient activation method will provide insight into the effective treatment of antibiotics from wastewater.

Removal of oxytetracycline from wastewater by biochar modified with biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes: Modification performance and adsorption mechanism

The pollution problem of oxytetracycline (OTC) from wastewater becomes more serious, so an efficient, economical, and green adsorption material is urgently explored. In this study, the multilayer porous biochar (OBC) was prepared by coupling carbon nanotubes with iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by Aquabacterium sp. XL4 to modify corncobs under medium temperature (600 °C) conditions. The adsorption capacity of OBC could reach 72.59 mg g−1 after preparation and operation parameters were optimized. In addition, various adsorption models suggested that OTC removal resulted from the combined effect of chemisorption, multilayer interaction, and disordered diffusion. Meanwhile, the OBC was fully characterized and exhibited a large specific surface area (237.51 m2 g−1), abundant functional groups, stable crystal structure, high graphitization, and mild magnetic properties (0.8 emu g−1). The OTC removal mechanisms mainly included electrostatic interactions, ligand exchange, π-π bonding reactions, hydrogen bonds, and complexation. pH and coexistence substance experiments revealed that the OBC possesses a wide pH adaptation range and excellent anti-interference ability. Finally, the safety and reusability of OBC were confirmed by repeated experiments. In summary, OBC as a biosynthetic material shows considerable potential for application in the field of purifying new pollution from wastewater.

Degradation of malachite green dye by capping polyvinylpyrrolidone and Azadirachta indica in hematite phase of Ni doped Fe2O3 nanoparticles via co-precipitation method

In the present research, a chemical co-precipitation approach has been used to approach the synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic applicability of Ni-doped α-Fe2O3 (hematite) nanoparticles. Biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were successfully synthesized using a non-toxic leaf extract of the Azadirachta indica (AI) plant (neem) as a reducing and stabilizing agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) have all been used to examine the synthesized materials. All of the produced NPs contain only the nanocrystalline hematite phase, according to XRD measurements. The morphology studies of the Ni-doping hematite nanoparticles, as demonstrated by TEM and SEM. The phase purity and phonon modes of the prepared nanoparticles are confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The UV-Vis absorption tests show also that value of the band gap increases together with the reduction in particle size, going from 2.26 eV for chemical α-Fe2O3 to 2.5 eV for green Ni-doped α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Additionally, it was clear from the magnetic characteristics that all of the samples behaved ferromagnetically at ambient temperatures. On the other side, malachite green (MG) dye was used as a surrogate industrial wastewater dye in order to study the photocatalytic efficiency of Ni-doped α-Fe2O3 particles. The pure/green Ni-doped α-Fe2O3 NPs showed that after 70 minutes of exposure, 92% of the MG had become discolored.

Biosynthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Using it to Support the Efficiency of Wastewater Filtration System

Nanoparticles biosynthesis has gained great importance as an active eco-friendly method with economic benefit which overcame on other chemical and physical methods. This research involved green biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) using Escherichia coli (E.coli) isolated from wastewater in Mosul city. Characterization of nanoparticles was performed by using many techniques which included UV-Vis Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transforms Spectroscopy (FTIR). Designing of a locally lab scale wastewater treatment plant was done by using IONPs adding to a dual water purification system, after tightly wrapping the filter with (1%) of IONPs solution up to saturation. Moreover, control filter was used. Sample of wastewater was passed through these filters to detect its effect on wastewater quality, the results showed that NPs filters improved physical, chemical and biological properties of wastewater including total plate count, coliform, fecal coliform and total fungi.

Biogenic Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles using Bergenia ligulata Rhizome Extract and their Biological Activities

Over the last few decades, nanoparticles were synthesized using various methods. Currently, studies are more focussed towards the biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles which has proven to simple, environmental-friendly, convenient and non-toxic as compared to other conventional methods. This work describes the biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO NPs) using Bergenia ligulata rhizome extract. The synthesis of FeO NPs was validated by visual inspections when the colour of solution changed from dark brown to blackish brown. Other characterization including UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, DLS and stability tests were also performed. UV-visible spectrum of FeO NPs revealed high signal at 290 nm. The FTIR spectroscopy analysis revealed various functional groups at different bands. XRD results confirms the crystalline structure of FeO NPs. The size and stability of the synthesized nanoparticles was studied by DLS analysis and stability test. Plant extracts and NPs produced were used for a quantitative study that revealed phenolic and flavonoid compounds in high concentration. ABTS and DPPH tests were carried out to assess the in vitro radical scavenging activities. Further, the antifungal activity was performed against Rosellinia necatrix, Fusarium spp, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This study confirms that the synthesized FeO NPs are a novel natural preservative with possible uses in agricultural applications.

Thermo-physical properties of paraffin wax with iron oxide nanoparticles as phase change material for heat storage applications

Phase change materials (PCMs) are growing in importance in many thermal applications as heat storage or to smooth the energy peak demand in many technological fields in industrial as well as in civil applications. Conductive nanoparticles can be added to phase change material to improve their thermo-physical properties. In this work, Iron oxide nanoparticles (IOx-NPs) were synthesized using a simple and green synthesis method, free of toxic and harmful solvents, using the extract of a plant as a reducer and stabilizer at two different temperatures of calcination 500°C and 750°C. The metallic oxide was used as an additive with 2% wt. compositions to paraffin wax to prepare a nanocomposite. The variation in thermal properties of paraffin wax in the composite was experimentally investigated. The biosynthesized IOx-NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) techniques. The thermal properties of the synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by a thermal conductivity analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The FTIR spectra showed a bond at 535 cm-1, which confirms the Fe-O vibration. The XRD powder analysis revealed the formation of the cubic phase of Fe3O4 with an average particle size of 11 nm at 500°C and the presence of the phase α-Fe2O3 with Fe3O4 at 750°C. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that the obtained oxide was made up of particles of nanoscale size. Experimental measurements showed that the presence of nanoparticles can improve the latent heat capacity by a maximum of 16.16 % and the thermal conductivity of the nanocomposites by a maximum of 16.99%.

Echinochloa frumentacea grains extract mediated synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles: A greener nano drug for potential biomedical applications

Iron oxide nanoparticles have been used in diverse fields due to their significant applications. The synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using plant material extract is a simple, inexpensive and eco-friendly approach. The present study demonstrates the effective bio-synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using grains extract of Echinochloa frumentacea. GC-MS analysis report revealed the information about the phytochemicals in aqueous grains extract. The formation of iron oxide nanoparticles was confirmed using UV–visible, XRD, FTIR, HRTEM, EDX, and mapping analyses. The UV–visible spectrum of iron oxide nanoparticles showed the SPR band at 289 nm. The XRD studies confirmed the formation of high crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles. HRTEM analysis showed that the formed nanoparticles were rectangular and triangular in shape and the size ranged between 20 and 40 nm. The iron oxide nanoparticles revealed significant antibacterial activity against the microbes such as Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi at 150 μg/mL and morphological changes were observed. The high concentration of nanoparticles exhibited 24 and 27 mm zone of inhibition on S. typhi and S. aureus, respectively. We observed the role of biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic properties of nanoparticles, and they showed excellent bioactive properties even at a low IC50 value. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic analyses showed high activity at 95.10, 92.10 and 91.68% for 80 μg/mL concentration, respectively. Moreover, the iron oxide nanoparticles exhibited high cytotoxicity (94.36%) against A549 cancer cells and no toxicity against HEK293 normal cells which showed the biocompatibility of nanoparticles. The larvicidal and insecticidal activities of nanoparticles showed the maximum mortality at 48 h in 100 ppm and 72 h in 75, 100 μg/kg, respectively. The morphological and structural changes in larvae and insects validated the effective biological activities of iron oxide nanoparticles. The plant growth study results recommended that the lower concentration of nanoparticles at 60 ppm was helpful for the germination of seeds and growth of root and stem in the Vigna unguiculata plant. Finally, the study results suggested that the synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles can potentially be useful in pharmaceutical, agricultural, targeted drug delivery and biomedical applications.

Biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles for the degradation of methylene blue dye, sulfisoxazole antibiotic and removal of bacteria from real water

Water pollution that is caused by dyes, bacteria and antibiotics, has resulted in a threat to living organisms, animals and humans, hence there is a need to synthesize multifunctional materials that can be used for the degradation of various pollutants. The aim of this study was to synthesize Iron oxide (Fe3O4) NPs and test this material for photocatalytic degradation and antibacterial activity. The synthesis of Iron oxide (Fe3O4) NPs was conducted using M. burkeana extract and characterised using UV-vis, XRD, BET, SEM, EDS and TGA. The material was then tested for its photocatalytic and antibacterial efficiency against methylene blue dye, antibiotic sulfisoxazole and E. coli and S. aureus bacterial strains. XRD confirmed the formation of Fe3O4 NPs. UV-vis gave optical information whereby an excitation at 320 nm and a bandgap of 3.74 eV was noted. The deposition of the phytochemicals onto the Fe3O4 NPs was demonstrated using FTIR. From the surface analysis, the morphology of the synthesized NPs was found to be rod like and mesoporous. Upon testing for methylene blue degradation, the Fe3O4 NPs were more potent under basic conditions (pH 12) and the O2 radicals were found to be the species responsible for the degradation. Against sulfisoxazole, a 60% degradation was observed. Lastly, when testing these materials against bacterial strains found in tap, pond, river and sewage water, they were potent in particular against gram positive strains. These results show that at optimum conditions, these materials are able to degrade various pollutants in wastewater.

Biosynthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Physico-Chemical Characterization and Their In Vitro Cytotoxicity on Healthy and Tumorigenic Cell Lines.

Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized starting from two aqueous extracts based on Artemisia absinthium L. leaf and stems, employing a simplest, eco-friendliness and low toxicity method—green synthesis. The nanoparticles were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), thermal analysis (TG/DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Lack of magnetic properties and the reddish-brown color of all the samples confirms the presence of hematite as majority phase. The FTIR bands located at 435 cm−1 and 590 cm−1, are assigned to Fe-O stretching vibration from hematite, confirming the formation of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs). The in vitro screening of the samples revealed that the healthy cell line (HaCaT) presents a good viability (above 80%) after exposure to iron oxide NPs and lack of apoptotic features, while the tumorigenic cell lines manifested a higher sensitivity, especially the melanoma cells (A375) when exposed to concentration of 500 µg/mL iron oxide NPs for 72 h. Moreover, A375 cells elicited significant apoptotic markers under these parameters (concentration of 500 µg/mL iron oxide NPs for a contact time of 72 h).

Biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles: Cytotoxic evaluation against human colorectal cancer cell lines

Recent research reveals the impending importance of nanoparticles in medicine. Among various deadly diseases, cancer is one of the most dangerous categories for which no treatment is currently available other than surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, etc. One major issue with these treatments is the side effect such as fatigue, pain, hair loss, vomiting, etc. So a better alternative is extremely desirable in these highly demanding times. Iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted wide interest due to their superparamagnetic properties, nontoxicity and have been used in many fields. Iron oxide NPs are used in cancer magnetic nano therapy because of their magneto-spin effects in free radical reactions and ability to produce oxygen radicals. Iron oxide NPs may also be used in magnetic hyperthermia as a cancer treatment method. In the present study, we studied the apoptosis-inducing activity of biosynthesized iron oxide NPs synthesized via green method using Pimenta dioica leaf extract. The extent of cell viability was investigated using MTT assay. It was observed that the iron oxide NPs significantly reduce the cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. The studies confirm that the biosynthesized iron oxide NPs have an efficient growth-inhibitory effect on DLD-1 human colon cancer cells and are less toxic on normal L929 (fibroblast) cells.

Green and sustainable biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticle (ION) from pomegranate seed and the development of highly reinforced ION based natural rubber (NR) nanocomposite in presence of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) as compatibilizer

This research article explores a green and sustainable approach for the biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (ION) from a natural source of non-edible waste part, seed of pomegranate fruit and the studies its application in natural rubber (NR) as reinforcing filler along with a compatibilizer, ENR. The formation of naturally deep brown colored ION was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis and Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis. The experimental studies shows that the combination of only 1 part per hundred parts of rubber (phr) of the ION and 3phr of ENR can outstandingly increase the overall tensile strength (TS) by nearly 41% and improve others cure and mechanical properties of the NR composite. The cure properties like the maximum rheometric torque (R∞) and the cure rate index (CRI) are increased and the vulcanization time is saved by nearly 24%. The mechanical properties like the modulus at 100%, 300% elongation and the EB (%) are improved in presence of 1phr ION and 3phr of ENR. The thermal aging resistance and thermal stability of the NR composites are also improved in presence of both the ION and the ENR. The compatibility among the ION, ENR and NR was confirmed by analyzing the thermodynamic parameters ΔG and ΔS. The morphology of the nanocomposite was studied by FESEM analysis which confirms the uniform distribution of ION throughout composite matrix. The improvement in the thermal stability of the NR composite is confirmed by the oxidative thermal aging behavior and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) & derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG).

Effects of Biologically Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Rhizospheric Microorganisms Associated with Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

In this study, the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on soil rhizospheric microbial communities of tomato was investigated. Iron oxide nanoparticles were biologically synthesized using plant extract from Azadirachta indica, and characterized using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Varying concentrations (25, 50, 75, or 100 %) of biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles or precursor solution was rhizoinjected into soils in which tomato plants were grown. Plate count method was used to analyse population size and community structure of test subjects. Quantitative analysis of the bacterial and fungal community was determined and diversity indicies were calculated. The results obtained from the analysis revealed that the addition of iron oxide nanoparticles to the soil changed bacterial and fungal community with respect to the control. Also, the bacterial and fungal abundance were changed. Some tolerant microorganisms such as Micrococcus, Stapylococcus, Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Penicillium could withstand high concentrations of iron oxide nanoparticles. Shannon diversity indices showed that there was difference in the diverisity of each concentration of iron oxide nanoparticles for both fungal and bacterial communties. The study's findings showed that high concentration of iron oxide nanoparticles in the soil had adverse effect on both the tomato and the microorganisms associated with the root of the tomato. Further study needs to be conducted to ascertain the magnitude of impact iron oxide nanoparticles will have on plants and rhizosphere microbiome.

Hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solutions using biogenic iron nanoparticles: Kinetics and equilibrium study

Green mediated biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles utilising Rosa indica flower petal extracts (RIFP-FeONPs) was used in this investigation. The RIFP-FeONPs were evaluated by the UV–Visible Spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD, Zeta potentials, and DLS, and been engaged than for the elimination of Cr (VI) from the contaminated environments. At 269 nm, the RIFP-FeONPs surface plasmon vibration bands were observed, which attributed to the Fe3+. XRD patterns of RIFP-FeONPs depicted the intense diffraction peak of face-centered cubic (fcc) iron at a 2θ value of 45.33° from the (311) lattice plane indisputably revealed that the particles are constituted of pure iron. The fabricated nanomaterials are spherical and polydisperse with a diameter of 70–120 nm, and various agglomeration clusters are attributable to intermolecular interaction. Zeta potential measurement and particle size distribution of RIFP-FeONPs showed a mean average size of 115.5 ± 29 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.420. The study aims to analyse the appropriateness of RIFP-FeONPs for removing hexavalent chromium from the aqueous environment and the application of adsorption isotherm and statistical models in the experiment. The sorption of Cr (VI) on RIFP-FeONPs was observed to fit well with the isothermal models (R2 = 0.98). The linear correlation between processing parameters and time demonstrated that the adsorption efficiency of Cr (VI) well correlated with the pseudo-first order kinetic model and isothermal adsorption with the Langmuir and Freundlich isothermal models, so that the RIFP-FeONPs could be a prospective nanosorbent for hexavalent chromium removal from industrial waste.

A Review on Green Synthesis and Applications of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles.

Bio-fabrication of iron oxide nanoparticles by using different sources of plants, plant parts and microbial cells have become a great topic of interest nowadays due to its eco-friendly nature. The stabilizing and capping agents in biological sources are biocompatible, stable and non-toxic which make its use beneficial for various biomedical applications. The bacteria are able to utilize metal ions and convert them into their respective nanoparticles by secreting different biomolecules. The plants and plant parts contain different types of phytochemicals which play a key role in synthesis and bio-fabrication of nanoparticles. Iron oxide nanoparticles are known to have various applications in the fields of medicine, environment etc. This review summarizes the applications of iron oxide nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent, drug delivery agent, material for removal of heavy metals and dyes from aqueous system etc. Due to these wide applications of iron oxide nanoparticles its demand in various fields is increasing considerably. This review describes different approaches which are used for biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles and their applications. The review also summarizes about the surface modification strategies of iron oxide nanoparticles by using different polymers, polyelectrolytes which can be used for in-vivo applications.