Biosensor For Detection Research Articles

Advancements in ascorbic acid quantification: from macroscopic analysis to miniaturized nano-sensing for quality control in food and beverage

Abstract Ascorbic acid (AA) or vitamin C, is vital in food safety, pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. This review discusses recent advancements in biosensors for AA detection. Traditional macro-analysis techniques such as high-performance liquids chromatography (HPLC), and flow injection analysis (FIA) provide accurate measurements but are costly and require specialized handling. Miniaturized nano-sensors are emerging as promising alternatives, offering advantages such as portability, cost effectiveness, and rapid response. This review explores the working principles of these nano-sensors, highlighting colorimetric, fluorometric and electrochemical detection methods. It also outlines the current AA biosensing landscape, detailing strategies to improve selectivity and specificity, including the choice of biorecognition elements and material selection for detection probe synthesis. Emerging nanomaterials and their applicability to support sensing activity are explored. This review serves as a valuable resource, suggesting future research directions to address existing challenges and further advance biosensor technology.

Algal Biosensors for Detection of Potentially Toxic Pollutants and Validation by Advanced Methods: A Brief Review

The presence of potentially toxic pollutants, such as pesticides and metal ions, even at low concentrations, can significantly impact aquatic environmental health. This pollution is a globally widespread problem and requires fast and reliable analysis, especially for in-situ identification/quantification. Atomic absorption spectrometry and plasma-based spectrometry techniques have been considered the most analytical tools used to monitor potentially toxic metal ions in aquatic media and other related matrices. The dynamics of global climate change and its correlation with pollution, especially from anthropogenic sources, have encouraged the development of other faster analytical tools for monitoring these pollutants. A noteworthy alternative for determining potentially toxic pollutants is using algae-based biosensors, resulting in a cost reduction and simplification of environmental analysis, enabling a more reliable comprehension of the role of humans in climate change. These biosensors, which may not have the highest sensitivity in quantification, have demonstrated remarkable potential in the identification of potentially toxic pollutants and several field applications. Biosensors can be an excellent biotechnology solution for monitoring global environmental changes. Thus, this review highlights the main advances in developing and comparing algae-based biosensors and other analytical possibilities for the identification of potentially toxic pollutants and their possible applications in environmental analysis.

β-Cyclodextrin Functionalized Au@Ag Core-Shell Nanoparticles: Plasmonic Sensors for Cysteamine and Efficient Nanocatalysts for Nitrobenzene-to-Aniline Conversion

We reported the gold/silver core-shell nanoparticles (Aucore@Agshell NPs) functionalized with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as versatile nano-agents demonstrated for human urine-based biosensing of cysteamine and catalytic conversion from nitrobenzene (NB) to aniline. First, the hybrid bimetallic nanoparticles, i.e., β-CD-Aucore@Agshell NPs, constituted a colorimetric sensing platform based on localized surface plasmons, enabling cysteamine (Cyst) to be detected in a remarkably rapid manner, i.e., within 2 min, which was greatly shortened in comparison with that of our previous report. This was due largely to use of β-CD being effectively replaceable by Cyst. The detection of Cyst was demonstrated using human urine specimens in the linear range of 25–750 nM with a limit of detection of 1.83 nM. Excellent specificity in detecting Cyst was also demonstrated against potential interfering molecules. Meanwhile, the β-CD-Aucore@Agshell NPs were demonstrated as nanocatalysts for converting NB to aniline with efficiency enhanced by more than three-fold over the pure gold nanoparticles previously reported, due to the dual functions of the structural core-shell. The demonstrated versatile features of the hybrid nanoparticles can find applications in human urine-based biosensors for Cyst detection, and in the screening of Cyst-containing drugs, while detoxicating NB for ecological protection in aqueous media.

Electrochemical Biosensors in Diagnostic Medicine: Detecting Lung Cancer Biomarkers – A Comprehensive Review

AbstractElectrochemical biosensors use biomolecules, such as proteins, enzymes, and antibodies, to translate the analytical signals detected in a sample. They have diverse applications including pesticide detection in agriculture, water analysis in various sectors, and biomedical and forensic diagnostics. With the estimated number of cancer cases in the US in 2024 being over two million, particularly lung cancer, which is notoriously difficult to diagnose early, the integration of biosensors into the Point‐of‐care Testing (PoCT) strategy can significantly improve the detection of cancer biomarkers, contributing to early diagnosis and successful treatment. Three‐dimensional (3D) printing is a promising alternative for reducing production costs and customizing devices in various ways. This review highlights recent trends and research on the development of electrochemical biosensors for early detection of lung cancer. These biosensors are expected to be more sensitive and selective for a variety of real samples and are precise, accurate, and stable during their commercialization. Significant progress has been made in the development of electrochemical devices for the early diagnosis of lung cancer, with various biomarker anchoring and detection strategies addressed throughout the study. Overcoming these challenges is key to advancing the use of these biosensors, thus improving diagnostic accuracy and enabling the successful treatment of lung cancer patients.

Poly-Adenine Assisted Signaling Displaced Probe Ratiometric Electrochemical Aptasensor for Accurate Detection of Alzheimer's Disease Aβ Biomarkers.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a widely prevalent neurodegenerative condition globally, arousing significant interest in the noninvasive early detection of the disease. The concentration of amyloid β (Aβ) biomarkers in the blood is closely linked to the progression of AD, emphasizing the importance of developing a precise method for detecting these biomarkers in blood samples for early diagnosis. In this study, we developed a ratiometric electrochemical aptamer-based (EAB) biosensor for accurate detection of Aβ42 and Aβ40. The ratiometric biosensor utilizes a gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) modified electrode through an electrochemical deposition assay and a self-assembled poly-A based U-shaped structure to achieve signal changes through competitive binding of target molecules. Importantly, using the calibration of the clipping reference probe, the proposed biosensor displayed accurate detection ability for Aβ42 and Aβ40, with detection limits of 59 and 21 pM, respectively. It also has great stability and anti-interference ability in complex biological samples. Furthermore, it demonstrated satisfactory performance in detecting the Aβ peptides in a 20% FBS sample, with recoveries ranging from 96.7% to 102.2% in serum samples, and relative standard deviations (RSD) ranging from 3.3% to 8.9%. Moreover, the proposed method is expected to directly quantify the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio by introducing a suitable reference probe, providing a potential and effective tool for the early diagnosis of AD.

The development of carbon nanostructured biosensors for glucose detection to enhance healthcare services: a review

In this review, the forefront of biosensor development has been marked by a profound exploration of carbon nanostructured materials for the specific application of glucose detection. Moreover, this progressive line of inquiry capitalizes on the distinctive attributes of carbon nanostructured materials such as carbon nanotubes, carbon quantum dots, and graphene which exhibit unique characteristics in the development of biosensor engineering design. It also enhanced analytical performances regarding the limit of detection, selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility towards glucose detection in biological samples. Most importantly, the strategic integration of carbon nanostructured-based biosensor architectures has played a significant role in advancements, characterized by heightened sensitivity, exquisite selectivity, and augmented stability in glucose detection processes. Furthermore, utilizing these advanced materials has engendered a transformative impact on electrochemical properties, propelling the biosensors to achieve rapid and precise glucose-sensing capabilities. The confluence of carbon nanostructures with biosensor technology has not only elevated the scientific understanding of glucose detection mechanisms. Still, it has also paved the way for miniaturized and portable biosensors. This transformative shift holds great promise for the realization of point-of-care diagnostics, representing a pivotal step towards durability and efficient glucose monitoring in health/medical care. These advancements emphasize the crucial role of carbon nanostructured-based biosensors in opening the way to a new avenue of superiority and effectiveness in diabetes management. Conclusively, the challenges and, in a forward-looking stance, the prospective futures of glucose biosensors anchored on carbon nanostructured frameworks were considered.

Development of a Sensitive Cysteine-Modified Au-NPs–Graphene Nanoribbons Nanocomposite Disposable Biosensor for Aflatoxin B1 Detection in Food samples

Development of a Sensitive Cysteine-Modified Au-NPs–Graphene Nanoribbons Nanocomposite Disposable Biosensor for Aflatoxin B1 Detection in Food samples

Analysis of Extinction Spectra of a Plasmonic Ag/Air/Ag Square Nanostructure to Design a Highly Sensitive Plasmonic Biosensor for Detection of PSA and SARS-CoV-2

Analysis of Extinction Spectra of a Plasmonic Ag/Air/Ag Square Nanostructure to Design a Highly Sensitive Plasmonic Biosensor for Detection of PSA and SARS-CoV-2

Advances in Graphene Field Effect Transistors (FETs) for Amine Neurotransmitter Sensing

Amine neurotransmitters (NTs) are crucial in the central nervous system, and dysregulation in their levels is implicated in a spectrum of neurological disorders. Thus, a precise and timely assessment of their concentrations is critical for early diagnosis and treatment efficacy monitoring. Graphene-based field effect transistors (GFETs) have become a ground-breaking instrument in the detection of these NTs because of their exceptional electrical characteristics and adaptability. This paper summarises the significant advancements in GFET biosensors in amine NT detection and highlights developments in the selectivity, sensitivity, and limit of detection (LOD) attained by selecting various graphene materials and functionalisation approaches.

Development of a whole-cell SELEX process to select species-specific aptamers against Aspergillus niger

BackgroundSpores produced by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger are abundant in a variety of environments. The proliferation of this fungus in indoor environments has been associated to health risks and its conidia can cause allergic reaction and severe invasive disease in animals and humans. Therefore, the detection and monitoring of Aspergillus conidia is of utmost importance to prevent serious fungal infections and contaminations. Among others, aptamers could serve as biosensors for the specific detection of fungal spores.ResultsIn this study, DNA aptamers specific to conidia of A. niger were developed by optimizing a whole-cell SELEX approach. Three whole-cells SELEX experiments were performed in parallel with similar conditions. Quantification of recovered ssDNA and melting curve analyses were applied to monitor the ongoing SELEX process. Next-generation sequencing was performed on selected recovered ssDNA pools, allowing the identification of DNA aptamers which bind with high affinity to the target cells. The developed aptamers were shown to be species-specific, being able to bind to A. niger but not to A. tubingensis or to A. nidulans. The binding affinity of two aptamers (AN01-R9-006 and AN02-R9-185) was measured to be 58.97 nM and 138.71 nM, respectively, which is in the range of previously developed aptamers.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that species-specific aptamers can be successfully developed via whole-cell SELEX to distinguish different Aspergillus species and opens up new opportunities in the field of diagnostics of fungal infections.

Terahertz metasurface biosensor for high-sensitivity salinity detection and data encoding with machine learning optimization based on random forest regression

Terahertz metasurface biosensor for high-sensitivity salinity detection and data encoding with machine learning optimization based on random forest regression

Microfluidic colorimetric biosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of Shewanella oneidensis MR‑1

Extracellular respiratory bacteria (ERB) assume a significant role in biological and environmental remediation, so the rapid detection of ERB is essential to monitor its biological repair process. This study developed a microfluidic colorimetric biosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of ERB model strain Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. In the process of separation and enrichment of bacteria based on immune magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), the biological signal is significantly amplified by the excellent peroxidase activity of flower-like CoOOH (FL-CoOOH). Firstly, immune MNPs, samples and immune FL-CoOOH were mixed and incubated within the microfluidic chip’s channel. Magnetic capture in the separation chamber yielded MNP-bacteria-CoOOH complex. Then, 3, 3′, 5, 5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate was added to make the FL-CoOOH nanozyme catalyze the formation of yellow product. Finally, the target bacteria in the microplate were quantitatively detected. Based on the excellent simulated enzyme activity and stability of FL-CoOOH, the detection can be completed within 45 min after the introduction of the microfluidic chip. The detection was 5×101∼5×106 CFU/mL. Compared with the previously reported colorimetric sensors for MR-1, the sensitivity was increased by 99.54 % to 23 CFU/mL. This study uniquely integrates optical sensors and microfluidic technology for rapid ERB detection with enhanced portability. The design of biosensor can facilitate further investigations into extracellular respiration mechanisms and rapid ecological environment restoration applications.

Graphene oxide-based fluorescent biosensors for pathogenic bacteria detection: a review

Graphene oxide-based fluorescent biosensors for pathogenic bacteria detection: a review

A novel label-free impedance biosensor for KRAS G12C mutations detection based on PET-RAFT and ROP synergistic signal amplification

The KRAS G12C mutations, as crucial biomarkers, are closely associated with non-small cell lung cancer. Here, a novel label-free electrochemical biosensor with synergistic signal amplification of photocell energy transfer-reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) was developed for the first time for sensitive detection of KRAS G12C mutations. Specifically, hairpin DNA (hDNA), which act as biomolecular probe, was self-assembled on Au electrode surface by Au-S bond. 4-cyano-4-[(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl) sulfanyl] pentanoic acid (CDTPA), the chain transfer agent of PET-RAFT reaction, was then attached to hDNA via amide bond. After that, the target DNA (tDNA) was captured on the electrode surface by complementary base pairing with hDNA. Subsequently, large numbers of electro-active monomers N-acryloxysuccinimide (NAS) were successfully grafted to the electrode surface via PET-RAFT reaction, which provided plenty of junction sites for doxorubicin-polycaprolactone (Dox-PCL) synthesized by ROP. Finally, the Dox-PCL was connected to the electrode surface by ester bond, significantly amplifying the electrochemical signal. Under optimized conditions, the biosensor has a wide linear detection range of 0.1 pM to 1 μM, with a detection limit of 86.9 fM. Attribute to its high sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility and stability, this biosensor possesses considerable potential in early diagnosis of disease and biomedical research.

Non-coding RNA biosensors for early detection of brain cancer

Non-coding RNA biosensors for early detection of brain cancer

Enzyme-free biosensor utilizing chitosan-capped ZnS doped by Mn nanomaterials for tetracycline hydrochloride detection

Tetracycline hydrochloride is a widely used antibiotic for treating bacterial infections, but its misuse poses serious health risks. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately detect tetracycline in complex matrices. In this study, we propose a simple, enzyme-free absorbance biosensor for tetracycline detection based on the optical properties of chitosan-capped ZnS doped with Mn nanomaterials. The biosensor can detect tetracycline in a range from 13.1 pM to 72.2 pM, with the best detection limit being 2.13 pM in deionized water. It can also differentiate tetracycline from ampicillin, penicillin, cephalexin, amoxicillin, and glucose within the aforementioned range. Moreover, this novel sensor has proven reliable over time, and its performance has been demonstrated in tap water and milk. The results have the potential to revolutionize antibiotic monitoring in clinical and environmental settings, thus contributing to the global fight against antibiotic resistance.

Enhancing peroxidase activity of NiCo2O4 nanoenzyme by Mn doping for catalysis of CRISPR/Cas13a-mediated non-coding RNA detection

CRISPR/Cas13a with precise and controllable programming of endonuclease activity has been served as powerful tool for RNA sensing. Although with high sensitivity, existing CRISPR/Cas13a-based biosensors need complex amplification procedure or special equipment that limited quantification capability. Here, Mn-doped NiCo2O4 (Mn/NiCo2O4) nanozyme with enhanced peroxidase activity was synthesized and combined with CRISPR/Cas13a-based reaction to develop a simple, sensitive and universal biosensor for RNA detection, which is achieved through target recognition that activates Cas enzymes to cleave RNA reporter for inhibiting Mn/NiCo2O4 nanozyme to assemble on microplate. The Mn/NiCo2O4 nanozyme assembled on microplate can be monitored through colorimetric and fluorometric approaches. On one hand, Mn/NiCo2O4 nanozyme offers ideal peroxidase activity to catalyze colorimetric reaction, and as low as dozens of amol level of RNA target can be sensitively detected by naked eyes without any amplification procedures. On the other hand, Mn/NiCo2O4 can be also served as a signal amplifier to produce large amount of Co2+, Mn2+and Ni2+ to quench the fluorescence of calcein. The fluorescent approach can achieve higher sensitivity (about 40-fold) than colorimetric method. More importantly, the proposed biosensor can work well for multiple RNA detection in real biological samples, showing a great potential for monitoring non-coding RNA-related diseases.

Tetrahedral DNA nanostructures, graphene and carbon nanodots-based electrochemiluminescent biosensor for BRCA1 gene mutation detection.

Tetrahedral DNA nanostructures, graphene and carbon nanodots-based electrochemiluminescent biosensor for BRCA1 gene mutation detection.

Electrochemistry–glucosemeter–smartphone integrated multi-mode biosensor for accurate detection of aflatoxin B1

BackgroundAflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a widely distributed toxic contaminant in food and poses a serious threat to public health. Therefore, an accurate, simple, cost-effective and on-site assay method is needed for sensitive detection of AFB1. Aptamer shows great potential in the construction of biosensor due to its high specificity and affinity. Multimodal biosensor based on aptamer is highly suitable for the analysis of AFB1 under complex conditions. And the detection results in different modes can be verified with each other, which greatly improves the accuracy of AFB1 detection. ResultsHerein, accurate detection of AFB1 was achieved through the development of a multi-mode biosensor integrating electrochemistry, glucosemeter and smartphone-based colorimetric quantification. Streptavidin-Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid nanoflowers (SA-Cu3(PO4)2 HNFs) were synthesised and then conjugated with biotinylated invertase as a signal probe. The electrochemical signal was achieved via intrinsic redox activity. Simultaneously, sucrose could be converted to glucose by the action of invertase, which can cause changes in the glucosemeter signal as well as in the colour of urine glucose test strips. The glucosemeter could complete the signal response in 7 s, and the urine glucose test strips could complete the colour development in 30 s. The detection range of AFB1 by this system in electrochemical mode is 0.001–100 ng/mL, and in glucosemeter mode and smartphone mode is 0.01–50 ng/mL. The limits of detection were 0.49 pg/mL in electrochemistry mode, 5.4 pg/mL in glucosemeter mode and 3.7 pg/mL in smartphone mode. SignificanceThe successful construction of this multi-mode biosensor demonstrates the advantages of multifunctional nanomaterials and mobile technology. Rapid and accurate detection of AFB1 is achieved through the integration of electrochemistry, glucosemeter and smartphone-based colorimetric quantification. And this biosensor provides a novel detection platform that combines sensitivity, accuracy, affordability and portability for rapid on-site food safety screening.

A PDA/AuNPs/PDANPs Sandwich Structure Modified Fiber Optic SPR Biosensor for High Precision and Specific Detection of Rabbit IgG

A PDA/AuNPs/PDANPs Sandwich Structure Modified Fiber Optic SPR Biosensor for High Precision and Specific Detection of Rabbit IgG