Bioremediation Of Phenol Research Articles

Phenol Biodegradation by Free and Immobilized Acinetobacter calcoaceticus K5 and Candida tropicalis YM2 Isolated from Persian Gulf

Phenols exhibit high solubility in water, leading to their potential to contaminate significant volumes of freshwater, wastewater, groundwater, oceans, and soil. The primary objective of this study is to isolate and identify bacterial and yeast isolates with optimal phenol degradation capabilities from Persian Gulf. Sea water and sediment samples were collected to isolate bacterial and yeast isolates, which were then evaluated for their ability to degrade phenol both in their single-cell form and when encapsulated in chitosan and alginate. The phenol-degrading strains were quantified using colony-forming unit (CFU) and most probable number (MPN) methods. The most promising microorganisms were selected and identified using phenotypic and polymerase chain reaction techniques. The selected isolates were immobilized in alginate and chitosan carriers, and their bioremediation potential was assessed at different phenol concentrations. The removal of phenol by the isolates was confirmed using Gas Chromatography. Through molecular techniques, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus K5 and Candida tropicalis YM2 were identified as the most efficient phenol-degrading strains. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus K5 exhibited the highest growth at phenol concentrations of 200 and 300 ppm, while Candida tropicalis YM2 showed optimal growth at a concentration of 700 pp. In case of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, chitosan immobilization and a phenol concentration of 500 ppm proved to be the best conditions for phenol bioremediation. In the case of Candida tropicalis YM2, the highest percentage of phenol removal was achieved using the chitosan carrier at a concentration of 1000 ppm. Comparing the immobilized strains to their free counterparts, it was observed that the stabilized bacteria exhibited greater phenol removal efficiency, particularly at a concentration of 500 ppm, with a significant difference between the two conditions. This study demonstrates that the novel strains Acinetobacter calcoaceticus K5 and Candida tropicalis YM2 are efficient strains for the bioremediation of various phenol-contaminated seawater and this is the first report to show such rapid phenol degradation by these organisms isolated from sediment and seawater samples collected from Persian Gulf.

Comparative Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Phenol Degradation and Tolerance in Acinetobacter lwoffii through Adaptive Evolution.

Microorganism-based methods have been widely applied for the treatment of phenol-polluted environments. The previously isolated Acinetobacter lwoffii NL1 strain could completely degrade 0.5 g/L phenol within 12 h, but not higher concentrations of phenol. In this study, we developed an evolutionary strain NL115, through adaptive laboratory evolution, which possessed improved degradation ability and was able to degrade 1.5 g/L phenol within 12 h. Compared with that of the starting strain NL1, the concentration of degradable phenol by the developed strain increased three-fold; its phenol tolerance was also enhanced. Furthermore, comparative genomics showed that sense mutations mainly occurred in genes encoding alkyl hydroperoxide reductase, phenol hydroxylase, 30S ribosomal protein, and mercury resistance operon. Comparative transcriptomics between A. lwoffii NL115 and NL1 revealed the enrichment of direct degradation, stress resistance, and vital activity processes among the metabolic responses of A. lwoffii adapted to phenol stress. Among these, all the upregulated genes (log2fold-change > 5) encoded peroxidases. A phenotypic comparison of A. lwoffii NL1 and NL115 found that the adapted strain NL115 exhibited strengthened antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, the increased enzymatic activities of phenol hydroxylase and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase in A. lwoffii NL115 validated their response to phenol. Overall, this study provides insight into the mechanism of efficient phenol degradation through adaptive microbial evolution and can help to drive improvements in phenol bioremediation.

Phenol Biodegradation by some Bacterial Species Isolated from Oil Contaminated Environments

Phenols are poisonous chemical molecules that affect human and other mammals as well as the aquatic environment, particularly higher species in fresh water environments. useing microorganisms through bioremediation is an efficient technique for reducing dangerous chemicals and detoxification of soil contaminated with hydrocarbons. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of some local bacterial species to degrade phenol. Bacterial species were isolated from soils contaminated with hydrocarbons from Al-Diwaniyah and Al-Basrah governorates. The remaining concentration of phenol was examined usingthe 4-aminoantipyrine assay. The results showed that the rate of decomposition of Enterobacter cloacae complex was 100% after an incubation period of 120h, pantoea spp was 100% after an incubation period of 120h, Acinetobacter lwoffii was 100% after an incubation period of 144h, Aeromonas salmonicida was 100% after an incubation period 168h, Escherichia hermannii was 100% after an incubation period of 168h, Sphingomonas paucimobilis was 100% after an incubation period of 168h, Streptococcus thoraltensis was 100% after an incubation period of 168h, Bacillus licheniformis was 97.98%after an incubation period of 168h, Bacillus subtilis was 95.91% after an incubation period of 168h, and Bacillus firmus was 70.91% after an incubation period of 168h. The tested bacterial strains can offer a potential basis for bioremediation of phenol polluted locations.

Isolation and Identification of some Phenol Degrading Bacterial Species from some Contaminated Environments

Phenol and its derivatives are toxic substances that harm a variety of living organisms, including plants, animals, and aquatic life. Therefore, in order to save the environment, these substances must be effectively removed. The purpose of this study is to screen and select potent phenol degrading strains from oil contaminated soils as well as testing their capacity to break down phenols. After growing on the phenol-containing mineral salts medium (MM), the chosen strains were identified using biochemical testing by Vitek 2 compact system in addition to morphological identification. After 168 hours of incubation, the chosen strains were identified as Aeromonas salmonicida, Escherichia hermannii, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Enterobacter cloacae complex, Sphingomonas paucimobilis,, and Pantoea spp. All of the selected strains were grown efficiently at a concentration of 100mg/ml, so they may be putative species for bioremediation of phenol contaminated environments.

Dual metabolic pathways co-determine the efficient aerobic biodegradation of phenol in Cupriavidus nantongensis X1

Phenol, as an important chemical raw material, often exists in wastewater from chemical plants and pollutes soil and groundwater. Aerobic biodegradation is a promising method for remediation of phenolic wastewater. In this study, degradation characteristics and mechanisms of phenol in Cupriavidus nantongensis X1 were explored. Strain X1 could completely degrade 1.5 mM phenol within 32 h and use it as the sole carbon source for growth. The optimal degradation temperature and pH for phenol by strain X1 were 30 °C and 7.0. The detection of 3-oxoadipate and 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate indicated that dual metabolic pathways coexist in strain X1 for phenol degradation, ortho- and meta-pathway. Genome and transcriptome sequencing revealed the whole gene clusters for phenol biomineralization, in which C12O and C23O were key enzymes in two metabolic pathways. The ribosome proteins were also involved in the regulation of phenol degradation. Meanwhile, the degradation activities of enzyme C23O was 188-fold higher than that of C12O in vitro, which indicated that the meta-pathway was more efficient than ortho-pathway for catechol degradation in strain X1. This study provides an efficient strain resource for phenol degradation, and the discovery of dual metabolic pathways provides new insight into the aerobic biological metabolism and bioremediation of phenol.

Tracking of phenol bioremediation by two marine eco-friendly Aspergillus terreus MHG30 (ON649683) and A. terreus MHG60 (ON649704) strains at optimum conditions

Tracking of phenol bioremediation by two marine eco-friendly Aspergillus terreus MHG30 (ON649683) and A. terreus MHG60 (ON649704) strains at optimum conditions

Tracking Phenol Bioremediation by Two Marine Eco-Friendly Aspergillus terreus MHG30 (ON649683) and A. terreus MHG60 (ON649704) Strains at Optimum Conditions

Tracking Phenol Bioremediation by Two Marine Eco-Friendly Aspergillus terreus MHG30 (ON649683) and A. terreus MHG60 (ON649704) Strains at Optimum Conditions

Proteomic analysis to unravel the biochemical mechanisms triggered by Bacillus toyonensis SFC 500-1E under chromium(VI) and phenol stress.

Bacillus toyonensis SFC 500-1E is a member of the consortium SFC 500-1 able to remove Cr(VI) and simultaneously tolerate high phenol concentrations. In order to elucidate mechanisms utilized by this strain during the bioremediation process, the differential expression pattern of proteins was analyzed when it grew with or without Cr(VI) (10mg/L) and Cr(VI) + phenol (10 and 300mg/L), through two complementary proteomic approaches: gel-based (Gel-LC) and gel-free (shotgun) nanoUHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. A total of 400 differentially expressed proteins were identified, out of which 152 proteins were down-regulated under Cr(VI) and 205 up-regulated in the presence of Cr(VI) + phenol, suggesting the extra effort made by the strain to adapt itself and keep growing when phenol was also added. The major metabolic pathways affected include carbohydrate and energetic metabolism, followed by lipid and amino acid metabolism. Particularly interesting were also ABC transporters and the iron-siderophore transporter as well as transcriptional regulators that can bind metals. Stress-associated global response involving the expression of thioredoxins, SOS response, and chaperones appears to be crucial for the survival of this strain under treatment with both contaminants. This research not only provided a deeper understanding of B. toyonensis SFC 500-1E metabolic role in Cr(VI) and phenol bioremediation process but also allowed us to complete an overview of the consortium SFC 500-1 behavior. This may contribute to an improvement in its use as a bioremediation strategy and also provides a baseline for further research.

Bioremediation of phenol, sulfate sodium, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Rhodococcus sp. first time isolated and molecular characterized from aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems

AbstractEnvironmental pollutions are the most significant problem worldwide. Rhodococcus sp. has a high potential for the production of secondary metabolites and degradation activity. This study aims to screen and characterize biodegradable Rhodococcus from Iranian ecosystems. The Rhodococcus isolates were recovered from 90 environmental samples and identified using conventional and molecular methods. The growth rate in the presence of pollutants and chromatography (high‐performance liquid chromatography [HPLC]) was used to determine their biodegradation capability. A total of 13 Rhodococcus isolates were characterized from the cultured samples (14.5%) that belonged to seven species. The prevalent species were R. erythropolis (4 isolates; 30.8%), R. atherivorans (3 isolates; 23%), R. ruber (2 isolates; 15.4), and R. zopfii, R. phenolicus, R. equi and R. rhodochrous 1 isolate each. The result showed that these isolates could degrade and consume phenol, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and sulfate sodium. Our results showed that the Rhodococcus species have significant potential for bioremediation of diverse types of pollutants. Therefore, more studies are recommended for the biodegradation activity of Rhodococcus.

Characterization and Biodegradation of Phenol by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella variicola Strains Isolated from Sewage Sludge and Their Effect on Soybean Seeds Germination.

Phenols are very soluble in water; as a result, they can pollute a massive volume of fresh water, wastewater, groundwater, oceans, and soil, negatively affecting plant germination and animal and human health. For the detoxification and bioremediation of phenol in wastewater, phenol biodegradation using novel bacteria isolated from sewage sludge was investigated. Twenty samples from sewage sludge (SS) were collected, and bacteria in SS contents were cultured in the mineral salt agar (MSA) containing phenol (500 mg/L). Twenty colonies (S1 up to S20) were recovered from all the tested SS samples. The characteristics of three bacterial properties, 16S rDNA sequencing, similarities, GenBank accession number, and phylogenetic analysis showed that strains S3, S10, and S18 were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Klebsiella variicola, respectively. P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and K. variicola were able to degrade 1000 mg/L phenol in the mineral salt medium. The bacterial strains from sewage sludge were efficient in removing 71.70 and 74.67% of phenol at 1000 mg/L within three days and could tolerate high phenol concentrations (2000 mg/L). The findings showed that P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and K. variicola could potentially treat phenolic water. All soybean and faba bean seeds were germinated after being treated with 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg/L phenol in a mineral salt medium inoculated with these strains. The highest maximum phenol removal and detoxification rates were P. aeruginosa and K. variicola. These strains may help decompose and detoxify phenol from industrial wastewater with high phenol levels and bioremediating phenol-contaminated soils.

Simultaneous bioremediation of phenol and tellurite by Lysinibacillus sp. EBL303 and characterization of biosynthesized Te nanoparticles

Aromatic compounds and metalloid oxyanions are abundant in the environment due to natural resources and industrial wastes. The high toxicity of phenol and tellurite poses a significant threat to all forms of life. A halotolerant bacterium was isolated and identified as Lysinibacillus sp. EBL303. The remediation analysis shows that 500 mg/L phenol and 0.5 mM tellurite can be remediated entirely in separate cultures within 74 and 56 h, respectively. In addition, co-remediation of pollutants resulted in the same phenol degradation and 27% less tellurite reduction within 98 h. Since phenol and tellurite exhibited inhibitory behavior, their removal kinetics fitted well with the first-order model. In the characterization of biosynthesized tellurium nanoparticles (TeNPs), transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, FE-SEM, and dispersive X-ray (EDX) showed that the separated intracellular TeNPs were spherical and consisted of only tellurium with 22–148 nm in size. Additionally, investigations using X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed proteins and lipids covering the surface of these amorphous TeNPs. Remarkably, this study is the first report to demonstrate the simultaneous bioremediation of phenol and tellurite and the biosynthesis of TeNPs, indicating the potential of Lysinibacillus sp. EBL303 in this matter, which can be applied to environmental remediation and the nanotechnology industry.

Coupling phenol bioremediation and biodiesel production by Tetradesmus obliquus: Optimization of phenol removal, biomass productivity and lipid content

There is a growing interest for the utilization of microalgae in the bioremediation of organic pollutants and the use of biomass as a biofuel feedstock. This study investigated the influence of phenol exposure and culture conditions on the phenol removal efficiency, biomass productivity and lipid contents of Tetradesmus obliquus. Plackett-Burman design identified CaCl2, NaNO3, and initial phenol concentration as the most important variables affecting on phenol removal. The optimum conditions to maximize biomass productivity, phenol removal and lipid content were determined using the Box-Behnken experimental design as 150.1 mg L−1 phenol, 0.1 g L−1 NaNO3, and 0.03 g L−1 CaCl2. Under these conditions, phenol was completely removed from the optimized medium after 3 days and the biomass productivity and lipid content were 19.53 mg L−1 day−1 and 27.85% (w/w) after 10 days, respectively. Phenol treatment promoted algal biomass productivity to ∼1.3-folds and lipid productivity to ∼ 1.6-folds higher than the control treatment without adding phenol (negative control). Additionally, phenol altered the fatty acid methyl ester composition and increased the saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents with concomitant decrease in the monounsaturated fatty acids. The predicted biodiesel characteristics viz. iodine value, cetane number, oxidation stability, kinematic viscosity, and flash point, in the presence of phenol were in accordance with the international standards. Accordingly, the present study indicated that phenol could be effectively bioremediated by T. obliquus with simultaneous promotion of the algal biomass and lipid productivity for biofuel production.

Biologically evolved dual-pathway catalytic pattern indicating an efficient bioremediation strategy for phenol removal

Bioremediation of phenol has been developed for years, however, its actual application is challenged by low efficiency and environmental intolerance. In addition, although multiple phenol degradation pathways have been reported to coexist in bacteria, the potential significance and value have not been clearly revealed. Here, highly efficient phenol catalytic patterns were identified, and multi-pathway catalytic mechanism was investigated. Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius W-36 employing a dual-pathway pattern exhibited superior degradation performance than P. thermoglucosidasius W-2 that employed a single-pathway pattern. An exogenous copy of degradation pathway in dual-pathway pattern was obtained via horizontal gene transfer. Based on homology modeling and molecular docking, the three-dimensional structures and substrate-binding sites of exogenous key enzymes were distinct from those of isofunctional enzymes encoded by the chromosome. The dual-pathway pattern was expressed in response to substrate levels in a time-dependent manner, indicating that synergistic effect of degradation pathways conferred strain adaptability to high-concentration phenol. Evolutionary analysis showed that the artful single/dual-pathway patterns in this species may be a natural selection phenomenon caused by high-concentration phenol. Collectively, this naturally evolved pattern enlightens the new strategy and feasibility of introducing auxiliary metabolic pathways to improve degradation efficiency of pollutants.

Phenol Biodegradation and Bioelectricity Generation by a Native Bacterial Consortium Isolated from Petroleum Refinery Wastewater

Phenolic compounds are highly toxic, along with being one of the most persistent substances in petroleum refinery effluents. The most potent solution is through phenol bioremediation to produce demi-water and bioenergy, which are two effective outcomes for a single process. Fifteen genetically identified native bacterial strains were isolated from the effluents of the petrochemical industry plant (AMOC, Egypt) and were investigated for potential phenol biodegradation activity and energy bioproduction individually and as a consortium in a batch culture. Successful and safe phenol biodegradation was achieved (99.63%) using a native bacterial consortium after statistical optimization (multifactorial central composite design) with bioelectricity generation that reached 3.13 × 10−6 mW/cm3. In conclusion, the native consortium was highly potent in the bioremediation process of petroleum refinery wastewater, protecting the environment from potential phenol pollution with the ability to generate an electrical current through the bioremediation process.

Simultaneous application of CaO2 nanoparticles and microbial consortium in Small Bioreactor Chambers (SBCs) for phenol removal from groundwater

Phenols are toxic products derived from a wide range of industrial activities and the entry of these contaminants into the environment is seriously hazardous for both human and aquatic ecosystems. This study presents the use of a phenol-degrading consortium surrounded in an innovative “Small Bioreactor Chambers” (SBCs) along with biostimulation for phenol bioremediation from contaminated groundwater. To investigate the effect of biostimulation, synthesized-calcium peroxide (CaO2) nanoparticles were applied. The phenol-degrading consortium, was successfully isolated from a water well located in Iran. The highest growth rate and phenol degradation of the ph100-consortium were observed at 15 °C and pH 7.5 in the presence of 500 mg·L-1 of powdered CaO2 and 100 mg·L-1 of phenol as a sole source of carbon. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of the consortium revealed that Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes with 75.3% and 16.2% relative abundance were the dominant phyla in the ph100-consortium, respectively. Experimental results indicated that 100% of the contaminant (100 mg·L-1) was successfully removed from groundwater using encapsulated CaO2 within 60 days with the negligible negative impacts on the microbial population. Furthermore, the highest biodegradation percentage were achieved during incubation of SBCs in a medium supplemented with 500 mg·L-1 CaO2 powder in 25th days of experiment. These results provide certain evidence for a successful simultaneous application of biostimulation and bioaugmentation processes through SBCs for contaminated water treatment.

Phenol biodegradation by immobilized Rhodococcus qingshengii isolated from coking effluent on Na-alginate and magnetic chitosan-alginate nanocomposite

Phenol is a hazardous organic solvent to living organisms, even in its small amounts. In order to bioremediation of phenol from aqueous solution, a novel bacterial strain was isolated from coking wastewater, identified as Rhodococcus qingshengii based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis and named as strain Sahand110. The phenol-biodegrading capabilities of the free and immobilized cells of Sahand110 on the beads of Na-alginate (NA) and magnetic chitosan-alginate (MCA) nanocomposite were evaluated under different initial phenol concentrations (200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/L). Results illustrated that Sahand110 was able to grow and complete degrade phenol up to 600 mg/L, as the sole carbon and energy source. Immobilized cells of Sahand110 on NA and MCA were more competent than its free cells in degradation of high phenol concentrations, 100% of 1000 mg/L phenol within 96 h, indicating the improved tolerance and performance of the immobilized cells against phenol toxicity. Therefore, the immobilized Sahand110 on the studied beads, especially MCA bead regarding its suitable properties, has significant potential to enhanced bioremediation of phenol-rich wastewaters.

In Situ Bioremediation of Phenol through Confined Aquifer Using Mesh-Free Point Collocation Method with Radial Basis Function

In Situ Bioremediation of Phenol through Confined Aquifer Using Mesh-Free Point Collocation Method with Radial Basis Function

Molecular, Biochemical, and Phenotypic Identification of Phenol and Cresol Degrading Acinetobacter baumanni Strain Selected from Al-Rumaila Oil Well

Background: phenol and cresol are dangerous compounds that have harmful effects on aquatic life, plantsand, many other organisms. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively eliminate these compounds to protectthe environment.Aim: The aim of this study is to select and characterizebacterial strain(s) from oil contaminated soils andtesting its ability for biodegrading phenol and cresol.Methods: Biochemical tests were performed in addition to morphological and molecular detection through16S rRNA analysis to identify the selected strain after growing on Mineral salts medium (MM) containingphenol or cresol . The residual concentration of phenol and cresol was analyzed over the time period bymeans of the 4-aminoantipyrine assay .Results: the selected strain was identified as Acinetobacter baumannii strain HILLA-1, and it was able toremove 100% of the phenol at all the used concentrationsafter 48 h. This strain was also able to degrade 100%of cresol at concentrations (25,50,75,100,200 ppm /L) and99.37%,88.69%,and 94.73% at concentrations(300,400,500 ppm /L) respectivelyafter 48 h.Conclusion: The selected and identified Acinetobacter baumannii strain HILLA-1 can provide a putativesource for bioremediation of phenol and cresol contaminated environments.

Thermo stable tyrosinase purified from Pleurotus djamor grown in biomimetic calcium carbonate: A biological strategy to industrial waste remediation

A novel, neutral and heat-tolerant tyrosinase produced from Pleurotus djamor (P. djamor) using biomimetic calcium carbonate which was further used for the biodegradation of the phenolic waste of industrial effluents. Carbon-dioxide was sequestered/captured into calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) using carbonic anhydrase (2.1 U/mg protein) of Oceanobacillus with sequestration capacity as 24.7 CaCO 3 /mg protein in 25 s. This CaCO 3 was used as a substrate for cultivation of P. djamor (a mushroom) which was the potential source of tyrosinase. Mushroom tyrosinase was purified up to 51.7 folds purity which shown a molecular weight ∼ 90 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The optimal thermal and pH activity of the tyrosinase was observed at 50 °C and 7.0, respectively. The tyrosinase was stable within a pH range of 6.0–8.0, temperature 35 °C–55 °C and showed high substrate specificity for L-DOPA. Tyrosinase activity was drastically enhanced by Cu 2 + , Ca 2 + and Mn 2 + metal ions. K + ions were also found to inhibit the tyrosinase activity up to the moderate level. Mushroom tyrosinase was used to degrade phenol from industry effluents with 90% removal in 6 h. Extracellular nature as well as tyrosinase stability in the extreme conditions (temperature, pH, and presence of heavy metals) makes it preferable candidate for phenol bioremediation from industrial effluents. • Sequestration of carbon di oxide into calcium carbonate is clearly shown. • Biomimetically precipitated calcium carbonate is first time used for mushroom production. • Tyrosinase is purified from pre-mature phase of Pleurotus djamor . • Feasibility of degradation of phenol from industrial effluents by mushroom tyrosinase is presented. • A comprehensive mechanism for complete carbon-di-oxide utilization have been hypothesized.

Biodegradation of phenol by Klebsiellaoxytocaisolated from oil contaminated environments

The degradation of phenol by microorganisms in the soil is an important method through which these materials are removed from the environment, thus reducing environmental pollution. Biodegradation by bacterial species provides unique opportunities to destroy or convert phenolic compounds into other less toxic compounds. In this study, two Klebsiella oxytoca isolates were selected from petroleum contaminated soils using mineral salts medium supporting with phenol as the only carbon source.The isolates were identified by microscopic, morphological, and biochemical approaches, and their capabilities of biodegrading phenol were analyzed by 4-aminoantipyrine assay. The results showed that the selected Klebsiella oxytoca isolates were able to remove 100% of phenol even at a the highest used concentration(500 mg / L).The results of the current study indicate the possibility of using Klebsiella oxytoca in bioremediation of phenol contaminated environments.