Biomedical Research Articles

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Bio Medical Waste Management among Staff Nurses at Integral Hospital Dasauli, Lucknow, U.P

Biomedical Waste Management (BMW) means that any anatomical waste generated during the diagnosis and treatment of the patient or human being. The medical waste that is generated through the hospital causes harmful or toxic effect to the environment. The burning of solid and regulated medical waste generated by health care recreates many problems. In adequate and improper knowledge of handling waste may be have serious health consequences. According to WHO (2011) the inappropriate healthcare waste globally caused 21 million of hepatitis B (virus) and 32 % all new infections. Epidemiological studies indicate that through the improper management of waste had a source of 30 % of HBV infection, 18 % HCV infection & 0.3% of HIV infection. Proper management of biomedical waste is dominant for nurses because nurses spend maximum time with patient and in the ward as compare to any other member in health care team. Nurses have to an aware about the latest guidelines and skills update biomedical waste management to decrease the infection among the patients due to inadequate disposal of biomedical waste management. BACKGROUND: - The amount of biomedical waste being generated in our country is increasing day by day. Biomedical waste if not handled properly can pollute the environment and can spread many harmful diseases. Healthcare workers in our country are still not fully aware about proper biomedical waste management handling and hospital. India as a developing country is facing a lot of health care problem, with the increase in health care facilities; there is a growing concern of hazards of biomedical waste. Since the nursing staff is at the centre of biomedical waste handling, their knowledge of adequate disposal of biomedical waste is important. So, we conducted a study regarding knowledge, attitude and practice of nursing staff working in a premier institute of western Rajasthan with respect to biomedical waste and its management. Proper management of Biomedical Waste (BMW) generated in a healthcare facility is one of the most important functions of a healthcare worker (HCW) as its improper management not only poses risk to 5 human being and environment, but may also invite legal action against HCW as well as hospital administration. This study was carried out to assess the knowledge of Bio Medical Waste Management among Staff Nurses at Integral Hospital, Lucknow. OBJECTIVES: - Objectives of the study are:  To assess the knowledge regarding bio-medical waste management among staff nurses.  To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding biomedical waste management among staff nurses  To find out the association between pre-test and post-test knowledge on Bio-Medical Waste with selected demographic variables among Staff Nurses at Integral Hospital, Lucknow. MATERIALS AND METHODS: - In this research study, the quantitative research approach adopted was pre-experimental, Pre-test and Post-test design setting of the study was selected in Integral Hospital, Lucknow and the sample was 40 Staff Nurses in Integral Hospital are selected by purposive sampling technique, the self-structured questionnaire was used. RESULTS: - The result shows that mean pre-test score and post-test score with standard deviation were 12.58±5.679 and 19.23±1.804 respectively. Based on the findings of the researcher calculated ‘t’ value i.e. 6.643. So the researcher accepted the research hypothesis. The result shows that there was significant association between pre-test and demographic variables. CONCLUSION: - The study concluded that the Structured Teaching Programme was effective in improving the level the knowledge regarding Bio Medical Waste Management.

A novel hybrid fast Fourier transform processor in 5G+ and bio medical applications

To address the growing demand for real-time and high-performance signal processing, Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology provides an influential platform for implementing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithms. The existing topologies of FFT processors encounters challenges related to high power consumption, limiting their viability for energy-efficient applications. In this research work, a hybrid radix encoder with two-stage operand trimming logarithmic appropriate multiplier and optimized truncated Kogge-stone adder based 2048-point, 4096-point FFT processor for FPGA implementation is designed by focusing on high throughput with minimal consumption of power. This processor is engineered to handle FFTs ranging from 16 to 4096 points catering to both biomedical applications and upcoming 5G technology. The proposed/introduced framework attains a high throughput (78.036 Gbps), and maximum signal to noise ratio (30 dB), low power consumption (26.49 mW), minimum delay (0.12 ns), minimum area (547 μm2), bit error rate (0.1) and minimum execution time (0.223 ms) than the traditional approaches.

B-281 Analytical Validation of the Mindray High Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I Assay

Abstract Background According to recent global guidelines for patients presenting with ischemia, high sensitivity cardiac troponin I and T (hs-cTn) are the preferred biomarkers for the diagnosis and risk assessment of acute myocardial infarction (MI) and myocardial injury. The purpose of our study was to perform an analytical validation study of the Mindray hs-cTnI assay. Methods Analytical studies were designed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocols (CLSI). We used one reagent lot and one CL1200i chemiluminescence Immunoassay Analyzer (Mindray Bio Medical Electronics Co., Shenzhen, China). Following the CLSI EP17 A2 document, the limit of blank (LoB) and limit of detection (LoD) were assessed following analysis of a) Mindray controls without cTnI concentrations added for the LoB and b) 4 lithium heparin (LiHep) fresh samples with low cTnI concentrations, for 3 days for LoB and LoD, with 5 replicates per day (60 replicates per study). For the precision study, according to the CLSI EP15-A3 protocol, we used 12 LiHep fresh samples, measured for 10 days, with 2 runs per day (separated by a minimal time of 2 h) and in replicates of 3 (n = 720). For the 12 samples for the precision study, 7 were chosen with hs-cTnI concentrations close to the manufacturer sex-specific 99th percentile upper reference limits (URL; 31 ng/L for males and 15 ng/L for females). The CLSI EP06 protocol was followed to study linearity, using 9 fresh LiHep samples analyzed the same day in replicates of 7 (n = 63). A blank sample between every sample was used to avoid carryover. Our analytical specification for linearity was an allowable deviation <10%. Analyses were performed with Analyze it for Excel (Method Validation edition, version 6.15). Results Using both parametrical and non-parametrical analyses, LoB was <0.1 ng/L, with a relative light unit (RLU) of 5394. LoD was 0.1 ng/L according to the parametrical analysis. Regarding imprecision, for samples ranging from cTnI concentrations of 1 to 106 ng/L, repeatability had a coefficient of variation (%CV) from 1.15% to 3.83%, and within-laboratory imprecision ranging from 1.69% to 5.03%. Using samples with hs-cTnI concentrations close to the manufacture’s sex-specific upper reference limits (9–36 ng/L), the repeatability and within-laboratory precision was 1.27%–1.61% and 1.92%–2.52%, respectively. The measuring interval for the linearity study ranged from 1.1 to 30 772 ng/L. All analytical parameters met CLSI limits of acceptable performance. No carry over was detected. Conclusion Our analytical observations of the Mindray hs-cTnI assay demonstrate excellent LoB, LoD, imprecision and linearity, that were in alignment of with the manufacturer’s claims and published guidelines for hs-cTnI.

Transcultural Adaptation and Psychometric Validation of the Spanish Version of the Pain Attitudes and Beliefs Scale for Physiotherapists.

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the main musculoskeletal pain conditions, and it affects 23-28% of the global population. Strong evidence supports the absence of a direct relationship between the intensity of pain and tissue damage, with psychosocial factors also playing a crucial role. In this context, the Pain Attitudes and Beliefs Scale for Physiotherapists (PABS-PT) is a useful tool for evaluating physiotherapists' treatment orientations and beliefs regarding the management of low back pain (LBP). It helps identify practitioners who may benefit from additional education in modern pain neuroscience. However, there is not a Spanish validation of this scale for physiotherapists. Thus, the aims of this study were to translate and culturally adapt the Pain Attitudes and Beliefs Scale for Physiotherapists (PABS-PT) into Spanish and to evaluate its psychometric properties. This validation study used three convenience samples of physiotherapists (PTs) (n = 22 for the pilot study, n = 529 for the validity study and n = 53 for assessing the instrument's responsiveness). The process of translating and adapting the PABS-PT into Spanish followed international guidelines and produced a satisfactory pre-final version of the questionnaire. Factor analysis confirmed the two-factor structure of the original version, with the biomedical (BM) factor explaining 39.4% of the variance and the biopsychosocial (BPS) factor explaining 13.8% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha values were excellent for the BM factor (0.86) and good for the BPS factor (0.77), indicating good internal consistency. Test-retest reliability was excellent for both factors, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of 0.84 for BM and 0.82 for BPS. The standard error of measurement (SEM) was acceptable for both factors (3.9 points for BM and 2.4 points for BPS). Concurrent validity was moderate and in the expected direction and had significant correlations with the Health Care Providers' Pain and Impairment Relationship Scale (HC-PAIRS) and Revised Neurophysiology Pain Questionnaire (R-NPQ). Sensitivity to change was demonstrated by significant improvements in both factors after an educational intervention, with medium-to-large effect sizes. The PABS-PT also showed good discriminative ability, as it was able to distinguish between physiotherapists with and without pain education. Cut-off values for the BM and BPS factors were determined. In conclusion, the translated and adapted Spanish version of the PABS-PT demonstrated good psychometric properties and can be reliably used to assess the attitudes and beliefs of Spanish-speaking physiotherapists regarding LBP. The questionnaire is recommended for use in clinical and educational research in the Spanish language context.

SYMPTOMS BASED DISEASE PREDICTION USING MACHINE LEARNING

Abstract--Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) is quickly evolving, diverse field of study in medical analysis. Significant efforts have been made in recent years to develop computer-aided diagnostic applications, as failures in medical diagnosing processes can result in medical therapies that are severely deceptive. Machine learning (ML) is important in Computer Aided Diagnostic test. Object such as body-organs cannot be identified correctly after using an easy equation. Therefore, pattern recognition essentially requires training from instances. In the bio medical area, pattern detection and ML promises to improve the reliability of disease approach and detection. They also respect the dispassion of the method of decisions making. ML provides a respectable approach to make superior and automated algorithm for the study of high dimension and multi - modal bio medicals data. The relative study of various ML algorithm for the detection of various disease such as heart disease, diabetes disease is given in this survey paper. It calls focus on the collection of algorithms and techniques for ML used for disease detection and decision making processes. Keywords: Machine Learning (ML), Artificial Intelligences, ML Technique.

Sustainable Management of Bio Medical Waste in Chennai: A case study

The aim of the current research article is to study various treatment techniques involved in the management of bio medical waste and select the most appropriate treatment method in terms of cost savings, energy recovery and waste volume reduction in a sustainable manner. Most of the HCF (Health Care Facilities) lacks the provision for on-site waste treatment facility. One of the major reasons might be the fear of high pollutant emission levels from multiple machines or equipment used in the treatment process. At times, it could be due to lack of sufficient space within the clinical premises. To overcome this situation, a minor amendment has to be introduced in the bio medical waste management rules 2016, which includes providing a suitable area necessary for medical waste treatment within the premises, during the construction stage itself. Further, the identification of appropriate treatment techniques based on the type of waste generated is also important. Even a primary HCF too should be equipped with the requisite treatment facilities, considering the emission levels to be within the standards. This sort of installing an on-site waste treatment facility will reduce the amount spent upon external agencies for disposal and treatment of the medical waste. Then, the leftover residue is securely landfilled in the dedicated site or even be liable to mix with the municipal solid garbage. The current study concludes that the implementation of one of the treatment techniques in a specific hospital helps in energy recovery, huge reduction in the volume of waste generation and avoids illegal dumping of the waste, thereby creating less impact on the surrounding environment.

Mathematical Analysis for the Flow of Sickle Red Blood Cells in Microvessels for Bio Medical Application.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited monogenic disease which is characterized by distorted red blood cells (RBCs) that cause vaso-occlusion and vasculopathy. In the pathogenesis of SCD, polymerized hemoglobin turn RBCs into fragile, less deformable cells, and are subsequently more susceptible to endothelial adhesion after deoxygenation. Presently, electrophoresis and genotyping are used as routine tests for diagnosis of SCD. These techniques are expensive and require specialized laboratories. Lab-on-a-chip technology is a low-cost microfluidics-based diagnostic tool which holds significant promise for rapid screening of RBC deformability. To explore the sickle RBC mechanics for screening purposes, we present a mathematical model for the flow of single RBC with altered rheological properties and slip effect on capillary wall in microcirculation. We consider single-file flow of cells through the axis symmetrical cylindrical duct, applying lubrication theory as plasma trapped between successive red blood cells. The rheological parameters used from published literature for normal RBC and corresponding variation has been taken for the purpose of this simulation to present the condition of the disease. An analytical solution has been found for realistic boundary conditions and results are simulated using MATLAB. We found that the height of plasma film in the capillary increases with increase in cell deformability and compliance which affects the forward flow velocity in the capillary. Rigid RBCs with increased adhesion between cell and capillary wall shows reduction in velocity and occurrence of vaso-occlusion events in extreme conditions. These rheological properties of the cells coupled with microfluidics mechanics can mimic the physiological condition and provides unique insights with novel possibilities for the design of microfluidics base diagnostic kit towards effective therapeutic intervention of SCD.

The effectiveness of structure teaching programme (STP) on knowledge regarding Bio Medical Waste Management among B.SC nursing students

Biomedical Waste Management has recently emerged as an issue of major concern not only to hospital nursing home authorities but also to the environment. The Biomedical Waste generated from healthcare units depends upon a number of factor such as waste management method. Types of health care unit occupancy of health care units specialization of health care units ratio of reusable items in use availability of infrastructure and resources etc. Research approach:- the research approach is an umbrella that cover the basic procedure for conducting research.” The present study is aimed to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching module on the knowledge of bio-medical waste management of b.sc. nursing 2year and 3 year students at the government college of nursing durg. Research design:“research design is the researcher’s over are plan for answering the research question or testing used in pre-experimental research hypothesis.” this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge of bio-medical waste management among b.sc. nursing 2 year and 3 year in govt. college of nursing durg setting of the study:- the study was conducted in government college of nursing durg. (c.g) sample:-The sample present study students of Govt. College of Nursing Durg.The result of the B.Sc. Nursing student revealed that maximum B.Sc. Nursing Student 74% were in age group of 21-24 year minimum 22% were the age group 18-20 year. As regards to gender 100% all female in B.Sc. Nursing students. As regard source of knowledge in B.Sc. Nursing students maximum 78% in hospital and minimum 14% book or 8% conference, workshop. As regard to living pattern in B.Sc. Nursing student maximum 80% are hosteller minimum 14% on house and 6% paying. As regard training practice in B.Sc Nursing Students 100% all students training practice is govt. District Hospital Durg. As regards name of the hospital that work on B.Sc. Nursing Student all 100% student work on Pandurang Ramarow Dongaukar Dist. Hospital Durg. There is significance association of knowledge level of B.Sc. Nursing Students at P ≥ 0.05 level was significant the gender of the students at P ≥ 0.05 not significant the source of knowledge of students at P ≥ 0.05 level was not significant the living pattern of student at P ≥ 0.05 not significant the training practice of B.Sc. Nursing students at P ≥ 0.05 not significant the name of hospital work of B.Sc. Nursing student at P ≥ 0.05 level was not significant. An experimental research approach was used to determine the knowledge regarding Bio-Medical Waste Management B.SC Nursing 2 year and 3 year students. Review of literature was done. The tools was developed to assess the knowledge regarding Bio Medical Waste Management B.sc Nursing 2 year & 3 year students. According to our study we found that maximum no of B.Sc. Nursing students have good knowledge and positive attitude toward Bio medical waste management since the improve quality of care and student one more aware of Bio Medical waste management.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Personnel Involved in Bio Medical Waste Handling about COVID-19 & Its Bio-Medical Waste Management: A Descriptive Analysis

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increased amount of biomedical waste, worsening the already strained biomedical waste management system in India. As biomedical waste handlers are the core of biomedical waste handling, their knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding sorting, segregation, transport, and storage of the waste are of prime concern. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices of personnel involved in biomedical waste handling about COVID-19 and its biomedical waste management at All India Institute of Medical Sciences Mangalagiri. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: AIIMS Mangalagiri and common bio-medical waste treatment facility at Guntur. Participants- Personnel involved in bio-medical waste handling Methodology: The study enrolled a total of 139 participants from December 2020 to January 2021. A convenient sampling technique was used and a questionnaire was administered by face-to-face interview. Results: The study showed that half of the participants had favorable knowledge about bio-medical waste management (average score 5.08 and range 1-9). Two-thirds of the respondents felt that handling COVID-19 waste is necessary to contain the infection. Conversely, the practices regarding COVID-19 and its biomedical waste management were not in conformity with attitudes and knowledge. Fewer participants knew the exact sequence of donning (15.80%) and doffing (31.70%). Majority of participants (72.7%) desired a hands-on training for handling biomedical waste. Conclusion: Participants have good knowledge and attitudes regarding COVID-19 bio-medical waste management, but are not adhering to it. This explains the need for comprehensive training programs for all those involved in bio-medical waste management of COVID-19.

Museums theme – making Split + Splice: Fragments from the Age of Biomedicine

Museums theme – making Split + Splice: Fragments from the Age of Biomedicine

An Insight into the Bio Medical Waste Management Status of Alwar using Indicators and Sub-Indicators

The United Nations in 2015 adopted seventeen sustainable development goals among which good health and wellbeing for all is one of them to be achieved by 2030. Thus, continuous improvements in the health sector have become the primary focus of governments around the globe. The irony is that the medical sector which are our main agencies of health have become a major source of infectious pollutants due to the byproducts released from them after the utilization of these services. The waste generated from health care facilities is called bio medical waste in India; though it has various terminologies which are used widely in different countries across the globe making it all the more complicated to be handled. Already bio medical waste has been regarded as the second most hazardous waste after radioactive waste thus making it essential to be regularized by rules and regulations. Such rules are found to exist all around the world. But the poor management of bio medical waste in developing countries raises some pertinent questions regarding the enforcement of these rules. We through our article are presenting the important parameters that can be a boon for the sustainable management of bio medical waste. These parameters are called indicators or sub indicators and are six in number and indicate how efficiently a health care facility is managing its bio medical waste.

Resistance and response to colonial bio medicine: A critical study of survival of ayurvedic tradition in rural India

Resistance and response to colonial bio medicine: A critical study of survival of ayurvedic tradition in rural India

Introducing Innovative Prototypes in Course Materials and Fabrication Technologies in Medical Devices for Electrical and Biomedical Engineering Students

Contribution: This article presents the innovative prototypes used in materials and fabrication technologies in medical devices (MFTIMD) laboratory course, under the curriculum of Biomedical (BME) and Electrical Engineering (EE) undergraduate studies. A special part of the course is devoted to state-of-the-art topics, such as flexible and wearable electronic devices and microfluidic devices. The article contains a brief overview of the laboratory course content as well as an assessment analysis with a satisfactory review and an academic outcomes review. Background: The course should address the properties and the applications of new types of materials used in medical electronics as well as corresponding fabrication technologies and devices. The course content and literature provide a multidisciplinary approach to contemporary engineering problems, specifically in a fast-developing field of biomedical electronics. Intended Outcomes: After successfully completing the MFTIMD course, undergraduate Biomedical (BME) and EE students are trained to independently fabricate and characterized various materials and components for medical devices. They are also capable of creating original ideas and realizing them according to gained knowledge. Application Design: The assessment and evaluation study consist of satisfactory test with positive statements and gradual multiple-choice options for student to rate the statements as well as teachers and the literature. An additional survey of acquired knowledge was conducted before the June exam period and a short prior/post-test focused on main course topics. Findings: The satisfactory survey results indicated a very positive students’ attitude toward the course material and the teaching methods. The pass rate was above 85% in first (June) exam period with an average mark of 8.63 (on a scale from 5 to 10). The prior/post test revealed a significant improvement in the overall knowledge of the course subject, while the preparation test before the exam period resulted in 84% of correct test answers.

Bio Medical Applications of Organic Devices

Bio Medical Applications of Organic Devices

A Clash of Culture and Structure: Considering Barriers to Access for People Without Papers

ABSTRACT As the United States’ population grows via migration and immigration, with this rise in diverse identities, there has been increasing concern regarding disparities for undocumented immigrants living in the U.S. with limited access to the health system. Given the various constraints involving communication and social structures that undocumented immigrants face, a culture-centered approach is drawn on to investigating how this group goes about navigating a dominant health system given their restricted access. I explore co-constructed themes that emerged through conversations with undocumented immigrants, (people without papers as I call them in this work) living in the United States to gain an understanding as to the structural and cultural limitations faced by this group. By doing qualitative semi-structured interviews with local participants living in the South Florida region, I describe the various features of a complex U.S. health system that undocumented immigrants (people without papers) deemed as important obstacles that limit their willingness to interact with official medical spaces. This work draws on narratives and accounts to shed light on the intersection of disparities this group has to overcome in order to consider entering a medical space to receive the treatment they might need. The findings of this article highlighted the structural violence that certain subaltern groups, such as people without papers experience due to their limited access to foundational systems in their environment.

Regulation and Certification of (Bio)Medical Engineers: A Case Study on Romania.

This paper analyzes the Romanian biomedical engineering educational path and certification process in European and international contexts and emphasizes the existence of a deficient operationalization of this qualification and profession, arguing that the domestic shortcomings are both a consequence of an unquestioned process of adopting European and even international classification schemes, and of insufficiently developed national administrative capabilities to properly implement the aforementioned classification frameworks. The core part of the article investigates the current academic track of the biomedical engineering specialization and scrutinizes the classification of occupations at different jurisdictional levels. The conclusions of the study indicate that one of the possible solutions for improving this unsatisfying status quo comes from a better communication between the national and European levels, and by their pro-active involvement in the international attempts of reviewing and refining the existing frameworks. The article ends with several recommendations and policy proposals meant to strengthen the role of various profession-certifying European documents, as well as to alleviate the regulatory deficiencies that this specialization has at Romanian level, in order to maximize its potential in the labor market.

True Story of Poly(2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate)-Based Contact Lenses: How Did It Really Happen

Soft hydrogel contact lenses represent the most famous and commercially successful application of poly(2‑hydroxyethyl methacrylate). The scarcely crosslinked network of this hydrophilic polymer finds its use also in many other fields, be it in (bio)medicine or technology. Moreover, the polymer itself and its crosslinked forms, discovered more or less serendipitously in the early fifties by a group of Czech chemists, is extremely interesting due to its exceptional properties: it readily swells in water, is optically clear, soft, biologically compatible, sufficiently strong, stable, gas-permeable, cheap, and easy to produce. Looking for its as-yet undiscovered qualities and possible utilization still continues. The story of the invention of hydrogel contact lenses was referred to many times in various literary sources which, however, contain numerous errors and misinterpretations. In the present article, we put these records straight and present the correct chronology of the hydrogel contact lenses development including the dramatic patent litigation. A brief overview of the chemical nature, properties, and applications of the constitutive substance of the lenses, i.e., the hydrophilic methacrylate, is also given.

A Study of Biomedical Waste Management Status in Primary Health Centres of Guwahati, Assam

Biomedical waste (BMW) is generated mainly by health care establishments. The management of BMW is still infant all across the world. According to Biomedical waste management rule 2016 (amended in 2018),the health facilities need to ensure proper segregation of BMW and pre-treat the waste at the facility before disposal/handing over the equivalent to Common Bio Medical Waste Treatment Facility (CBMWTF). A detailed study on BMW status in few of the Primary Health Centres (PHC) of Guwahati was carried out. The study depicts that only 30 % of the facilities does have nodal person to monitor the BMW activities. None of the facility having coloured plastic bin/bags with biohazard symbol, designated waste route, weighing machine and centralized storage area. Collection of BMW by the CBMWTF was average twice a month.

JSMBE Bio Medical Engineering Symposium Best Research Award 2022

JSMBE Bio Medical Engineering Symposium Best Research Award 2022

A Novel Modified Adaptive Controller Design for Non Negative DC–DC Converter Using Meta-Heuristic Algorithms for Bio Medical Hybrid Application

Purpose: Meta-heuristic (MH) methods are used to develop an adaptive sliding mode controller for a POEL converter. MH algorithms have been used to address a variety of engineering optimization problems. Which will use for Bio medical hybrid systems applications. Design/Methodology: Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) approach is well known and it could expedite the convergence characteristic in numerous applications. By means of amending PSO parameters like, inertia mass, social and perceptive agents at every generation, Modern Parameter Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (MPIPSO) algorithm which is a more enhanced version of PSO is developed. Findings: Since the converter output voltage’s integral squared error (ISE) has been chosen as a neutral function, the optimal PI controller design may be expressed in terms of optimization problems. Originality/Value: The superiority of the proposed MPIPSO based sliding mode controller has been shown by comparing the results with other existing MH optimization methodologies.