Biomaterial Components Research Articles

Physicochemical and cytotoxicity study of PVA-supported alkyl fumarate/NIPAM copolymer membranes

Numerous studies have centered on biomaterial design; but few have explored the link between the molecular structure of biomaterial components and cellular response. This research involved synthesizing copolymers with various fumaric esters and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), not only altering monomer type but also their composition. Initial structural characterization employed 1H-NMR and capillary viscosity techniques. PVA-supported membranes were then prepared, and contact angles measurements revealed the hydrophilic nature of all materials. Additionally, cytotoxicity and proliferation test with Raw 264.7 cells showed that materials derived from dicyclohexyl fumarate/NIPAM copolymer provided a more favorable environment for cell growth. In conclusion, this study suggests that cellular response is more influenced by the diversity of monomers in copolymer synthesis than by their specific compositions.

Production of Nanofibrillar Patterned Collagen for Tissue Engineering.

Regenerative biomaterials are designed to facilitate cell-material interactions to guide the repair of damaged tissues and organs. These materials are designed to emulate the biophysical properties of native tissue, providing cellular phenotypic and morphological guidance that contributes to the restoration of the regenerative tissue niche. Collagen, a prevalent extracellular matrix protein, is a common component of these regenerative biomaterials due to its biocompatibility and other favorable properties. The current study describes a novel and straightforward method for the fabrication of engineered nanofibrillar collagen with directed fibril patterning. Through the manipulation of shear stress, temperature, and pH, collagen fibrillogenesis and alignment are precisely controlled without requiring specialized equipment. This approach allows for the creation of nanofibrillar collagen biomaterials that mimic the native structure of tissues exhibiting either anisotropic or isotropic characteristics. The flexibility in collagen nanofibril patterning not only facilitates the study of nanoscale patterning on cell behavior but also offers diverse possibilities for patterned tissue engineering applications.

BMP2 Binds Non-Specifically to PEG-Passivated Biomaterials and Induces pSMAD 1/5/9 Signalling.

Biomaterials are widely employed across diverse biomedical applications and represent an attractive strategy to explore how extracellular matrix components influence cellular response. In this study, the previously developed streptavidin platforms is aimed to use to investigate the role of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) signaling. However, it is observed that the interpretation of findings is skewed due to the GAG-unrelated, non-specific binding of BMP2 on components of biomaterials. Non-specific adsorption of proteins is a recurrent and challenging issue for biomaterial studies. Despite the initial incorporation of anti-fouling polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains within biomaterials, the residual non-specific BMP2 adsorption still triggered BMP2 signaling within the same range as conditions of interest. The various options are explored to prevent BMP2 non-specific adsorption and a successful blocking condition involving a combination of bovine serum albumin and trehalose are identified. Furthermore, the effect of this blocking step improved when using gold platforms instead of glass, particularly with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. With this specific example, it is suggested that non-specific adsorption of BMPs on biomaterials may be a general concern - often undetected by classical surface-sensitive techniques - that needs to be addressed to better interpret cellular responses.

The Impact of the Methacrylation Process on the Usefulness of Chitosan as a Biomaterial Component for 3D Printing.

Chitosan is a very promising material for tissue model printing. It is also known that the introduction of chemical modifications to the structure of the material in the form of methacrylate groups makes it very attractive for application in the bioprinting of tissue models. The aim of this work is to study the characteristics of biomaterials containing chitosan (BCH) and its methacrylated equivalent (BCM) in order to identify differences in their usefulness in 3D bioprinting technology. It has been shown that the BCM material containing methacrylic chitosan is three times more viscous than its non-methacrylated BCH counterpart. Additionally, the BCM material is characterized by stability in a larger range of stresses, as well as better printability, resolution, and fiber stability. The BCM material has higher mechanical parameters, both mechanical strength and Young's modulus, than the BCH material. Both materials are ideal for bioprinting, but BCM has unique rheological properties and significant mechanical resistance. In addition, biological tests have shown that the addition of chitosan to biomaterials increases cell proliferation, particularly in 3D-printed models. Moreover, modification in the form of methacrylation encourages reduced toxicity of the biomaterial in 3D constructs. Our investigation demonstrates the suitability of a chitosan-enhanced biomaterial, specifically methacrylate-treated, for application in tissue engineering, and particularly for tissues requiring resistance to high stress, i.e., vascular or cartilage models.

Sulfated Alginate for Biomedical Applications.

Alginate (Alg) polymers have received much attention due to the mild conditions required for gel formation and their good bio-acceptability. However, due to limited interactions with cells, many drugs, and biomolecules, chemically modified alginates are of great interest. Sulfated alginate (S-Alg) is a promising heparin-mimetic that continues to be investigated both as a drug molecule and as a component of biomaterials. Herein, the S-Alg literature of the past five years (2017-2023) is reviewed. Several methods used to synthesize S-Alg are described, with a focus on new advances in characterization and stereoselectivity. Material fabrication is another focus and spans bulk materials, particles, scaffolds, coatings, and part of multicomponent biomaterials. The new application of S-Alg as an antitumor agent is highlighted together with studies evaluating safety and biodistribution. The high binding affinity of S-Alg for various drugs and heparin-binding proteins is exploited extensively in biomaterial design to tune the encapsulation and release of these agents and this aspect is covered in detail. Recommondations include publishing key material properties to allow reproducibility, careful selection of appropriate sulfation strategies, the use of cross-linking strategies other than ionic cross-linking for material fabrication, and more detailed toxicity and biodistribution studies to inform future work.

Bioengineered Salivary Gland Microtissues─A Review of 3D Cellular Models and their Applications.

Salivary glands (SGs) play a vital role in maintaining oral health through the production and release of saliva. Injury to SGs can lead to gland hypofunction and a decrease in saliva secretion manifesting as xerostomia. While symptomatic treatments for xerostomia exist, effective permanent solutions are still lacking, emphasizing the need for innovative approaches. Significant progress has been made in the field of three-dimensional (3D) SG bioengineering for applications in gland regeneration. This has been achieved through a major focus on cell culture techniques, including soluble cues and biomaterial components of the 3D niche. Cells derived from both adult and embryonic SGs have highlighted key in vitro characteristics of SG 3D models. While still in its first decade of exploration, SG spheroids and organoids have so far served as crucial tools to study SG pathophysiology. This review, based on a literature search over the past decade, covers the importance of SG cell types in the realm of their isolation, sourcing, and culture conditions that modulate the 3D microenvironment. We discuss different biomaterials employed for SG culture and the current advances made in bioengineering SG models using them. The success of these 3D cellular models are further evaluated in the context of their applications in organ transplantation and in vitro disease modeling.

Efficient Bioelectrochemical Cell Generation and Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate and Pineapple Peel Extracts: A Comprehensive Characterization Study

The present study investigates an environmentally conscious method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by employing extracts from pomegranate peel (PgP) and pineapple peel (PnP). This green synthesis approach offers a sustainable alternative to traditional chemical methods, thereby reducing the ecological footprint associated with nanoparticle production. The PgP and PnP extracts serve as both reducing and capping agents during the synthesis process, enhancing the biocompatibility of the resultant AgNPs. Various characterization techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, Raman analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were utilized to analyze the synthesized AgNPs. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the formation of AgNPs through characteristic surface plasmon resonance peaks, while FTIR examined the interaction between biomaterial components and the oxidation and coating of silver nanoparticles. Raman analysis elucidated the functional groups responsible for reducing and stabilizing AgNPs, while XRD provided insights into their crystalline structure. TEM images revealed the size and morphology of the nanoparticles, while DLS characterized their average size and morphology. In addition, the synthesized AgNPs were utilized in a bioelectrochemical cell to leverage their unique properties for enhanced electrochemical performance, showcasing their potential application in energy storage and conversion systems. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing agricultural waste products such as PgP and PnP for sustainable AgNP synthesis, offering promising prospects for environmentally friendly nanotechnology advancement.

An Anti-Oxidative Bioink for Cartilage Tissue Engineering Applications.

Since chondrocytes are highly vulnerable to oxidative stress, an anti-oxidative bioink combined with 3D bioprinting may facilitate its applications in cartilage tissue engineering. We developed an anti-oxidative bioink with methacrylate-modified rutin (RTMA) as an additional bioactive component and glycidyl methacrylate silk fibroin as a biomaterial component. Bioink containing 0% RTMA was used as the control sample. Compared with hydrogel samples produced with the control bioink, solidified anti-oxidative bioinks displayed a similar porous microstructure, which is suitable for cell adhesion and migration, and the transportation of nutrients and wastes. Among photo-cured samples prepared with anti-oxidative bioinks and the control bioink, the sample containing 1 mg/mL of RTMA (RTMA-1) showed good degradation, promising mechanical properties, and the best cytocompatibility, and it was selected for further investigation. Based on the results of 3D bioprinting tests, the RTMA-1 bioink exhibited good printability and high shape fidelity. The results demonstrated that RTMA-1 reduced intracellular oxidative stress in encapsulated chondrocytes under H2O2 stimulation, which results from upregulation of COLII and AGG and downregulation of MMP13 and MMP1. By using in vitro and in vivo tests, our data suggest that the RTMA-1 bioink significantly enhanced the regeneration and maturation of cartilage tissue compared to the control bioink, indicating that this anti-oxidative bioink can be used for 3D bioprinting and cartilage tissue engineering applications in the future.

Micro- and Nanostructured Fibrous Composites via Electro-Fluid Dynamics: Design and Applications for Brain.

The brain consists of an interconnected network of neurons tightly packed in the extracellular matrix (ECM) to form complex and heterogeneous composite tissue. According to recent biomimicry approaches that consider biological features as active components of biomaterials, designing a highly reproducible microenvironment for brain cells can represent a key tool for tissue repair and regeneration. Indeed, this is crucial to support cell growth, mitigate inflammation phenomena and provide adequate structural properties needed to support the damaged tissue, corroborating the activity of the vascular network and ultimately the functionality of neurons. In this context, electro-fluid dynamic techniques (EFDTs), i.e., electrospinning, electrospraying and related techniques, offer the opportunity to engineer a wide variety of composite substrates by integrating fibers, particles, and hydrogels at different scales-from several hundred microns down to tens of nanometers-for the generation of countless patterns of physical and biochemical cues suitable for influencing the in vitro response of coexistent brain cell populations mediated by the surrounding microenvironment. In this review, an overview of the different technological approaches-based on EFDTs-for engineering fibrous and/or particle-loaded composite substrates will be proposed. The second section of this review will primarily focus on describing current and future approaches to the use of composites for brain applications, ranging from therapeutic to diagnostic/theranostic use and from repair to regeneration, with the ultimate goal of providing insightful information to guide future research efforts toward the development of more efficient and reliable solutions.

Synthesis, evaluation, and monitoring of red amaranth extract for power production

The scientific paper describes the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using a fresh red amaranth preparation and explores their potential to enhance the output current of a red amaranth bio-electrolytic cell. The study employed various analytical techniques such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Raman spectroscopy to characterise and detect the nanoparticles. The UV–vis analysis of the dripping media containing silver nanoparticles exhibited an absorption peak, indicating the presence of the nanoparticles. FTIR was utilised to examine the interaction between the biomaterial components and the oxidation and wrapping of silver nanoparticles. XRD analysis revealed that the synthesised nanoparticles possessed a naturally columnar shape and a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. The average size and morphology of the nanoparticles were characterised by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Raman spectra revealed the unique surface-enhancing properties of synthesised Ag NPs. The research presented in the paper highlights the remarkable performance of silver nanoparticles in bio-electrolyte power generation systems. It emphasises a straightforward, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly method for producing Ag NPs using red amaranth extract. These findings contribute to the development of a novel framework for bio-electrochemical cells and emphasise the importance of further research on the effects of Ag NPs on these cells. It is found that the open circuit voltage is 3.254 V, short circuit current is 2.256 mA, and load current is 1.987 mA before using the Ag NPs and open circuit voltage is 5.678 volts, short circuit current is 4.212 mA, and load current is 2.887 mA after using the Ag NPs. It is seen that the values of the three parameters have been increased after using the Ag NPs, which ensured the significance of the use of Ag NPs.

Advances in 3D tissue models for neural engineering: self-assembled versus engineered tissue models.

Neural tissue engineering has emerged as a promising field that aims to create functional neural tissue for therapeutic applications, drug screening, and disease modelling. It is becoming evident in the literature that this goal requires development of three-dimensional (3D) constructs that can mimic the complex microenvironment of native neural tissue, including its biochemical, mechanical, physical, and electrical properties. These 3D models can be broadly classified as self-assembled models, which include spheroids, organoids, and assembloids, and engineered models, such as those based on decellularized or polymeric scaffolds. Self-assembled models offer advantages such as the ability to recapitulate neural development and disease processes in vitro, and the capacity to study the behaviour and interactions of different cell types in a more realistic environment. However, self-assembled constructs have limitations such as lack of standardised protocols, inability to control the cellular microenvironment, difficulty in controlling structural characteristics, reproducibility, scalability, and lengthy developmental timeframes. Integrating biomimetic materials and advanced manufacturing approaches to present cells with relevant biochemical, mechanical, physical, and electrical cues in a controlled tissue architecture requires alternate engineering approaches. Engineered scaffolds, and specifically 3D hydrogel-based constructs, have desirable properties, lower cost, higher reproducibility, long-term stability, and they can be rapidly tailored to mimic the native microenvironment and structure. This review explores 3D models in neural tissue engineering, with a particular focus on analysing the benefits and limitations of self-assembled organoids compared with hydrogel-based engineered 3D models. Moreover, this paper will focus on hydrogel based engineered models and probe their biomaterial components, tuneable properties, and fabrication techniques that allow them to mimic native neural tissue structures and environment. Finally, the current challenges and future research prospects of 3D neural models for both self-assembled and engineered models in neural tissue engineering will be discussed.

Effects of FDM 3D printing parameters on PLA biomaterial components dimensional accuracy and surface quality

Since precise manufacturing is very important in different industries, the produced part surface quality and dimensional accuracy have been brought to attention in recent years. In this regard, in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) as a prototyping method, controlling the process parameters in order to customize the produced part has been a value-added ability which should be considered. Optimizing the process parameters helps to enhance the mentioned products’ properties. In this paper, influential process parameters, including print speed (PS), infill percentage (IP), and nozzle temperature (NT) were selected to examine. That was concluded NT increase from 195°C to 240°C, IP increase from 10% to 50% and PS decrease from 150 to 50 mm/min enhance dimensional accuracy including inner and outer ovality up to 30%, 53%, and 50%, respectively. PS is the most significant parameter on inner and outer ovality by 43.92% and 66.60% contribution, respectively. The density of the FDM part was affected mostly by the IP by 92.94% contribution which leads to the printed part density increment up to 13%. Other parameters have small effect on the density value. According to desirability method, that was resulted NT of 240°C, IP of 50%, and PS of 54 mm/min are the optimum parameters. Besides, verification tests were carried out and a maximum error of 7.5% was reported, which shows optimization confidence. In the following, part geometry influence on the final part surface roughness and dimensional accuracy was examined. The experiments demonstrated that cube geometry has the least surface roughness of 20 µm and dimensional error of 0.17 mm due to the independent motion of the axes. Also cone geometry has the highest dimensional error of 0.32 mm and surface roughness of 51 µm which was due to simultaneous axes motion and lateral face lower than 90°.

Cannabidiol attenuates inflammatory impairment of intestinal cells expanding biomaterial-based therapeutic approaches

Cannabis-based biomaterials have the potential to deliver anti-inflammatory therapeutics specifically to desired cells, tissues, and organs, enhancing drug delivery and the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory treatment while minimizing toxicity. As a major component of Cannabis, Cannabidiol (CBD) has gained major attention in recent years because of its potential therapeutic properties, e.g., for restoring a disturbed barrier resulting from inflammatory conditions. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that CBD has beneficial effects under normal and inflammatory conditions in the established non-transformed intestinal epithelial cell model IPEC-J2. CBD induced a significant increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) values and a decrease in the paracellular permeability of [³H]-D-Mannitol, indicating a strengthening effect on the barrier. Under inflammatory conditions induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), CBD stabilized the TER and mitigated the increase in paracellular permeability. Additionally, CBD prevented the barrier-disrupting effects of TNFα on the distribution and localization of sealing TJ proteins. CBD also affected the expression of TNF receptors. These findings demonstrate the potential of CBD as a component of Cannabis-based biomaterials used in the development of novel therapeutic approaches against inflammatory pathogenesis.

Sustainable Biomass Lignin-Based Hydrogels: A Review on Properties, Formulation, and Biomedical Applications.

Different techniques have been developed to overcome the recalcitrant nature of lignocellulosic biomass and extract lignin biopolymer. Lignin has gained considerable interest owing to its attractive properties. These properties may be more beneficial when including lignin in the preparation of highly desired value-added products, including hydrogels. Lignin biopolymer, as one of the three major components of lignocellulosic biomaterials, has attracted significant interest in the biomedical field due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Its valorization by developing new hydrogels has increased in recent years. Furthermore, lignin-based hydrogels have shown great potential for various biomedical applications, and their copolymerization with other polymers and biopolymers further expands their possibilities. In this regard, lignin-based hydrogels can be synthesized by a variety of methods, including but not limited to interpenetrating polymer networks and polymerization, crosslinking copolymerization, crosslinking grafted lignin and monomers, atom transfer radical polymerization, and reversible addition-fragmentation transfer polymerization. As an example, the crosslinking mechanism of lignin-chitosan-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel involves active groups of lignin such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and sulfonic groups that can form hydrogen bonds (with groups in the chemical structures of chitosan and/or PVA) and ionic bonds (with groups in the chemical structures of chitosan and/or PVA). The aim of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of lignin-based hydrogels and their applications, focusing on the preparation and properties of lignin-based hydrogels and the biomedical applications of these hydrogels. In addition, we explore their potential in wound healing, drug delivery systems, and 3D bioprinting, showcasing the unique properties of lignin-based hydrogels that enable their successful utilization in these areas. Finally, we discuss future trends in the field and draw conclusions based on the findings presented.

Study on the Degradation of a Semi-Synthetic Lignin-Acrylic Acid Hydrogel with Common Bacteria Found in Natural Attenuation Processes.

In this study, lignin was chemically modified to promote hydrogel degradation as a source of carbon and nitrogen for a bacterial consortium consisting of P. putida F1, B. cereus and, B. paramycoides. A hydrogel was synthesized using acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM), and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and cross-linked with the modified lignin. The structural changes and mass loss in the hydrogel, as well as its final composition, were evaluated as functions of the growth of the selected strains in a culture broth with the powdered hydrogel. The average loss was 18.4% wt. The hydrogel was characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis (EA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) before and after bacterial treatment. FTIR showed that the carboxylic groups present in both the lignin and the acrylic acid of the hydrogel decreased during bacterial growth. The bacteria showed a preference for the biomaterial components of the hydrogel. SEM demonstrated superficial morphological changes in the hydrogel. The results reveal that the hydrogel was assimilated by the bacterial consortium while preserving the water retention capacity of the material and that the microorganisms carried out a partial biodegradation of the hydrogel. The results of the EA and TGA confirm that the bacterial consortium not only degraded the biopolymer (lignin), but also used the synthetic hydrogel as a carbon source to degrade its polymeric chains and modified original properties. This modification with lignin as a crosslinker (which is a waste product of the paper industry) is therefore proposed to promote hydrogel degradation.

Study on Material Design and Corrosion Resistance Based on Multi-Principal Component Alloying Theory.

This study mainly attempts to develop Mg-based alloy materials with excellent corrosion resistance by means of multi-principal alloying. The alloy elements are determined based on the multi-principal alloy elements and the performance requirements of the components of biomaterials. Mg30Zn30Sn30Sr5Bi5 alloy was successfully prepared by vacuum magnetic levitation melting. Through the electrochemical corrosion test with m-SBF solution (pH7.4) as the electrolyte, the corrosion rate of alloy Mg30Zn30Sn30Sr5Bi5 alloy decreased to 20% of pure Mg. It could also be seen from the polarization curve that when the self-corrosion current density is low, the alloy shows superior corrosion resistance. Nevertheless, with the increase in self-corrosion current density, although the anodic corrosion performance of the alloy is obviously better than that of pure Mg, the cathode shows the opposite situation. The Nyquist diagram shows that the self-corrosion potential of the alloy is much higher than that of pure Mg. In general, under the condition of low self-corrosion current density, the alloy materials display excellent corrosion resistance. It is proved that the multi-principal alloying method is of positive significance for improving the corrosion resistance of Mg alloys.

Data-Driven Design of Polymer-Based Biomaterials: High-throughput Simulation, Experimentation, and Machine Learning.

Polymers, with the capacity to tunably alter properties and response based on manipulation of their chemical characteristics, are attractive components in biomaterials. Nevertheless, their potential as functional materials is also inhibited by their complexity, which complicates rational or brute-force design and realization. In recent years, machine learning has emerged as a useful tool for facilitating materials design via efficient modeling of structure-property relationships in the chemical domain of interest. In this Spotlight, we discuss the emergence of data-driven design of polymers that can be deployed in biomaterials with particular emphasis on complex copolymer systems. We outline recent developments, as well as our own contributions and takeaways, related to high-throughput data generation for polymer systems, methods for surrogate modeling by machine learning, and paradigms for property optimization and design. Throughout this discussion, we highlight key aspects of successful strategies and other considerations that will be relevant to the future design of polymer-based biomaterials with target properties.

Functionalization of graphenic surfaces by oxygen plasma toward enhanced wettability and cell adhesion: experiments corroborated by molecular modelling.

Graphenic materials attract huge attention because of their outstanding properties, and have a wide range of applications as, i.e., components of biomaterials. Due to their hydrophobic nature, however, the surfaces need to be functionalized to improve wettability and biocompatibility. In this study, we investigate the functionalization of graphenic surfaces by oxygen plasma treatment, introducing surface functional groups in a controlled way. The AFM images and LDI-MS results clearly show that the graphenic surface exposed to plasma is decorated with -OH groups, whereas the surface topography remains intact. The measured water contact angle decreases significantly after oxygen plasma treatment from 99° to ca. 5°, making the surface hydrophilic. It is also reflected in the surface free energy values which increase from 48.18 mJ m-2 to 74.53 mJ m-2 when the number of surface oxygen groups reaches 4 -OH/84 Å2. The DFT (VASP) molecular models of unmodified and oxygen-functionalized graphenic surfaces were constructed and used for molecular interpretation of water-graphenic surface interactions. The computational models were validated by comparison of the theoretically determined water contact angle (based on the Young-Dupré equation) to the experimentally determined values. Additionally, the VASPsol (implicit water environment) results were calibrated against the explicit water models that can be used in further research. Finally, the biological role of functional groups on the graphenic surface was examined in terms of cell adhesion with the use of mouse fibroblast cell line (NIH/3T3). The obtained results illustrate the correlation between surface oxygen groups, wettability, and biocompatibility providing the guidelines for the molecular level-driven design of carbon materials for various applications.

Bacterial Response to the Surface Aging of PLA Matrices Loaded with Active Compounds.

The use of active components in biomaterials improves the properties of existing ones and makes it possible to obtain new devices with antibacterial properties that prevent infections after implantation, thus guaranteeing the success of the implant. In this work, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and magnesium particles were incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA) films to assess the extent to which progressive aging of the new surfaces resists bacterial colonization processes. For this purpose, the films' surface was characterized by contact angle measurements, ToF-SIMS and AFM, and adhesion, viability and biofilm growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria on these films were also evaluated. The results show that the inclusion of Mg and CTAB in PLA films changes their surface properties both before and after aging and also modifies bacterial adhesion on the polymer. Complete bactericidal activity is exhibited on non-degraded films and films with CTAB. This antibacterial behavior is maintained after degradation for three months in the case of films containing a higher amount of CTAB.

Radiographic and Histological Evaluation in Canine Femur after Implantation of 304 Stainless-steel-based Plate

Fractures are known to be high-risk traumatic cases in domestic animals. Surgery was performed to reposition and immobilize bone using a plate as a biomaterial component. This study aimed to evaluate the radiographic and histological findings in canine femur after implantation of a 304 stainless-steel-based plate. A total of six male dogs aged 3-4 months were used in this study. Dogs were acclimatized for a week and then randomly assigned to 2 groups and 3 replication, respectively. The left femoral diaphysis was cracked and fixed by (A) commercial plate; (B) 304 stainless-steel plate. Radiographic observations were performed at 24 h and 28 d postoperatively during the recovery period. Histological figures were evaluated at 28 d postoperative descriptively. As a result, physical examination of muscle tissue in both groups did not reveal discoloration, swelling, and fluid accumulation around the plate. The radiographic figures presented a slight callus production around the crack and a decrease in the gap between cracks after 28 d. The histological figures observed the proliferation of osteoblasts, osteocytes, connective tissues, and bone trabeculae. It can be concluded that no significant difference between 304 stainlesssteel plate compared to commercial plate. A 304 stainless-steel-based plate is recommended for bone immobilization in canine femoral fractures.