Biomass Stoves Research Articles

A bridge to clean cooking? The cost-effectiveness of energy-efficient biomass stoves in rural Senegal

Rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa have experienced limited progress towards the sustainable development goal of universal access to clean cooking. Energy-efficient biomass cookstoves (EEBCs) are considered a potential bridge technology, but EEBC models vary widely, and there is a lack of understanding about their real-world use implications. We conduct a randomized controlled trial in rural Senegal to compare a low-cost, locally produced stove designed to achieve fuel savings and an expensive, imported stove shown to be more efficient and emissions-reducing in the laboratory. We find that the two EEBCs perform similarly: both reduce fuel consumption but have no significant impact on cooking time and fuel collection, emissions, or objective health measures. We conclude that the technically advanced option is not cost effective for most of our sample, while the low-cost EEBC can be seen as a stop-gap solution that primarily reduces fuel use. The findings underpin the importance of customizing EEBC dissemination to local context and baseline cooking patterns.

Pot Skirt Configuration on the UB-03 Biomass Stove: Taguchi Approach Optimization

A biomass stove is a technology that can utilize biomass fuel as an alternative energy source. This stove is considered effective for saving fossil energy because it uses fuels such as wood, waste, and plants so that it can reduce the effects of global warming because it can minimize the emissions it produces. In its technological development, UB-03 is a biomass stove product with compact construction and affordable prices for rural communities. However, there needs to be an increase to produce more efficient performance. In this case, additional configurations in the form of a pot skirt can be used to increase the efficiency of the biomass stove. The pot skirt is a device that focuses the fire’s direction on the load to minimize wasted heat and increase the efficiency of the biomass stove. This study used the Water Boiling Test (WBT) method for experimental testing. In addition, the Taguchi method was used to analyze the data obtained. This study aims to determine the optimum conditions of the biomass stove with the addition of a pot skirt using the Taguchi method with orthogonal array L9 (33) with three factors, namely angle (64°, 65°, 66°), number of holes (9,10,11) and hole diameter (0.8 cm, 1 cm, 1.2 cm). The results of this study indicate that the optimal configuration obtained is by adding a pot skirt at an angle of 65° with 9 holes and a hole diameter of 1 cm, where the highest efficiency value is obtained, namely 21.19%.

Thermal Performance Evaluation of a Single-Mouth Improved Cookstove: Theoretical Approach Compared with Experimental Data

This work aims to address the knowledge gap in the thermal efficiency performance of a locally made cookstove in Mali. Despite the fact that the thermal efficiency of cookstoves is a crucial aspect of cooking, the performance of commercially produced cookstoves in Mali has not been thoroughly studied. In this context, the thermal efficiency of a single-mouth biomass stove has been investigated using a theoretical and experimental approach. First, the fundamental principles of physics for the three forms of heat transfer were applied. Then, the theoretical thermal efficiency of the stove was calculated based on the percentage share of energy gains and losses for the respective heat transfer modes. This analysis shows that the highest energy gain is achieved by radiation heat transfer from the flame and the fuel bed, followed by convection heat transfer to the bottom and sides of the pot, respectively. In order to validate the findings, the theoretical results have been compared with the experimental data at a case study site in Katibougou, Mali. Accordingly, the experimental thermal efficiency is slightly lower than the theoretical value, with a measured value of 27% compared to the theoretical value of 31.45%. The theoretical thermal efficiency can be closer to the experimental efficiency if the combustion losses caused by incomplete combustion of the fuel are taken into account.

Impact of an Improved Biomass Stove Intervention on Inflammation in a Stepped-wedge Trial in Rural Honduras: Intent-to-treat and Exposure-Response Analyses

Impact of an Improved Biomass Stove Intervention on Inflammation in a Stepped-wedge Trial in Rural Honduras: Intent-to-treat and Exposure-Response Analyses

Factors Determining Black Carbon Exposures among Pregnant Women Enrolled in the HAPIN Trial.

Residential biomass burning is an important source of black carbon (BC) exposure among rural communities in low- and middle-income countries. We collected 7165 personal BC samples and individual/household level information from 3103 pregnant women enrolled in the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network trial. Women in the intervention arm received free liquefied petroleum gas stoves and fuel throughout pregnancy; women in the control arm continued the use of biomass stoves. Median (IQR) postintervention BC exposures were 9.6 μg/m3 (5.2-14.0) for controls and 2.8 μg/m3 (1.6-4.8) for the intervention group. Using mixed models, we characterized predictors of BC exposure and assessed how exposure contrasts differed between arms by select predictors. Primary stove type was the strongest predictor (R2 = 0.42); the models including kerosene use, kitchen location, education, occupation, or stove use hours also provided additional explanatory power from the base model adjusted only for the study site. Our full, trial-wide, model explained 48% of the variation in BC exposures. We found evidence that the BC exposure contrast between arms differed by study site, adherence to the assigned study stove, and whether the participant cooked. Our findings highlight factors that may be addressed before and during studies to implement more impactful cookstove intervention trials.

Production and emission characterization of briquette for sustainable development: MSW transformation.

Global community is increasingly alarmed by resource depletion and environmental pollution. In light of pressing environmental concerns and depletion of finite resources, the surge in fossil fuel usage has sparked twin crises: dwindling fossil fuel reserves and escalating environmental pollution. The current study introduces a novel approach to minimize waste by transforming it into briquettes suitable for large-scale production. Production of briquettes involves multiple stages, including collection, drying, crushing, screening, blending, compacting, and storage. The main objective of this research is to demonstrate and investigate the physico-mechanical and emission properties of briquettes produced with readily available organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) such as food and garden waste. The physical, mechanical, and elemental characteristics such as calorific value, moisture content, ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon, density, compressive strength, and SEM-EDAX were determined. A combustibility test along with emission and water boiling test was also carried out. The MSW briquettes were prepared in a densification system at 130°C temperature and 20MPa. The study's conclusion suggests that the MSW briquette with lignin content of 25-30%, calorific value of 22.53MJ/kg, compressive strength of 14.517 N/mm2, and density of 1124.12kgm-3 could be used to retain energy and lessen the harmful effects of climate change while also enhancing sustainability. Flue gas emissions from burning MSW briquettes in a biomass stove were examined in this study using flue gas analyzer and smoke meter. Furthermore, the generated briquettes exhibit a density of 1124.12kgm-3 which is on par with coal, making them suitable for co-firing in boilers. Likewise, the determined parameters are compared with the biomass briquettes and firewood. Further investigation is required to elevate its quality and economic potential.

STUDI PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH BAMBU DAN TEMPURUNG KELAPA DALAM PEMBUATAN BIOBRIKET MENJADI SUMBER ENERGI ALTERNATIF

The use of fossil fuels has resulted in the emission of greenhouse gases which can trigger global warming. In addition, fossil energy reserves that continue to decrease also raise concerns regarding aspects of their reselience and sustainability. Therefore, new and renewble energy must be developed immediately. The use of biomass as an alternative fuel for Steam Power Plant (PLTU) is in line with Indonesia’s efforts towards net zero emission in the future. In addition to increasing the contribution of renewable energy to the national energy mix, cofiring will also have a positive impact on the development of the circular economy as it can open up employment and business opportunities in the biomass sector, especially those based on garbage and waste. This research aims to determine the value of moisture content, heating value, combustion rate, and electrical energy produced from bamboo twigs and coconut shell waste with different composition variation. The method used in this research is an experimental method in which a bomb calorimeter is used to determine the heating, and a biomass stove is used to determine the combustion rate. The research finding reveals that the best samples for utilizing bamboo and coconut shell waste in the production of bio-briquettes as an alternative energy source are the variety of 200 grams of shell charcoal and 10 grams sago adhesive (sample 9). It is the best sample due to it has moisture content value of 6.38%, heating value of 5663.9 cal/gram, combustion rate is 0.227 gram/minute, and the electrical energy generated by converting the heating value to kWh is 6.5857 kWh/gram. In reference to SNI 01-6235-2000, the moisture content should not be more than 8%, and the minimum heating value is 5000 cal/g.

Household Air Pollution Interventions to Improve Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement.

Background: An estimated 3 billion people, largely in low- and middle-income countries, rely on unclean fuels for cooking, heating, and lighting to meet household energy needs. The resulting exposure to household air pollution (HAP) is a leading cause of pneumonia, chronic lung disease, and other adverse health effects. In the last decade, randomized controlled trials of clean cooking interventions to reduce HAP have been conducted. We aim to provide guidance on how to interpret the findings of these trials and how they should inform policy makers and practitioners.Methods: We assembled a multidisciplinary working group of international researchers, public health practitioners, and policymakers with expertise in household air pollution from within academia, the American Thoracic Society, funders, nongovernmental organizations, and global organizations, including the World Bank and the World Health Organization. We performed a literature search, convened four sessions via web conference, and developed consensus conclusions and recommendations via the Delphi method.Results: The committee reached consensus on 14 conclusions and recommendations. Although some trials using cleaner-burning biomass stoves or cleaner-cooking fuels have reduced HAP exposure, the committee was divided (with 55% saying no and 45% saying yes) on whether the studied interventions improved measured health outcomes.Conclusions: HAP is associated with adverse health effects in observational studies. However, it remains unclear which household energy interventions reduce exposure, improve health, can be scaled, and are sustainable. Researchers should engage with policy makers and practitioners working to scale cleaner energy solutions to understand and address their information needs.

Cooking with liquefied petroleum gas or biomass and fetal growth outcomes: a multi-country randomised controlled trial

Household air pollution might lead to fetal growth restriction during pregnancy. We aimed to investigate whether a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) intervention to reduce personal exposures to household air pollution during pregnancy would alter fetal growth. The Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial was an open-label randomised controlled trial conducted in ten resource-limited settings across Guatemala, India, Peru, and Rwanda. Pregnant women aged 18-34 years (9-19 weeks of gestation) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive an LPG stove, continuous fuel delivery, and behavioural messaging or to continue usual cooking with biomass for 18 months. We conducted ultrasound assessments at baseline, 24-28 weeks of gestation (the first pregnancy visit), and 32-36 weeks of gestation (the second pregnancy visit), to measure fetal size; we monitored 24 h personal exposures to household air pollutants during these visits; and we weighed children at birth. We conducted intention-to-treat analyses to estimate differences in fetal size between the intervention and control group, and exposure-response analyses to identify associations between household air pollutants and fetal size. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02944682). Between May 7, 2018, and Feb 29, 2020, we randomly assigned 3200 pregnant women (1593 to the intervention group and 1607 to the control group). The mean gestational age was 14·5 (SD 3·0) weeks and mean maternal age was 25·6 (4·5) years. We obtained ultrasound assessments in 3147 (98·3%) women at baseline, 3052 (95·4%) women at the first pregnancy visit, and 2962 (92·6%) at the second pregnancy visit, through to Aug 25, 2020. Intervention adherence was high (the median proportion of days with biomass stove use was 0·0%, IQR 0·0-1·6) and pregnant women in the intervention group had lower mean exposures to particulate matter with a diameter less than 2·5 μm (PM2·5; 35·0 [SD 37·2] μg/m3vs 103·3 [97·9] μg/m3) than did women in the control group. We did not find differences in averaged post-randomisation Z scores for head circumference (0·30 vs 0·39; p=0·04), abdominal circumference (0·38 vs 0·39; p=0·99), femur length (0·44 vs 0·45; p=0·73), and estimated fetal weight or birthweight (-0·13 vs -0·12; p=0·70) between the intervention and control groups. Personal exposures to household air pollutants were not associated with fetal size. Although an LPG cooking intervention successfully reduced personal exposure to air pollution during pregnancy, it did not affect fetal size. Our findings do not support the use of unvented liquefied petroleum gas stoves as a strategy to increase fetal growth in settings were biomass fuels are used predominantly for cooking. US National Institutes of Health and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. For the Kinyarwanda, Spanish and Tamil translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

A combined combustion and conjugate heat transfer analysis of a hybrid draft biomass cookstove

A cookstove comprises both fluid and solid regions, with combustion gases representing the fluid domain and the combustion chamber wall and insulation forming the solid regions. These solid regions are made of different materials and make significant contributions to stove performance. So far, most studies conducted on biomass stoves have only analysed the fluid domain, neglecting solid regions. The current study integrates combustion and conjugate heat transfer analysis, encompassing both fluid and solid domains, to investigate the fluid flow and heat transfer behaviour of a hybrid draft biomass cookstove (HDBC) using CFD. This analysis aims to gain insights into the impact of stove materials on its performance. The study analysed six cases of HDBC, testing different combinations of materials: two for the combustion chamber (ceramic-cement and stainless-steel) and three for insulation (ceramic wool, perlite, and vermiculite). The combustion of biomass and the formation of soot are modelled using reaction kinetics and a one-step soot model, respectively. The CFD findings for thermal efficiency, CO, and PM2.5 emissions derived using combustion and soot model demonstrated closed alignment with the experimental result with variations of 3%, 19%, and 23%, respectively. It was observed that stoves with stainless-steel combustion chamber material exhibit better thermal and emission performance compared to ceramic-cement stoves, with perlite taking the edge over other insulation materials. The success of these materials is attributed to their superior thermophysical properties, which play a significant role in material selection.

Improved Biomass Stoves in Rural Areas in Karnataka, India

Aims: the study aimed to quantify fuel wood consumption in traditional and biomass stoves as well asto estimate the Carbon dioxide (Co2) and carbon monoxide (Co) while cooking with different fuel wood.
 Study Design: exploratory and experimental.
 Place and Duration of Study: The duration of the Study was 2 years and the place of the study was Dharwad and Vijayapur districts of Karnataka state India.
 Methodology: Keeping this in view a study was conducted in two villages namely Timmapur Village of Dharwad district and Bhaganager Village of Vijayapur district Karanarak State India. From each village 60 households were selected randomly thus total sample size comprises 120 rural women.
 Results: About 80 per cent of the women were illiterate in Timmapur and 76.70 per cent of the women were illiterate in Bhaganagar. The quantity of ash, charcoal and smoke after food preparation was significantly varied in both villages. A reduction in the percentage of both carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide was found in biomass stoves compared to traditional stoves. The experimental research revealed that 58 per cent of the fuel wood was saved per year per 100 families when compared to traditional stoves. Whereas the traditional stove consumes 1200 kg /month/100 families.
 Conclusion: Improved biomass stoves should be promoted to encourage rural women to better use the stove.

Performance comparison of three prototype biomass stoves with traditional and Mirt stoves for baking Injera

Abstract Background Injera is food consumed daily by Ethiopians like bread and rice in other parts of the world. Biomass stoves are used to bake Injera in most rural households. The unsustainable use of fuelwood causes deforestation. Improved cook stoves such as Mirt (name in local language) were introduced to replace traditional stoves and save fuel wood. This study presents a performance comparison of three newly developed prototype biomass stoves with traditional and Mirt stoves. The prototype stoves were made with a clay pan (designated MUC: Mekelle University prototype with clay pan), with a glass pan (MUG) and with an aluminum pan (MUA). Controlled cooking tests were conducted for each type of stove to determine the thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption. Results The thermal efficiencies of the traditional, Mirt, MUC, MUA and MUG stoves were found to be 14%, 17%, 21%, 29% and 32%, respectively. Similarly, the percentage fuel wood savings by Mirt, MUC, MUA and MUG compared to the traditional stove were 32%, 48%, 64% and 67%, respectively. The results indicate that the prototype stoves had significantly better performance compared to the traditional and Mirt stoves. Conclusion The prototype stoves have the potential to reduce fuel wood consumption by more than half of that currently consumed employing traditional stoves. In addition to the economic benefit of saving fuel wood, the improved stoves will have significant environmental implication. Based on the fuel saving figures, it is estimated that 0.4, 0.5 and 0.52 tons/year of fuel wood may be saved per household adopting MUC, MUA and MUG stoves, respectively.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas or Biomass Cooking and Severe Infant Pneumonia

BackgroundExposure to household air pollution is a risk factor for severe pneumonia. The effect of replacing biomass cookstoves with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cookstoves on the incidence of severe infant pneumonia is uncertain.MethodsWe conducted a randomized, controlled trial involving pregnant women 18 to 34 years of age and between 9 to less than 20 weeks’ gestation in India, Guatemala, Peru, and Rwanda from May 2018 through September 2021. The women were assigned to cook with unvented LPG stoves and fuel (intervention group) or to continue cooking with biomass fuel (control group). In each trial group, we monitored adherence to the use of the assigned cookstove and measured 24-hour personal exposure to fine particulate matter (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm [PM2.5]) in the women and their offspring. The trial had four primary outcomes; the primary outcome for which data are presented in the current report was severe pneumonia in the first year of life, as identified through facility surveillance or on verbal autopsy.ResultsAmong 3200 pregnant women who had undergone randomization, 3195 remained eligible and gave birth to 3061 infants (1536 in the intervention group and 1525 in the control group). High uptake of the intervention led to a reduction in personal exposure to PM2.5 among the children, with a median exposure of 24.2 μg per cubic meter (interquartile range, 17.8 to 36.4) in the intervention group and 66.0 μg per cubic meter (interquartile range, 35.2 to 132.0) in the control group. A total of 175 episodes of severe pneumonia were identified during the first year of life, with an incidence of 5.67 cases per 100 child-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.55 to 7.07) in the intervention group and 6.06 cases per 100 child-years (95% CI, 4.81 to 7.62) in the control group (incidence rate ratio, 0.96; 98.75% CI, 0.64 to 1.44; P=0.81). No severe adverse events were reported to be associated with the intervention, as determined by the trial investigators.ConclusionsThe incidence of severe pneumonia among infants did not differ significantly between those whose mothers were assigned to cook with LPG stoves and fuel and those whose mothers were assigned to continue cooking with biomass stoves. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; HAPIN ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02944682.)

Collaborative Innovation in Pyrolysis and Biomass Stoves (Biopyro) as an Improvement in Household Waste Management

Collaborative Innovation in Pyrolysis and Biomass Stoves (Biopyro) as an Improvement in Household Waste Management

Household Air Pollution and Child Lung Function: The Ghana Randomized Air Pollution and Health Study.

Rationale: The impact of a household air pollution (HAP) stove intervention on child lung function has been poorly described. Objectives: To assess the effect of a HAP stove intervention for infants prenatally to age 1 on, and exposure-response associations with, lung function at child age 4. Methods: The Ghana Randomized Air Pollution and Health Study randomized pregnant women to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), improved biomass, or open-fire (control) stove conditions through child age 1. We quantified HAP exposure by repeated maternal and child personal carbon monoxide (CO) exposure measurements. Children performed oscillometry, an effort-independent lung function measurement, at age 4. We examined associations between Ghana Randomized Air Pollution and Health Study stove assignment and prenatal and infant CO measurements and oscillometry using generalized linear regression models. We used reverse distributed lag models to examine time-varying associations between prenatal CO and oscillometry. Measurements and Main Results: The primary oscillometry measure was reactance at 5 Hz, X5, a measure of elastic and inertial lung properties. Secondary measures included total, large airway, and small airway resistance at 5 Hz, 20 Hz, and the difference in resistance at 5 Hz and 20 Hz (R5, R20, and R5-20, respectively); area of reactance (AX); and resonant frequency. Of the 683 children who attended the lung function visit, 567 (83%) performed acceptable oscillometry. A total of 221, 106, and 240 children were from the LPG, improved biomass, and control arms, respectively. Compared with control, the improved biomass stove condition was associated with lower reactance at 5 Hz (X5 z-score: β = -0.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.39, -0.11), higher large airway resistance (R20 z-score: β = 0.34; 95% CI = 0.23, 0.44), and higher AX (AX z-score: β = 0.16; 95% CI = 0.06, 0.26), which is suggestive of overall worse lung function. The LPG stove condition was associated with higher X5 (X5 score: β = 0.16; 95% CI = 0.01, 0.31) and lower small airway resistance (R5-20 z-score: β = -0.15; 95% CI = -0.30, 0.0), which is suggestive of better small airway function. Higher average prenatal CO exposure was associated with higher R5 and R20, and distributed lag models identified sensitive windows of exposure between CO and X5, R5, R20, and R5-20. Conclusions: These data support the importance of prenatal HAP exposure on child lung function. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01335490).

The Determination of Combustion for Different Pellets Based on Ostwald Diagrams in a Domestic Stove under Experimental Conditions

The global energy scenario is becoming a vital aspect of the sustainable economic development of regions and countries. Current changes in energy production, mainly due to scarcity and geopolitical factors, have proven the need for changes in energy distribution towards a lower energy dependence. Moreover, a considerable amount of biomass waste is generated in many regions, because of agro-industrial activities, whose management could contribute to energy production. The aim of this work was to study the optimization of the combustion process in a biomass stove by using different raw materials as fuels, such as pine, poplar, and plum tree pellets. For that purpose, power, excess air, and biomass content were optimized, among other parameters, and exhaust gases were analyzed with a Testo 335 analyzer, while temperatures were recorded with temperature probes. In conclusion, high yields were found for the optimized parameters of the studied biomass products (ranging from 91.1% for poplar pellets to 92.34% for pine pellets), making these three biomass fuels suitable for combustion in the abovementioned stove. Also, increasing biomass flow by 25% in the stove contributed to a higher efficiency of the process, especially in the case of plum tree pellets.

Black carbon emissions inventory and scenario analysis for Pakistan

Black carbon (BC) emissions, resulting from the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels, have been extensively linked to adverse impacts on air quality, climate change, and public health. Nevertheless, there is currently a lack of a comprehensive analysis that integrates activity-based BC emissions inventory and scenario analysis at the national/regional, sectoral, and sub-sectoral levels in Pakistan. This study aims to fill this gap by conducting a comprehensive evaluation of Pakistan's BC emissions inventory for 2021 along projecting emissions until 2050 under the reference emission scenario (RES) and the accelerated reduction scenario (ARS) using the GAINS modeling framework to assess the potential impact of mitigation measures. This study takes a unique approach by considering commonly overlooked sources of BC emissions, such as kerosene lighting, brick kilns, diesel generator sets, and natural gas flaring, which are not typically included in conventional analyses. National BC emissions in 2021 were estimated at 181 kt, with residential combustion being the major contributor, accounting for more than half (108 kt) of the total emissions. The transport, industry, waste, agriculture, power plants, and fuel conversion sectors contributed 26.1 kt, 20.1 kt, 10.7 kt, 8.9 kt, 6.0 kt, and 0.9 kt, respectively. We anticipate that the total BC emissions in Pakistan will reach 201 kt under the RES and 41 kt under the ARS scenario by the year 2050. The ARS achieves substantial BC reductions by the adoption of cleaner fuels, improved biomass stoves, end-of-pipe emission control technologies with higher removal efficiencies, and implementing a ban on the open burning of waste and crop residues. This study underscores the considerable potential for reducing BC emissions across various sectors in Pakistan over the next three decades.

Energy, Exergy, Emergy, Environment, and Economics Analysis of a Three-pot Cookstove

As per World Bank's collection of development indicators, about 65% of India's population still live in rural regions, where biomass will continue to be the primary source of energy for cooking. Consumers and governments are concerned about the amount of energy used in cooking. Furthermore, the use of biomass fuel in traditional biomass stoves has been associated with human health, with women being more susceptible to exposure to indoor air pollution and health issues during cooking. This study analysed the performance of a three-pot cookstove suitable for a family of 6 persons with respect to its energy, exergy, emergy, environment, and economics. Emergent indicators such as percent renewable (PR), emergent yield ratio (EYR), environmental load ratio (ELR), and environmental sustainability index (ESI) are accustomed to assessing the environmental load and native sustainability of biomass energy. According to Emergy indicators, the production of three-pot cooking system is more sustainable than traditional cookstove systems. Further, the p-value, standard deviation and coefficient of variance derived from the statistical analysis indicate a significant relationship between feedstock size and thermal efficiency of the developed cookstove.

PIROLISIS CAMPURAN BIOMASSA LIMBAH SEKAM PADI DAN LIMBAH PLASTIK LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE MENGGUNAKAN KOMPOR BIOMASSA

<p class="abstrak"><em>The demand for fuel oil is increasing day by day, resulting in the depletion of oil and gas reserves in Indonesia. Rice husk waste biomass and low-density polyethylene plastic are wastes that can be utilized as alternative fuel sources by pyrolysis method. Pyrolysis is the process of burning organic and synthetic materials in conditions of little or no oxygen by utilizing heat from high temperature combustion. Pyrolysis method processing requires a heater to burn the material during the process. Efforts that can be made are the use of biomass stoves as the right solution because of the availability of abundant and cheap raw materials, biomass stoves can also provide solutions to reduce the impact of environmental pollution smoke. The purpose of this study was to determine the temperature produced by the biomass stove and the effect of the comparison of the composition of the biomass mixture of rice husk waste and low density polyethylene plastic waste on the quantity of pyrolysis oil. This research uses experimental method with quantitative descriptive analysis technique. This research was conducted by pyrolyzing a mixture of rice husk biomass waste and low density polyethylene plastic waste with variations in composition ratio of 0%:100%, 25%:75%, 50%:50%, 75%:25%, and 100%:0%. The pyrolyzed oil was then filtered and tested for quantity. The test results show that the biomass stove can be used as a heater in a pyrolysis device with a capacity of 4 kg of coconut shell briquettes. The use of coconut shell briquettes as fuel has the advantage of being able to produce higher heat and last longer than charcoal. The biomass stove can produce the highest pyrolysis temperature reaching 665.5°C at the bottom, 541°C in the middle, and 430.3°C at the top. There is an effect of variation in the composition of the mixture of rice husk waste and low-density polyethylene plastic waste on the quantity of pyrolysis oil. The composition of more rice husk waste compared to low density polyethylene plastic waste produces less quantity of pyrolysis oil, while the comparison of the composition of more low density polyethylene plastic waste compared to rice husk waste produces pyrolysis oil with more quantity. This can be seen from the quantity of pyrolysis oil produced ranging from 265 ml to 853.3 ml. </em></p>

Case Study of Biomass Stove: Effects of Product Quality and Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction

Considering the intense competition, the customer satisfaction factor is a serious concern. Customer satisfaction can be a reference for improving the quality of goods to be sold and a tool for self-correction in improving the quality of a good service. Several factors that influence customer satisfaction (Y) in this study included product quality (X1) and service quality (X2). This study aimed to examine the effect of product quality and service quality on customer satisfaction of PT Putralink Makmur Jaya's biomass stoves. The customer satisfaction factor was influenced by many things. Several factors that influence customer satisfaction were product quality and service quality. The present study involved 150 clients. The samples were clients who used a biomass stove. The sample collection was based on a purposive sampling technique in which the research applied a quantitative research approach. Then, the questionnaire method was used by providing a list of questions directly to the respondent. The data analysis was performed using Multiple Regression Analysis through the SPSS version 22.0 program. The results of this study indicated that product quality and service quality have a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction of PT Putralink Makmur Jaya biomass stove users.