Biomagnetic Fluid Dynamics Research Articles

Non-Similar Analysis of Mixed Convection Biomagnetic Boundary Layer Flow Over a Vertical Plate with Magnetization and Localized Heating/Cooling

Theoretical and numerical investigation of an applied magnetic field on mixed convection flow of a biofluid through a vertical plate using contained heating or cooling is observed in this study. The mathematical formulation is that of the full Biomagnetic Fluid Dynamics (BFD) model which deals with on the ferrohydrodynamics (FHD) and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) principle. In this work, the study is performed on a specific biofluid, viz. human blood. Assume that the magnetization very linearly with magnetic field strength, temperature dependency of dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity is noticed. A system of non-linear equations with appropriate boundary condition is obtained by familiarizing suitable non-dimensional variables in the physical problem. For the numerical solution, we used finite difference method which is based on an efficient technique is applied in the problem. Computations for flow profiles, local skin friction coefficient and local heat transfer coefficient are performed with the magnetic parameter Mn, the viscosity/temperature parameter θr and the thermal/conductivity parameter S∗. The effect of the localized heating or cooling is examined. The computational results presented graphically and have been validated in an appropriate manner. The study reveals that the impact of a magnetic field for blood flow in arteries is found significantly. The results presented bear the promise of valuable applications in physiology, medicine and bioengineering.

Biomagnetic flow with magnetic particles over a continuously moving sheet affected by a magnetic dipole

This research concentrates on the 2-D, steady, laminar, viscous, incompressible boundary layer flow of a biomagnetic fluid containing two different magnetic particles (CoFe2O4andFe3O4) over a continuously moving horizontal plate in the presence of a magnetic field generated by a magnetic dipole. For the mathematical formulation the comprehensive concept of Biomagnetic Fluid Dynamics (BFD) is adopted incorporating the principles of FerroHydroDynamics (FHD) and MagnetoHydroDynamics (MHD). The physical problem which is constituted by a coupled system of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) along with corresponding boundary conditions, is transformed into a coupled system of nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) subject to analogous boundary conditions by establishing newly simplified similarity transformations. The transformed ODEs along with the boundary conditions are then solved numerically by introducing an efficient numerical technique based on a finite difference algorithm. Verification of this work has been also done by comparing the obtained results with previously published results and found in quite good agreement. The significant effects caused by the variation of the governing parameters such as the skin friction, heat transfer rate and wall pressure are presented more intricately. It has been contemplated that including magnetic particles with pure blood enhances the impact of the magnetic field on the flow, temperature and pressure profiles which could be of interest engineering implementations, like, magnetic drug delivering in blood cells, separating RBCs (Red Blood Cells), controlling the flow of blood during surgeries, treating cancer by producing magnetic hyperthermia etc.

Biomagnetic flow over a flat plate embedded by a magnetic dipole in a porous media

The present study used a simplified axisymmetric biomagnetic fluid dynamics and porous mediamodel which includes FHD (Ferrohydrodynamics), porosity and inertia effects saturated by magnetic dipole to study the influences of the leading parameters on various flow variables along a flat plate.The governing equations are simplified and solved by finite difference approach. We clarify how the ferromagnetic interaction parameter, B and porosity,ε assumptions contribute in the bio-background of the problem of interest. Moreover, from the results of the flow profiles, accelerating and decelerating phenomena are noticed for B, and ε interaction.

Numerical simulation of biomagnetic pulsatile flow through a channel

The study of biological fluids in the presence of a magnetic field is known as biomagnetic fluid dynamics (BFD). The research work in BFD has been rapidly growing due to its applications in developing magnetic devices used for cell separation, targeted drug delivery and cancer tumor treatment. This study aims to examine the biomagnetic fluid flow with pulsatile conditions through a channel when subjected to a magnetic field that varies in space. The nondimensional continuity and momentum equations are solved with the effect of the magnetic field added as a body force. A two-dimensional computational model is developed using the finite volume method and is implemented on a staggered grid system with the help of the semi-implicit fractional step method. The code is written using MATLAB. Numerical simulations are performed by varying the Magnetic, Reynolds and Womersley numbers. Pulsatile flow results indicate the periodic growth and decay of vortices near the source of the magnetic field. With an increase in the magnetic number from 100 to 150, 250 and 500, the maximum vorticity increases by 48.04%, 149.84% and 402.68%. A similar relation is found when varying the Reynolds number, while almost no change is found when varying the Womersley number.

Investigation of biomagnetic nanofluid flow configured by a stretchable surface in the presence of magnetic dipole

AbstractThe field of fluid dynamics has expanded to study of biological fluids in a magnetic field, a new area known as biomagnetic fluid dynamics. The most notable biomagnetic fluid is blood. The growing interest in problems related to biomagnetic fluid dynamics among researchers is due to its vast applications in biotechnology and biomedical sciences. These applications include magnetic devices for cell separation, blood reduction during surgeries, targeted drug delivery using magnetic nanoparticles to trigger drug release, magnetically induced hyperthermia therapy for most malignant tumors, and magnetic resonance imaging of specific regions of the human body. This study examines the effect of nonlinear radiation on a biomagnetic fluid, specifically blood, flowing through a two‐dimensional, incompressible boundary layer via a stretchable sheet. The flow under consideration is electrically conductive, adhering to the laws of magnetohydrodynamics and ferrohydrodynamics. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using a similarity transformation and solved using the built‐in bvp4c function of MATLAB software. The effects of various physical parameters on velocity and thermal fields are investigated. The influences of the Nusselt number and skin friction are also evaluated against the main parameters. Furthermore, the average Nusselt number is 27.73% at M = 1.1, and when M = 2.5, the value of the average number decreases by 17.73%.

Applications of a Group Theoretical Method on Biomagnetic Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer for Different Shapes of Fe3O4 Magnetic Particles under the Influence of Thermal Radiation and a Magnetic Dipole over a Cylinder

The flow and heat characteristics of an unsteady, laminar biomagnetic fluid, namely blood containing Fe3O4 magnetic particles, under the influence of thermal radiation and a magnetic dipole over a cylinder with controlled boundary conditions using a group theory method are investigated in the present study. The mathematical formulation of the problem is constructed with the aid of biomagnetic fluid dynamics (BFD) which combines principles of ferrohydrodynamics (FHD) and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). It is assumed that blood exhibits polarization as well as electrical conductivity. Additionally, the shape of the magnetic particles, namely cylindrical and spherical, is also considered. Moreover, in this model, a group theoretical transformation, namely a two-parameter group technique, is applied. By applying this group transformation, the governing system of partial differential equations (PDEs) along with applicable boundary conditions are reduced to one independent variable and, consequently, converted into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with suitable boundary conditions. An efficient numerical technique is applied to solve the resultant ODEs and this technique is based on three essential features, namely (i) a common finite differences method with central differencing, (ii) tridiagonal matrix manipulation and (iii) an iterative procedure. The flow and heat characteristics of blood-Fe3O4 are found to be dependent on some physical parameters such as the particle volume fraction, the ferromagnetic interaction parameter, the magnetic field parameter, and the thermal radiation parameter. An ample parametric study is accomplished to narrate the influences of such physical parameters on velocity, temperature distributions as well as the coefficient of skin friction and rate of heat transfer. From the numerical results, it is deduced that the fluid velocity is enhanced for the ferromagnetic number and the temperature profile is decreased as the ferromagnetic number is gradually increased. It is also obtained that for the cylindrical shape of magnetic particles, the fluid temperature is more enhanced than that of the spherical shape. Both the skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number are increased for increasing values of the ferromagnetic interaction parameter, where the heat transfer rate of blood-Fe3O4 is significantly increased by approximately 33.2% compared to that of pure blood, whereas the coefficient of skin friction is reduced by approximately 6.82%.

Group method analysis for blood‐Mn‐ZnFe2O4 flow and heat transfer under ferrohydrodynamics through a stretched cylinder

In this paper, a steady, viscous, incompressible, and electrically non‐conducting laminar flow of biomagnetic fluid, namely, the flow of blood with magnetic particles over a stretched cylinder in the presence of magnetic dipole, is studied. Since magnetic particles with low cytotoxicity can carry away unwanted reactive oxygen species and provide safeguard for biomedical applications, this study has immense applications in medical and bio‐engineering sections like cancer treatment, drug delivery, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The problem is first analyzed by applying group theoretical method, namely, one parameter group method. The invariance property of system of partial differential equations (PDEs) under one parameter group method transformations yields the weeny generators. By using the basic theorem of one parameter group method including invariance conditions, the set of PDEs is converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs), and consequently, the number of independent variables is reduced into one variable. Afterwards, the resulting coupled nonlinear set of ODEs is numerically solved by introducing an efficient numerical technique that based upon common finite difference with central differencing, a tridiagonal matrix manipulation, and finally, an iterative procedure. A comparative graphical analysis of velocity, temperature profiles, skin friction coefficient and rate of heat transfer for blood‐Mn‐ZnFe2O4 magnetic fluid has been carried out for various physical parameters such as ferromagnetic interaction parameter and magnetic particles volume fraction etc. The important findings from the present investigation are that the temperature of blood is enhanced for larger values of magnetic particles volume fraction and more effectively than pure blood. It is also found that blood velocity is increased as the ferromagnetic number increases. The skin friction coefficient is enhanced 132.22%, and the rate of heat transfer is increased by 5.86% by the application of magnetic field; whereas for particles volume fraction, skin friction decreases about 0.61%, and rate of heat transfer declines about 4%. Additionally, this study also discloses that the application of group theoretical method is justified in biomagnetic fluid dynamics especially research on blood flow and heat transfer, where the blood flow significantly influenced by the ferromagnetic number. A comparison has been also performed, and the results are found in excellent agreement with previous published in literature. The present study could be considered for magnetic driving of biologically suitable magnetic particles filled with medicine.

Application of Biomagnetic Fluid Dynamics modeling for simulation of flow with magnetic particles and variable fluid properties over a stretching cylinder

An incompressible, electrically conducting Biomagnetic Fluid Dynamics (BFD) flow—namely the flow of blood with magnetic particles through a two-dimensional stretching cylinder under the influence of a magnetic dipole—is numerically and theoretically investigated in the present study. Herein, fluid viscosity and thermal conductivity are supposed to vary as an inverse function and as linear functions of temperature, respectively. This study involves two areas of analysis, namely magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and ferrohydrodynamics (FHD). The basic blood flow features when magnetic particles are added to blood, as well as those of pure blood are discussed. Using a similarity approach, the governing system of partial differential equations are converted into a system of ordinary differential equations which are solved numerically by considering an efficient technique based on a common finite differences method, consisting of central differencing, tridiagonal matrix manipulation and an iterative procedure. The significant effects of various physical non-dimensional parameters concerning the axial velocity, temperature, skin friction coefficient and rate of heat transfer are demonstrated graphically. The obtained results reveal that with increasing values of the ferromagnetic interaction parameter, the magnetic field parameter, the thermal conductivity parameter and the viscosity variation parameter, fluid (blood-Fe3O4) velocity is reduced, whereas both axial velocity and temperature are enhanced for the curvature parameter. Both the skin friction coefficient and the rate of heat transfer decline with rising values of the thermal conductivity parameter. To make the results physically reliable, a temporal stability analysis is also provided in this study. Finally, the accuracy of the applied numerical technique is validated with existing published literature for some limiting cases, and the results are found to be in excellent agreement. The present outcomes disclose that the behavior of blood flow can be controlled by employing a strong magnetic field. It is hoped that such kind of results will be useful in medical sector especially in MRI, magnetic drug targeting and magnetic hyperthermia treatments.

Mixed Finite Element Formulation for Navier-Stokes Equations for Magnetic Effects on Biomagnetic Fluid in a Rectangular Channel.

The article presents the mixed finite element formulation for examining the biomagnetic fluid dynamics as governed by the Navier–Stokes equation, coupled with energy and magnetic expressions. Both ferrohydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics describe the additional magnetic effects. For model discretization, the Galerkin weighted residual method was performed. Departing from a good agreement with existing findings, a biomagnetic flow (blood) in a straight rectangular conduit was then simulated in the presence of a spatially changing magnetic distribution. By virtue of negligible spatial variation influence from the magnetic field, the effects of Lorentz force were not presently considered. It was further found that the model accurately exhibits the formation and distribution of vortices, temperature, and skin friction located adjacent to and remotely from the source of magnetic load following a rise in the magnetic intensity.

Numerical Study of Unsteady Boundary Layer Flow of a Biomagnetic Fluid over a Horizontal Stretching Sheet with Magnetic Dipole

This paper focuses on the theoretical and numerical investigation of the unsteady, viscous, incompressible, two-dimensional laminar boundary layer flow of a Newtonian biomagnetic fluid over a stretching sheet under the influence of an applied magnetic field in the presence of heat transfer. The magnetic field is induced by a magnetic dipole placed below the stretching sheet. The magnetic field intensity represents the magneto-thermo-mechanical coupling. This allows exclusion of the biofluid that is distant from the sheet at Curie temperature to avoid further magnetization. The unsteadiness of the flow is discernible in the fluid flow properties. The mathematical model of the problem conforms to the principles of Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and Ferrohydrodynamics (FHD). In this work, the study is performed on a specific biofluid, human blood. The modified Stokes principle is used to implement the model under the assumption that along with the three thermodynamic variables P, ρ, and T, the Biomagnetic Fluid Dynamics (BFD) fluid behavior can be characterized as a function of magnetization M. To describe the physical problem, a coupled non-linear system of ordinary differential equations subject to appropriate boundary conditions is derived from Navier-Stokes and thermal energy equations by performing non-dimensionalization of the considered variables. To solve these equations, the dsolve routine in the MAPLE software is used. Numerical results for flow profiles and the local skin friction coefficient (Cfx) and the local Nusselt number (Nux) are discussed for different values of unsteadiness parameter (A), biomagnetic interaction parameter (B) and a rational quantity (ϵ). The achieved results are compared with previously published work for steady state flow, and they seem to be in good agreement. It is found that MHD and FHD interaction parameters affect significantly on the velocity, temperature and pressure field. A successful completion will bring interesting results for better understanding of the biomagnetic fluid flow characteristics and can be beneficial to medical and bioengineering applications; particularly for estimating the characteristics of blood flow in stenosed arteries.

Magnetohydrodynamic and Ferrohydrodynamic Interactions on the Biomagnetic Flow and Heat Transfer Containing Magnetic Particles Along a Stretched Cylinder

In this paper, the laminar, incompressible and viscous flow of a biomagnetic fluid containing Fe33O44 magnetic particles, through a two dimensional stretched cylinder is numerically studied in the presence of a magnetic dipole. The extended formulation of Biomagnetic Fluid Dynamics (BFD) which involves the principles of MagnetoHydroDynamic (MHD) and FerroHydroDynamic (FHD) is adopted. The pressure terms are also taken consideration. The physical problem which is described by a coupled system of partial differential equations along with corresponding boundary conditions is converted to a coupled system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations subject to analogous boundary conditions utilizing similarity approach. The numerical solution is obtained by using an efficient technique which is based on a common finite difference method with central differencing, a tridigonal matrix manipulation and an iterative procedure. For verification proposes a comparison with previously published results is also made. The numerous results concerning the axial velocity, temperature, pressure, skin friction coefficient, rate of heat transfer and wall pressure parameter are presented for various values of the parameters. The axial velocity is decreased as the ferromagnetic number increases, temperature is enhanced with increasing values of the magnetic parameter.

Simulation of targeted magnetic drug delivery: Two-way coupled biomagnetic fluid dynamics approach

Due to significant advances in nanomedicine, magnetic nanoparticles (MNs) have emerged as a promising carrier in targeted magnetic drug delivery (TMDD) systems. Therefore, this paper presents a computational model for optimized magnetic navigation of MNs coated with the anticancer drugs inside the blood vessels. A mixture of blood and MNs is represented as a one-phase solution in the majority of TMDD models. The preceding two-phase models are usually one-way coupled, i.e., the blood flow has a significant influence on the MNs flow. However, the inverse effect of the MNs on the blood flow is not taken into account. To overcome these limitations, the MNs in a blood vessel are simulated by a two-phase (solid–liquid) flow governed by two-way coupled momentum and temperature equations for the blood flow and the MNs. The numerical procedure invokes the stream function–vorticity formulation and an efficient numerical method on a finite-difference grid. The model, validated by the experimental results, has been applied to analyze the formation of vortices relative to the magnetic force and the drag force and the zones of TMDD, where the velocity of the blood flow is low and the velocity of the MNs is high toward the magnet. The model has been verified against the existing models and the experimental data. The numerical results show that the magnetohydrodynamics slows down the blood flow and smooths vortices created by Ferrohydrodynamics. The size of the drug-loaded MNs on the velocity and the temperature of the blood has been evaluated.

Effect of Thermal Radiation on Biomagnetic Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer over an Unsteady Stretching Sheet

This study examines the influence of thermal radiation on biomagnetic fluid, namely blood that passes through a two-dimensional stretching sheet in the presence of magnetic dipole. This analysis is conducted to observe the behavior of blood flow for an unsteady case, which will help in developing new solutions to treat diseases and disorders related to human body. Our model is namely biomagnetic fluid dynamics (BFD), which is consistent with two principles: ferrohydrodynamic (FHD) and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), where blood is treated as electrically conductive. It is assumed that the implemented magnetic field is sufficiently strong to saturate the ferrofluid, and the variation of magnetization with temperature may be approximated with the aid of a function of temperature distinction. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity transformation and numerical results are thus obtained by using the bvp4c function technique in MATLAB software with considering applicable boundary conditions. With the help of graphs, we discuss the impact of various parameters, namely radiation parameter, unsteady parameter, permeability parameter, suction parameter, magnetic field parameter, ferromagnetic parameter, Prandtl number, velocity and thermal slip parameter on fluid (blood) flow and heat transfer in the boundary layer. The rate of heat transfer and skin friction coefficient is also computationally obtained for the requirement of this study. The fluid velocity decreases with increasing values of the magnetic parameter, ferromagnetic interaction parameter, radiation parameter whereas temperature profile increases for the unsteady parameter, Prandtl number, and permeability parameter. From the analysis, it is also observed that the skin friction coefficient decreases and the rate of heat transfer increases respectively with increasing values of the ferromagnetic interaction parameter. The most important part of the present analysis is that we neither neglect the magnetization nor electrical conductivity of the blood throughout this study. To make the results more feasible, they are compared with the data previously published in the literature and found to be in good accuracy.

Analysis of biomagnetic blood flow in a stenosed bifurcation artery amidst elastic walls

In recent years, fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analysis has generated remarkable interest of researchers in interdisciplinary sciences problems, for instance, mechanical engineering, biomedical engineering, i.e., incorporating elastic wall behaviour in human arteries. Here, in this paper, we considered incompressible Newtonian blood flow and the elastic bifurcated artery wall in a non-uniform magnetic field. The considered model of Biomagnetic Fluid Dynamics (BFD) describes both magnetization and electrical conductivity of blood. Moreover, an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation is used by two-way fluid-structure interaction coupling of the problem. Finally, for discretization, a stable finite element pair is employed to approximate the displacement, velocity and pressure spaces independently and the resulting nonlinear algebraic system is linearized by implementing the Newtons procedure. A quantitative analysis is made against Reynolds number Re and Hartmann number Ha on the bifurcated artery amidst elastic walls showing noticeable effects on recirculation. Also, the displacement field is plotted against Ha for different values of Re and their converse behaviour is observed. The decreasing behaviour for the wall shear stresses of the bifurcated artery are also drawn in context of Ha and Re. Finally, the conclusion is drawn at the end showing the significance of the elastic behaviour of artery walls.

Numerical Computations of Biomagnetic Fluid Flow in a Lid Driven Cavity

The study on the effects of biological fluids in the presence of magnetic field is known as biomagnetic fluid dynamics (BFD) and the most common biological fluid that exhibit such magnetic properties is blood. An extensive research work has been done in this area due to its applications in medical and bioengineering. Basically, it is essential for a study to be justified according to certain benchmark before progressing. Hence, biomagnetic fluid flow in a lid driven cavity is numerically investigated by utilizing two numerical schemes: finite difference and finite element methods. The formulation adopted is consistent with the principles of ferrohydrodynamics. The mathematical model describes Newtonian blood flow under the influence of a spatially varying magnetic field. The model considers the biofluid as non-conducting. The flow is assumed to be two-dimensional, steady, laminar and isothermal. The implementation of finite element method shows stability issue due to extremely steep magnetic field gradient while finite difference method shows no issue. Due to this, a solution is proposed to alleviate the problem and the result for various magnetic field intensity presented.

Numerical study of biomagnetic fluid flow in a duct with a constriction affected by a magnetic field

Abstract In this paper, the influence of a non-uniform magnetic field on biomagnetic fluid flow in a duct with a constriction is investigated numerically. The magnetic field is generated by a wire carrying electric current located outside the duct. The biomagnetic fluid dynamics model, which is based on the ferrohydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics, is used to study the fluid flow, and a computational grid properly covering the magnetic field is used for the simulation. In this investigation, the influence of magnetic field on biomagnetic fluid flow in various percentages of the duct constriction, and the effect of the magnetic field on the biomagnetic fluid flow in various strengths of magnetic force are studied. The magnetic field is spatially varying, and the magnetic field strength decreases by increasing the distance from the wire carrying electric current which is the magnetic source. The results show that, the influence of the magnetic field on biomagnetic fluid flow is considerable near the magnetic source. Applying the magnetic field with enough strength causes the recirculation areas downstream of constriction to become smaller. In addition, applying the magnetic field has significant effects on the wall shear stress, so that it can decrease the shear stress on the wall away from the magnetic source.

A computational study of biomagnetic fluid flow in a channel in the presence of obstacles under the influence of the magnetic field generated by a wire carrying electric current

In this paper, biomagnetic fluid flow in a three-dimensional channel in the presence of obstacles and under the influence of a magnetic field is studied numerically. The magnetic field is generated by a wire carrying electric current. The mathematical model of biomagnetic fluid dynamics which is consistent with the principles of ferrohydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics is used for the problem formulation. A computational grid which accurately covers the magnetic force is used for the discretisation of computational domain. The flow field is studied in the different arrangements of the obstacles and diverse magnetic field strengths. The results show that the flow pattern is drastically influenced by the applied magnetic field. Applying the magnetic field causes a secondary flow that affects the velocity distribution considerably. The magnetic force also reduces the maximum axial velocity. Furthermore, the magnetic field has a considerable impact on the recirculation zones behind the obstacles. The magnetic field makes the recirculation zones smaller. This study indicates that applying the magnetic field increases the axial drag coefficients of the obstacles significantly (in a case, by 40.15%).

Numerical solution of three dimensional unsteady biomagnetic flow and heat transfer through stretching/shrinking sheet using temperature dependent magnetization

The problem of biomagnetic fluid flow and heat transfer in the three-dimensional unsteady stretching/shrinking sheet is examined. Our model is the version of biomagnetic fluid dynamics (BFD) which is consistent with the principles of ferrohydrodynamics (FHD). Our main contribution is the study of the three dimensional time dependent BFD flow which has not been considered yet to our best knowledge. The physical problem is described by a coupled, nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations subject to appropriate boundary conditions. The solution is obtained numerically by applying an effcient numerical technique based on the fnite difference method. Computations are performed for a wide range of the governing parameters such as ferromagnetic interaction parameter, unsteadiness parameter, stretching parameter and other involved parameters. The effect of these parameters on the velocity and temperature fields are examined. We observed that for the decelerated flow, the velocity profile overlap with the increasing unsteadiness parameter and we also found that the skin friction coefficient is decreased for a shrinking sheet whereas, opposite behavior is shown for the stretching sheet. We also monitored the rate of the heat transfer coefficient with the ferromagnetic interaction parameter and showed opposite behavior for stretching and shrinking sheets. Our results are also compared for specific values of the parameters with others documented in literature.

Modeling and analysis of biomagnetic blood Carreau fluid flow through a stenosis artery with magnetic heat transfer: A transient study.

We present a numerical investigation of tapered arteries that addresses the transient simulation of non-Newtonian bio-magnetic fluid dynamics (BFD) of blood through a stenosis artery in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. The current model is consistent with ferro-hydrodynamic (FHD) and magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) principles. In the present work, blood in small arteries is analyzed using the Carreau-Yasuda model. The arterial wall is assumed to be fixed with cosine geometry for the stenosis. A parametric study was conducted to reveal the effects of the stenosis intensity and the Hartman number on a wide range of flow parameters, such as the flow velocity, temperature, and wall shear stress. Current findings are in a good agreement with recent findings in previous research studies. The results show that wall temperature control can keep the blood in its ideal blood temperature range (below 40°C) and that a severe pressure drop occurs for blockages of more than 60 percent. Additionally, with an increase in the Ha number, a velocity drop in the blood vessel is experienced.

Magnetic particle capture for biomagnetic fluid flow in stenosed aortic bifurcation considering particle–fluid coupling

Magnetic nanoparticles drug carriers continue to attract considerable interest for drug targeting in the treatment of cancer and other pathological conditions. Guiding magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with the help of an external magnetic field to its target is the basic principle behind the Magnetic Drug Targeting (MDT). It is essential to couple the ferrohydrodynamic (FHD) and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) principles when magnetic fields are applied to blood as a biomagnetic fluid. The present study is devoted to study on MDT technique by particle tracking in the presence of a non uniform magnetic field in a stenosed aortic bifurcation. The present numerical model of biomagnetic fluid dynamics (BFD) takes into accounts both magnetization and electrical conductivity of blood. The blood flow in the bifurcation is considered to be incompressible and Newtonian. An Eulerian–Lagrangian technique is adopted to resolve the hemodynamic flow and the motion of the magnetic particles in the flow using ANSYS FLUENT two way particle–fluid coupling. An implantable infinitely long cylindrical current carrying conductor is used to create the requisite magnetic field. Targeted transport of the magnetic particles in a partly occluded vessel differs distinctly from the same in a regular unblocked vessel. Results concerning the velocity and temperature field indicate that the presence of the magnetic field influences the flow field considerably and the disturbances increase as the magnetic field strength increases. The insert position is also varied to observe the variation in flow as well as temperature field. Parametric investigation is conducted and the influence of the particle size (dp), flow Reynolds number (Re) and external magnetic field strength (B0) on the “capture efficiency” (CE) is reported. The difference in CE is also studied for different particle loading condition. According to the results, the magnetic field increased the particle concentration in the target region. Analysis shows that there exists an optimum regime of operating parameters for which deposition of the drug carrying magnetic particles in a target zone on the partly occluded vessel wall can be maximized. The results provide useful design bases for in vitro set up for the investigation of MDT in stenosed blood vessels.