Biological Water Quality Research Articles

Physicochemical and Biological Water Quality Assessment of Local Ponds of Tumakuru, Karnataka, India

Water is an essential component of life. The developments, urbanization and load of the various pollutant sources lead to the deterioration of the ponds. Therefore, the study was conducted to assess the physicochemical and biological characteristics of water from the regional ponds of Tumakuru, Karnataka, India. The water samples from six ponds were taken for the study. The physicochemical parameters showed that the pH of the ponds was found to be 7.35, 6.90, 7.21, 7.91, 7.16 and 8.10, respectively. EC was found to be 0.60, 0.19, 0.42, 0.22, 1.43 and 1.0, respectively. The high value of pH and EC shows its nutrient-rich and alkaline nature. Cl was found to be 4.0, 3.0, 4.4, 2.6, 2.4 and 6.8, respectively. Calcium hardness was observed as 1.9, 2.58, 2.34, 1.15, 1.11 and 12.19, respectively. The Biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the samples was found to be 0.1, 1.6, 0.8, 3.3, 1.2 and 0.4 mg/lit, respectively. Qualitative analysis through most probable number (MPN) method was employed. MPN index of water samples which tested satisfactory was < 2 per 100 mL and MPN index of water sample no. WS1, WS3 and WS5 respectively whereas unsatisfactory ranged from 38 to > 1600 per 100 mL of water sample no. WS2, WS4 and WS6, respectively showed that the water was not suitable for domestic uses having s high value of bacterial load. In order to stop the spread of intestinal illnesses, drinking water sources should undergo routine assessment of physicochemical and microbiological quality tests.

Survey on machine vision-based intelligent water quality monitoring techniques in water treatment plant: Fish activity behavior recognition-based schemes and applications

Abstract Water is a vital resource essential to the survival and development of all creatures. With the rapid growth of industry and agriculture, people face a severe threat of ecological destruction and environmental pollution while living earthly lives. Water pollution, in particular, harms people’s health the most. As a result, water supply security has become a top priority. As a critical point in water supply safety, monitoring water quality effectively and forecasting sudden water contamination on time has become a research hotspot worldwide. With the rapid development and wide applications of artificial intelligence and computer vision technologies, biological activity identification-based intelligent water quality monitoring methods have drawn widespread attention. They were taking fish activities as the water-quality indicator has gained extensive attention by introducing advanced computer vision and artificial intelligence technologies with low cost and ease of carrying. This article comprehensively reviews recent progress in the research and applications of machine vision-based intelligent water quality monitoring and early warning techniques based on fish activity behavior recognition. In detail, it addresses water quality-oriented fish detection and tracking, activity recognition, and abnormal behavior recognition-based intelligent water quality monitoring. It analyzes and compares the performance and their favorite application conditions. Finally, it summarizes and discusses the difficulties and hotspots of water quality monitoring based on the fish’s abnormal behavior recognition and their future development trends.

Remote Sensing of Chlorophyll-a in Clear vs. Turbid Waters in Lakes

Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), a proxy for phytoplankton biomass, is one of the few biological water quality indices detectable using satellite observations. However, models for estimating Chl-a from satellite signals are currently unavailable for many lakes. The application of Chl-a prediction algorithms may be affected by the variance in optical complexity within lakes. Using Lake Winnipeg in Canada as a case study, we demonstrated that separating models by the lake’s basins [north basin (NB) and south basin (SB)] can improve Chl-a predictions. By calibrating more than 40 commonly used Chl-a estimation models using Landsat data for Lake Winnipeg, we achieved higher correlations between in situ and predicted Chl-a when building models with separate Landsat-to-in situ matchups from NB and SB (R2 = 0.85 and 0.76, respectively; p < 0.05), compared to using matchups from the entire lake (R2 = 0.38, p < 0.05). In the deeper, more transparent waters of the NB, a green-to-blue band ratio provided better Chl-a predictions, while in the shallower, highly turbid SB, a red-to-green band ratio was more effective. Our approach can be used for rapid Chl-a modeling in large lakes using cloud-based platforms like Google Earth Engine with any available satellite or time series length.

Mathematical model for managing marine ecosystem risks

The article presents the results of the research aimed at developing and verifying a mathematical model for managing the ecosystem risks of marine areas. The main purpose of the research is to create an effective tool for assessing and managing the risks arising from anthropogenic influence, climate change and other natural factors. The proposed model is based on the existing theory of sea ecosystem risks management and takes into account the relationship between natural and anthropogenic factors, condition of marine ecosystems, their vulnerability and ecosystem services. The model uses mathematical methods, in particular, differential equations, statistical analyses, simulation modeling and network analysis, allowing creation of detailed models that reflect marine ecosystems' dynamics and their response to external influence. Numerous experiments were conducted in order to verify the model. They demonstrate its ability to predict changes in the condition of marine ecosystems under influence of various factors. The results of the research show that the proposed model can be an effective tool for optimizing management strategies, minimizing ecosystem risks and improving sustainability of marine ecosystems. Practical recommendations developed on the basis of the results of the research include strategies for preventing, minimizing and adapting to potential threats, taking into consideration each region's and ecosystem's specifics. The proposed model helps to optimize management decisions, reducing risks and improving the condition of marine ecosystems affected by anthropogenic impact and climate change. It is a reliable tool for ensuring sustainability and preservation of marine ecosystems. This approach allows for evidence-based risk management that increases sustainability of marine ecosystems and their preservation for future generations. The model also considers key factors influencing marine ecosystems, including biological diversity, water quality, industrial fisheries, tourism and recreation, and allows evaluation of effectiveness of various management decisions in the context of such factors. The application of this model in ecosystem management practices allows making more informed decisions regarding protection and preservation of marine resources. It contributes to their sustainable development and provision of ecosystem services having critical importance for society.

A Tale of Two Tributaries: Source Delineation of Chloride in a Distressed Watershed (Grand Lake St. Marys, Ohio)

Various sources of pollution have been assigned as contributing to the Freshwater Salinization Syndrome (FSS), by which water bodies are undergoing concurrent salinization and alkalinization. In many urban areas that receive substantial snowfall, road salt application has been ascribed as the main source of chloride driving the FSS. In rural areas, however, inorganic (e.g. chemical) and organic (e.g. manure) fertilizer applications have been found to be the most important sources of chloride. Herein, we compared daily mean concentrations of chloride over the past decade of time between Coldwater Creek and Chickasaw Creek, two tributaries of Grand Lake St. Marys, the largest reservoir in Ohio. We also used Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS) analyses to visualize trends in chloride data and compared chloride vs. nitrate levels to delineate likely sources of chloride for the two streams. We found that road salt application increased over time in both subwatersheds and that 37% and 25% of the chloride could be apportioned to road salt as a source in Coldwater Creek and Chickasaw Creek, respectively. Additionally, in Coldwater Creek, 37% of the chloride was apportioned to animal or septic sources, while 25% was apportioned to inorganic fertilizers, in comparison with 30% and 42% for Chickasaw Creek. Monitoring and assessing salinized streams for both chemical and biological water quality is important, particularly since the FSS has become increasingly linked to declines in water quality (e.g. harmful algal blooms, including recent upticks in Prymnesium parvum blooms) and is expected to be exacerbated with global climate change (e.g. increased precipitation causing increased runoff of chloride from the land).

20-year water quality analysis reveals spatial variability and long-term changes at North Carolina's Masonboro Island National Estuarine Research Reserve

Urbanization impacts, especially stormwater runoff and pollutant discharge, pose ecological threats to coastal ecosystems globally. Long-term environmental monitoring datasets and assessments are used to quantify anthropogenic impacts on ecosystem health. This study synthesized twenty years (2002–2021) of water quality data from the National Estuarine Research Reserve System-wide Monitoring Program at the understudied Masonboro Island Reserve (North Carolina, United States) and provided an analytical methodology that can be applied to other Reserves and monitoring programs world-wide. Time series and correlation analyses of biological, chemical, and physical water quality parameters were used to identify spatiotemporal trends of nutrient dynamics and phytoplankton biomass at three stations within a 5-km stretch of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. Heterogenous water quality conditions were observed between stations, especially for chlorophyll a, and were influenced by the relative proximity to marine waters, human developments, and urban tidal creeks. Long-term trends indicated significant water quality changes (i.e., increased chlorophyll a, reduced pH and salinity) related to anthropogenic influences. An unexpected and rapid shift in nutrient dynamics occurred around 2007, marked by significantly decreased ammonium and orthophosphate concentrations, which considerably reduced DIN/DIP ratios. This positive change was potentially influenced by sewage infrastructure improvements and stormwater wetland construction, removing waste-derived nutrients that previously entered the ecosystem. Impacts of major storms were also observed with weeks of hypoxia and low salinity following Hurricane Florence. These findings emphasized the value of long-term trend analyses of monitoring program data at multiple sites and provided insights into the significant water quality impacts of urbanization and benefits from wetland protection. This study further encourages the evaluation of long-term water quality monitoring datasets in estuarine environments globally.

Predicting present and future habitats using LiDAR to integrate research and monitoring with landscape analyses

Managed forests contribute to both economic and non-timber values, but the ecological role of managed, including planted, forests to biodiversity objectives at the landscape scale needs to be better understood. In this project in collaboration with J.D. Irving, Limited, we: 1) used airborne LiDAR and field data to identify terrestrial habitats; 2) monitored selected taxa by 18 stand type/seral stage habitat types in intensively and extensively managed forests and reserves; 3) assessed effects of management intensity on water quality and aquatic habitat; and 4) projected forest and wildlife habitat under planned management and natural disturbance scenarios. Taxa studied included songbirds, bryophytes and beetle species associated with mature-overmature forests, and several listed ground vegetation species. LiDAR-based enhanced forest inventory provided forest structure variables that improved bird habitat models and spatial predictions of bird habitat, metrics explaining bryophyte composition and richness, and variability in beetle abundance and richness. There was no evidence of negative landscape-level effects of increasing management intensity on bird communities in mature forest stands, suggesting that managed spruce-fir-tolerant hardwood landscapes provide habitat for bird species that need old forest. Richness, diversity, and composition of bryophyte guilds in reference stands in Mount Carleton Provincial Park unmanaged reserve did not differ from stands in the intensively managed District. The landscape focus and stratification into stand type/seral stages were important to understand habitat requirements. Catchments with greater forest management did not show any consistent signs of biological impairment from smaller to larger scales, and all sites had good or very good biological water quality based on the aquatic insect communities. This study helped to evaluate forest management effects on habitat areas, detected with airborne LiDAR data, that need to be addressed to enhance decision making processes.

Evaluation of groundwater quality for drinking water using a quality index in Abyi Adi, Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia

High quality, safe and sufficient drinking water is essential for public health and well-being. However, the war on Tigrai damaged the water sources of communities and pose people to health problems. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the quality of water of the town of Abyi Adi, Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia using physicochemical and biological parameters and water quality indices. A total of 36 water samples were collected from four major water sources. The physicochemical and biological parameters were determined using standard analytical procedures for water analysis. The mean values of electrical conductivity and pH ranged from 273.63 to 881.27 μS/cm and 6.68 to 7.42, respectively. Moreover, the experimental results of major cations (Na+ = 3.70–14.77 mg/L and Ca2+ = 8.50–15.77 mg/L), and anions (HCO3− = 21.52–40.77 mg/L, Cl− = 13.56–40.29 mg/L, NO3− = 0.14–0.25 mg/L, NO2− = 0.24–0.76 mg/L and PO43− = 0.34–1.32 mg/L) were recorded below the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits set for drinking water. The water quality index (WQI) that is determined using a weighted arithmetic water quality index method (WAWQIM) was also found in the range of 5.3–37.2. Subsequently, all groundwater sources except Adibakla are classified as excellent or “A” rating. However, the total coliform of Maylomin and Chiny water sources were found to be 6.33 MPN/100 mL and 3.67 MPN/100 mL, respectively. Both are higher than the WHO permissible limit set for drinking water. Considering the susceptibility of groundwater to pollution and its impact to human health, regular monitoring and supervision should be performed to keep the water safe for drinking. Accordingly, chlorination water treatment process is recommended to provide safe drinking water.

Analysis of Residential Well Water Quality Around People's Gold Mines in the Tourist Area of Dusun Selindungan

The Sekotong area has natural charm and potential mining. This area is one of the preferred destinations for visits by local and foreign tourists. However, apart from that, the Sekotong area is also famous as a community gold mining area. Mining activities carried out still use traditional methods, which are very far from environmentally friendly principles, so they can have impacts, including causing a decrease in the quality of residential well water. This research was conducted to determine the water quality of residential wells around community gold mining in the tourist area of Dusun Selindungan Eleven well water samples were taken using a purposive sampling method based on the distance of the well to the source of gold mining waste disposal and are still used by residents to meet their daily needs. Physical, chemical and biological water quality parameters of water samples were investigated in the laboratory, except temperature and pH were measured directly in the field. Data for each water quality variable was analyzed to determine the pollution index. The results show that DO, TDS, content of phosphate, E. Coli bacteria and total coliforms in well water from the study area generally exceed quality standardsWell water in an area that is a different distance from the people's gold mining waste disposal site has each been contaminated with manganese and mercury, although it is still below quality standards.

Application of Fish-Integrity Biological Index and Water Quality Index to Assess the Ecological Health of the Pahang River, Malaysia

Application of Fish-Integrity Biological Index and Water Quality Index to Assess the Ecological Health of the Pahang River, Malaysia

Integrated Assessment of Kirala Kele Wetland Health: Bridging the Gap between Water Quality Parameters and Biotic Components

Abstract The present study was carried out to assess the health of the Kirala Kele Wetland, Sri Lanka, by coupling water quality indices and bioindicators. A total of 12 sampling sites were selected to represent different land-use patterns of the Kirala Kele Wetland using purposive sampling technique, and sampling was conducted from March 2021 to May 2021, on a monthly basis. Triplicated samples (n = 3) were obtained for each sampling event at each sampling site. Aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected from each site to determine the biological water quality using the Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) score. Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI) was calculated to understand the physicochemical parameters of water, and the mean values of physicochemical water quality parameters were compared with the Sri Lankan water quality standards. According to the WAWQI for the different sampling sites, water is not suitable for drinking without treatment. The resulted BMWP score (BMWP = 61) shows that the water quality is acceptable (clean but slightly impacted) for biotic components of the wetland in accordance with the aquatic macroinvertebrates present. Spatial variation in water quality parameters and the aquatic macroinvertebrates were taken into account, and the temporal variation in water quality parameters within the 3 months from March to May was considered.

The effect of water temperature changes on biological water quality assessment

Increasing temperatures caused by anthropogenic climate change are leading to changes in the composition of local communities across biomes. This has implications for ecological assessment methods that rely on macroinvertebrates as bioindicators of water quality. To investigate the influence of changing water temperature on these assessment methods, we analysed macroinvertebrate data from Swiss national monitoring programs. We used a species distribution model to simulate temperature change effects on macroinvertebrate communities and estimated the resulting changes on three biological indices commonly used in Switzerland, namely the species richness of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT), the Swiss biological (IBCH) index along with its components, as well as the species at risk pesticides (SPEARpesticides) index. While results vary by temperature scenario and index, our model results for the most realistic water temperature increase scenario of + 2 °C across most sites in Switzerland suggest no, or only a minor, influence of temperature (not accounting for other hydrological changes). Our model projection predicted only a small increase in the probability of occurrence for 70 % of the studied families. The sensitivity to temperature as captured in our model is generally not very high and varies among the biological indices: on average across all sites, a + 2 °C increase in temperature resulted in a 7 % increase in EPT species richness, a 4 % increase in the IBCH index, and a less than 1 % increase in the SPEARpesticides index. Our study suggests the robustness of these biological indices to moderate warming and points towards the usefulness of these biological indices for the next few decades as tools for water quality assessment. Despite some limitations of statistical species distribution models (e.g., not accounting for dispersal limitation or biotic interactions, predictive performance varying by taxon), the study provides valuable insights into the complex relationships between environmental factors and macroinvertebrate communities, and the potential impacts of future temperature change. These findings can inform conservation and management efforts for these important ecological systems.

Biological-based techniques for real-time water-quality studies: Assessment of non-invasive (swimming consistency and respiration) and toxicity (antioxidants) biomarkers of zebrafish

Swimming consistency and respiration of fish are recognized as the non-invasive stress biomarkers. Their alterations could directly indicate the presence of pollutants in the water ecosystem. Since these biomarkers are a routine process for fish, it is difficult to monitor their activity manually. For this reason, experts employ engineering technologies to create sensors that can monitor the regular activities of fish. Knowing the importance of these non-invasive stress biomarkers, we developed online biological behavior monitoring system-OBBMS and online biological respiratory response monitoring system-OBRRMS to monitor real-time swimming consistency and respiratory response of fish, respectively. We continuously monitored the swimming consistency and respiration (OCR, CER and RQ) of zebrafish (control and atrazine-treatments) for 7 days using our homemade real-time biological response monitoring systems. Furthermore, we analyzed oxidative stress indicators (SOD, CAT and POD) within the vital tissues (gills, brain and muscle) of zebrafish during stipulated sampling periods. The differences in the swimming consistency and respiratory rate of zebrafish between the control and atrazine treatments could be precisely differentiated on the real-time datasets of OBBMS and OBRRMS. The zebrafish exposed to atrazine toxin showed a concentration-dependent effect (hypoactivity). The OCR and CER were increased in the atrazine treated zebrafish. Both Treatment I and II received a negative response for RQ. Atrazine toxicity let to a rise in the levels of SOD, CAT and POD in the vital tissues of zebrafish. The continuous acquisition of fish signals is achieved which is one of the main merits of our OBBMS and OBRRMS. Additionally, no special data processing was done, the real-time data sets were directly used on statistical tools and the differences between the factors (groups, photoperiods, exposure periods and their interactions) were identified precisely. Hence, our OBBMS and OBRRMS could be a promising tool for biological response-based real-time water quality monitoring studies.

Phytoplankton Community Integrity Index (PCII) – A potential supplementary tool for evaluating nutrient enrichment status of Hong Kong marine waters

Diagnosis of eutrophication requires evidence of disturbance to the balance of organisms. We describe a tool, the Plankton Community Integrity Index (PCII), derived from the Plankton Index (PI) for tracking change in the seasonal patterns of abundance of diatom and dinoflagellate lifeforms when plotted in state space. The tool uses a nutrient-minimum reference period to interpret PCII values as status indicators, with values close to 1 indicating “High” status and 0.6 a Biological Water Quality Criterion (BioWQC) target set at the “Fair”/“Good” status boundary. It has been applied to Hong Kong marine waters, using data from monthly samples from 1995 through 2021. A preliminary analysis, required for the PI method, confirmed monsoonal seasonality in the diatom lifeform. In 5 of the 9 water bodies examined, PCII time series correlated with those of Total Inorganic Nitrogen (TIN). Since 2020, all Water Control Zones met the operationally defined BioWQC target.

Assessment of Water Quality Parameters in Lake Hayq, Northeastern Ethiopia.

Lake Hayq is one of the highland lakes of Ethiopia that furnishes very important ecosystem services, fishing, tourism, transportation, drinking water, livestock watering, and irrigation. However, the lake ecosystem is being degraded by pollution, siltation, and excessive growth of macrophytes, buffer zone degradation, overfishing, and climate variability. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the physicochemical, heavy metals, and biological water quality parameters of Lake Hayq. Physiochemical (pH, water temperature, conductivity, TDS, total alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, NH3, NO2 -, NO3 -, CO3 -, HCO3 -, SO4 2-, PO4 3-, SiO2, and total phosphorus), heavy metals (Pb, Fe, Zn, Cr, Cu2+, Mn2+, and Ni), and biological (BOD5 and total coliforms) water quality parameters were analyzed both in situ and ex situ. The physicochemical parameters were measured using portable water quality measuring multimeters, the heavy metal analysis was done using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, the BOD5 was measured using a BOD5 meter, and the total coliform analysis was done using the spread plate technique. The collected data were analyzed using multivariate, two-way ANOVA to see the mean difference among sampling sites and seasons through the application of SPSS 16. Most of the water quality parameters of Lake Hayq have met the WHO standards for recreation, aquatic life, and drinking water quality. However, some parameters, such as Pb, BOD5, and total coliforms, were above WHO water quality permissible limits. Therefore, ecohydrological (nature-based) waste treatment methods such as macrophyte restoration in buffer zones and ecofriendly farming activities should be practiced to minimize the contamination of the lake.

Assessment of pollution load on surface water in the down-lower part of the Tapung Kiri river, Kampar regency, Riau

The Tapung Kiri River is experiencing degradation especially due to the increase in the oil palm plantation industry and sand mining activities. The research was conducted from June to August 2024 to determine the pollution load of the Tapung Kiri River in down-lower by analyzing physical, chemical, and biological water quality samples. Water samples were taken triple, including TSS, BOD, COD, Nitrate, Phosphate, and E.Coli parameters. The quality of the Tapung River is compared to the quality standards according to The Regulation of Government of the Republic of Indonesia (RGRI) Number 22/2021 Class III. The results of the analysis of the pollution load were 472.5 kg/day (TSS), 15.75 kg/day (BOD), 94.5 kg/day (COD), 34.44 kg/day (nitrate), and 0.37 kg/day total phosphate. The actual pollution load in the Tapung Kiri River is lower than the maximum pollution load.

Comparative Study of Physico-Chemical and Biological Water Quality Upstream and Downstream of the Manantali Dam and Hydropower Plant from 2019 to 2023

Comparative Study of Physico-Chemical and Biological Water Quality Upstream and Downstream of the Manantali Dam and Hydropower Plant from 2019 to 2023

Effect of Water Storage Tank Material on Quality of Water with Storage Period

Quality drinking water is of prime importance for human need. Potable water comes from surface water and groundwater sources and it is acceptable for human consumption. The method of storing water plays a crucial role in maintaining its purity and safety for human consumption. Due to lack of continuous water supply, storage tanks are necessary to store water and storage tank material may affect the quality of potable water. The objective of this study is to investigate the variation in water quality during storage for some particular time period in different types of storage containers. 40 days (six weeks) is considered to determine potable water quality variation during storage in different container materials and materials used for containers are plastic tanks, clay pot and Reinforced Cement Concrete. To find the water quality parameters, samples are to be collected at five days interval. During the period of storage, physical, chemical and biological water quality parameters are to be determined. Parameters obtained from above tests are analyzed to understand the effect of age and container material on the quality of potable water. This analysis is useful to choose the material of storage container to store water for a particular period of time.

Physico-Chemical and Biological Water Quality of Tuntang Estuary, Demak, Central Java as A Base for Sustainable River Management

The estuary, downstream of the river, accumulates pollutants from upstream and marine. Tuntang is one of the major rivers in Central Java, 139 km length from Rawapening Lake, and ends in the Java Sea. Mangroves are the dominant riparian vegetation in the downstream and estuary of the Tuntang River. This research analyzes the water quality and pollution index (PI) of Tuntang Estuary, Demak. Water samples were collected from four sites in February (wet season) and September 2022 (dry season) and were analyzed for temperature, TDS, pH, BOD, COD, DO, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, TN, TP, Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, fecal coliform, and total coliform. The water quality parameters of Tuntang Estuary in the dry season exceeded the threshold for Class I-III, such as TDS in T1 ((2530 mgL-1), BOD (4.06-5.12 mgL-1), COD (28.32-102 mgL-1), DO for Class I and II (3.93-4.28 mgL-1), Pb at T1 and T3 in the wet season, and T1 in the dry season, and Cr for Class I, II, and III (. 0.05 mgL-1), Pb (T1), and Cr for Class I, II, and III (. 0.05 mgL-1). In contrast, in the wet season, BOD (4.37-7.15 mgL-1), Pb (T1 and T3), fecal coli, and coliform exceeded the threshold. The TN (0.83-2.48 mgL-1) and TP in the wet season (0.45-0.53 mgL-1 at T1 and T1) indicated that Tuntang Estuary was in the eutrophic condition. Based on the PI method, the water quality of Tuntang Estuary is good to slightly polluted for Class I, II, and III. The sustainable river management that is appropriate to be developed for the Tuntang River is conserving the mangrove ecosystem in the Tuntang Estuary.

Biológiai vízminőségi paraméterek hatásainak vizsgálata a szarvasi Holt-Körösön

One of the essential natural resources is water resource in Hungary. It is threatened by many threats, both quantitative and qualitative. For these reasons, the protection of surface water and groundwater is a priority. The main objective of the present study is to determine which parameters have the greatest influence on the horizontal and vertical distribution patterns of phytoplankton in the water body. The study area is the Holt-Körös, which plays an important ecological, social, economic and recreational role in the region. Between the field and laboratory tests, the following physical, chemical and biological water quality parameters were investigated: water temperature, UV radiation index, Secchi depth, underwater light condition, dissolved oxygen content, suspended solids content, chlorophyll-a content, Fe, NO2-, NO3- NH4+, PO43-, Na+, K+, Mg2+, and pH value.