Biological Water Purification Research Articles

New Insights on Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Plants Emphasizing the Use of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Biological synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and other plants has several advantages such as lower costs, reduction of pollution, and improvement of the environment and human health. Often, biosynthesis is used to synthesize Ag, Au, and ZnO NPs. Less often are also synthesized Cu and Fe NPs. Synthesis with plant extracts from their parts or callus cultures is a widely used method since extracts contain the most significant number of biomolecules. Synthesis with living plants (in vivo) provides NPs with improved properties for better interactions with plants but is used less often due to the long realization time, the need to control the plants’ growing conditions, and difficulty in controlling the size and shape of the synthesized NPs. Here, we performed a systematic review of various methods for the biological synthesis of different metal NPs with different plants, to highlight advantages and disadvantages of mentioned methods. For discussion, results showed that biosynthesis of NPs allows obtaining NPs with reduced toxicity, and their size and shape depend on the type and number of biomolecules present in plants. Plant biomolecules determine the antibacterial and anticancer properties of NPs, as well as increasing the use of NPs in biomedicine, for better drug transport, therefore medicinal plants or sea plants are mostly used for biosynthesis. NPs which were synthesized in marine plants could be a very effective agent against water bacteria; therefore, if NP biosynthesis takes place in water, biological water purification is possible. Limitations of the study included a great methodological diversity of the synthesis, it is still difficult to systematize the synthesis methods, and it seems that each described study uses a different synthesis protocol; therefore, in future studies, it is necessary to clarify which method can provide the most efficient biosynthesis and develop a unified approach.

EXPRESS CALCULATION OF OXYGEN REGIME IN WASTEWATER FACILITIES

Problem statement. The efficiency of biological water purification depends significantly on the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the volume of the bioreactor. But during the operation of bioreactors, the oxygen regime changes, so it is important to predict the oxygen concentration for different modes of operation of treatment plants. Simplified mathematical models are used to calculate the oxygen regime, but these models are designed for typical bioreactors. An important task is the development of effective multivariate numerical models for evaluating the oxygen regime in reactors of different geometric shapes, which differ from “classical” reactors. The purpose of the article. Development of a CFD model for operational evaluation of the oxygen regime in bioreactors. Methodology. For mathematical modeling of the oxygen regime in the bioreactor, a two-dimensional mass transfer equation is used, which takes into account the place of oxygen supply from the aerator located in the building, the hydrodynamics of the flow in the bioreactor, and the diffusion process. The potential motion model was used to solve the hydrodynamic problem. Numerical integration of modeling equations is carried out by using finite-difference splitting schemes. At each splitting step, the difference equations are solved using explicit schemes. This allows a simple computer implementation of the numerical model. Scientific novelty. A multifactor two-dimensional CFD model was developed, which allows for a quick assessment of the oxygen regime in a bioreactor used for wastewater treatment. Practical significance. The developed CFD model and computer code can be used at the stage of designing or re-engineering bioreactors in order to find the optimal location of aerators in the structure. Conclusions. The software implementation of the developed numerical model was carried out. The results of a computational experiment on the study of the wastewater treatment process in a sedimentation tank are presented.

Simulation of Biological Wastewater Treatment in Aerotanks with Moving Biocenosis

Purpose. The main purpose of the article is to develop a numerical model for the analysis of the process of biological wastewater treatment in a reactor with a mobile biocenosis. Methodology. For mathematical modeling of the process of biological wastewater treatment in a reactor with a moving biocenosis, a hydrodynamic model of a non-viscous vortex-free flow is used. We calculated the boundary conditions for the modeling equation on the surfaces of the bioreactor, solid walls, and the upper surface; at the inlet boundary; at the outlet boundary from the building. To calculate the process of movement of activated sludge and substrate in the bioreactor, a mass transfer model is used, which takes into account the convective-diffusion movement of the substrate and activated sludge. The process of biological water purification in that part of the bioreactor where there are no mobile biocenosis carriers will be calculated based on the Monod model. The process of biological water purification in the part of the bioreactor where there are mobile carriers is calculated on the basis of an empirical model in three stages. The first stage is determined using the Harremoes model. At the second stage, the rate of substrate «consumption» in the biofilm is calculated. At the third stage, the change in the substrate concentration in the zone where the biocenosis carriers are located is determined due to convective movement, substrate diffusion in the flow and its destruction in the biofilm on the carriers. The chaotic motion of biocenosis carriers in the reactor is modeled based on the parabolic diffusion equation. Finite-difference schemes are used for numerical integration of modeling equations. Findings. The software implementation of the constructed numerical model is carried out. A computational experiment to determine the efficiency of biological wastewater treatment in different parts of the bioreactor was conducted. Originality. An effective multifactorial numerical model has been created, which allows quick analysis of the efficiency of biological wastewater treatment in an aeration tank with mobile biocenosis carriers. Practical value. The created two-dimensional numerical model can be used for serial calculations at the stage of designing biological wastewater treatment systems and analysis of the efficiency of bioreactors under different operating conditions.

Metal Accumulation Using a Bacterium (K-142) Identified from Environmental Microorganisms by the Screening of Au Nanoparticles Synthesis.

The use of technology that uses organisms to synthesize metal nanoparticles is necessary to maintain a sustainable society. In this study, we investigated and screened the microorganisms isolated from environmental water by quantifying the reproducibility of synthetic Au nanoparticles and the ability of large amount synthesis. The microorganism (K-142) of the Bacillus genus showed the best activity in the investigation. K-142 can also synthesize Ag, CdS and PbS nanoparticles, and the deposition efficiency of Ag, Al, Cd, Cu, and Pb was about 64.8–99.2%. According to the observation results under the microscope after fluorescent staining, K-142 could survive after being treated with 0.5 mM metal solution for 24 h. Therefore, it is expected that K-142, which is easy to cultivate, would also have a high ability to reduce and deposit metal substances. K-142 can be applied to the concentration and recovery of heavy metals in environmental water, thereby opening up channels for biological water purification.

Особливостi культивування східної субтропiчної прiсноводної креветки Macrobranchium nipponense (Dе HAAN 1849) нижнього Дністра в умовах УЗВ

The data on the peculiarities of M. nipponense shrimp cultivation of the Dnister population in circulatory water use systems for growing crustaceans are presented. One of the most important areas of crustacean farming is the development of principles and the creation of artificial ecosystems for the successful cultivation of aquaculture facilities, which are a valuable source of protein food. Shrimp M. nipponense is a group of aquatic organisms, its production technology in artificial conditions is currently being developed. For the conditions of Ukraine, we can identify four possible areas of shrimp M. nipponense: 1) in the natural conditions of the Dnister river basin; 2) in the ponds of the southern regions of Ukraine in natural climatic conditions (summer period); 3) in the ponds, cages and pools on the warm waters of energy facilities in the summer; 4) in installations with circulatory water use — all year round. At the same time, the four listed options are related to the use of circulatory water use systems for keeping producers in winter, spawning, incubation and rearing of young. Therefore, the study of fishery and biological features, the development of basic biotechnical principles and the creation of technology for reproduction of shrimp M. nipponense in artificial conditions using circulating plants is relevant. For research on M. nipponense we used fishery and biological methods: hydrochemical, biotechnical. Three circulation systems with aquariums with a volume of 0.3–05 m3 with an independent system of thermoregulation, mechanical and biological water purification were used directly for the experiments. Growing shrimp M. nipponense in circulatory water use systems includes two main stages: 1) obtaining planting material; 2) commercial cultivation. Optimization of abiotic factors of shrimp habitat in closed systems allows to reduce by 4–5 times the time of their cultivation, maturation of producers and the formation of uterine herds, which allows year-round to obtain viable young and large planting material to launch M. nipponense in artificial and natural reservoirs.

Effects of biological water purification grid on microbial community of culture environment and intestine of the shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei

Effects of biological water purification grid on microbial community of culture environment and intestine of the shrimp<i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i>

A novel bio-film wastewater treatment system using encapsulated microbes

The untreated or incomplete disposal of nitrogen pollutants in the wastewater can cause great harm to the environment. A large amount of ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) will consume dissolved oxygen and cause eutrophication. The conventional wastewater treatment process in Malaysia is not efficient enough to remove the NH3-N. Most of the sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Malaysia are open structures which occupy a large area and emit stench. The existing STPs are not suitable for construction in the compact urban areas and some of these STPs operation are costly. This study designs a novel biological water purification system using a bio-film reactor with encapsulated microbes that is known as Mass Bio System (MBS). The MBS had been used in the east of Asia to treat high concentration of NH3-N in the industrial wastewater with high efficiency. MBS has not been reported to treat domestic wastewater. This paper reports the adaptability and verification of the new sewage treatment system based on MBS to treat domestic wastewater in Malaysia. The study will dynamically monitor the key parameters and compared with the conventional extended aeration (EA) process that is the most common STP applied in Malaysia using the same influent conditions. The aim is to verify that the MBS can treat the wastewater to meet the local emission standard where the water discharge shows the characteristics well below the discharge limits. The study showed that the average effluent and removal efficiency of NH3-N was approximately 2 mg/L and 88.6 % (with maximum 99.7 % removal). All evaluated parameters in the MBS showed stability of effluent characteristics and met the requirements of Malaysian sewerage industry guidelines. MBS also offers the co-benefits of energy, and space saving than the conventional process. The process is recommended as an efficient sewage treatment system in Malaysia and other countries with similar climatic conditions.

Efficient nitrification treatment of comprehensive industrial wastewater by using Novel Mass Bio System

An advanced biological water purification product Novel Mass Bio System (MBS) with 2–5 mm side length and 1.02–1.08 specific gravity was employed in this study to treat high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen in comprehensive industrial wastewater. MBS is a cubic particle mixed in a proper ratio of microbial liquid, bamboo powdered activated carbon and waterborne polyurethane gel. The comparison experiment between MBS and Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) carrier demonstrates that using MBS is advantageous due to better removal rate of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) 95% and total nitrogen (TN) 90%, while MBBR removal rate of NH4+-N 80% and TN 75%, respectively. The study examined the feasibility of using Novel Mass Bio System and Anoxic/Oxic treatment process for advanced treatment of comprehensive industrial wastewater having high NH4+-N. The experimental results showed that this system could effectively deal with high concentration of NH4+-N, chemical oxygen demand (COD), TN removal and remain in a stable level when the operational parameters altered. The excellent performance was obtained at an HRT of 24 h. With an influent average concentration of NH4+-N 623–642 mg/L, TN 675–712 mg/L, and COD 1012–1124 mg/L, the effluent NH4+-N, TN, COD, could be decreased to 10 mg/L, 80 mg/L and 50 mg/L, respectively. The maximum removal efficiencies of NH4+-N, TN, and COD were respectively 98%, 88%, and 95%. Dosing with MBS can effectively improve the removal rate of NH4+-N, and carrier additive is simple. It is suitable for the old plants as the effluent can meets strict regulatory requirements for discharge level without the reconstruction of the tank. Therefore, the MBS is a non-toxic and promising cleaner technology for advanced treatment in engineering applications.

Ідентифікація небезпечних чинників під час вирощування райдужної форелі в умовах замкнутого водопостачання

Identification of dangerous factors for a conditional industrial farm for rainbow trout growing in conditions of Recurculating aquaculture system (RAS) was carried out. During the analysis of dangerous factors, the degree of significant influence and probability of potential dangers were determined. Significant potential hazards have been identified at such technological stages as insemination and incubation of caviar, larval survival, caviar, larvae, young, commodity fish and pedigree.Biological filter is defined as a key link in the RAS the functioning of which effects on the quality and safety of commercial fish. It carries out aerobic and anaerobic processes to remove contaminations in the form of ammonium producing by fish, and carbon dioxide, which is formed from undigested food and feces. There are such dangerous factors on the stage of biological purification of water: biological – possible exceeding the total microbial number (more than 100 CFU/cm3), the number of nitrifying (more than 106 CFU/cm3) and E. coli groupbacteria, the presence of bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa; chemical – exceeding the content of nitrates (more than 50 mg / dm3), nitrites (more than 0.5 mg/dm3), pH – above 8.In addition to purely technological, there are additional dangerous factors – related to the functioning of the biofilter, fish feeding and the use of veterinary preparations and disinfectants. The potential hazards identified in the work are important to be taken into account in the process of implementation of Rainbow Trout HACCP plan.

Моніторинг фізико-хімічних показників морської води прибережної ділянки акваторії Одеської затоки при визначенні відповідного місця розташування вольєрів для утримання морських ссавців

In the article data physical and chemical indexes of salt water in the aquatorium of the Odesa Bay in the last few years are presented in the dynamics. Researches were conducted in accordance with the subjects of research work of «Research of parameters of environment for maintenance of marine animals in the conditions of aquatorium of the Odesa Bay in interests of MNF of Armed forces of Ukraine» of the Scientific research center of Armed forces of Ukraine «State Oceanarium» and on the basis of the official figures given by the «Odessa regional laboratory center of state sanitary and epidemiological service of Ukraine». Examining possibility of maintenance of dolphins and sea lions in the conditions of aquatorium of the Odesa Bay, it is necessary to take into account that among the basic sources of contamination of this area of the Black Sea along the coastal channels of river waters of Dnepr and South Bug, there is domestic wastewater from stations of biological purification of water «Southern» and «Northern», thundershower flows of cities Odessa and Chernomorsk, of objects Odessa, South and Black Sea ports, dockyard «Ukraine» and other coastal objects. Also, as catalysts of negative influence on the ecosystem of the Black sea, the unfavorable weather factors of this area of coast can be considered, namely: high temperature of salt water in summer months, periodic high winds, possible formation of ice in a winter period of and other. The aim of the advanced study became the monitoring of separate areas of coast of the Odesa bay on the basic physical and chemical, and also bacteriological indexes of salt water and changes of weather terms during a year for determining the optimal location of maintenance of marine animals in open-air cages. It is set on results researches, that only seasonal maintenance of marine mammals in open-air cages in the aquatorium of the Odesa Bay (during 6–8 months of the year) can be applied, by reason of disparity of row of sanitary epidemiology indexes of salt water to the set rules and norms. One of variants of decision of this question, the combined type of maintenance of animals was offered, that consists in translation of them in the apartment of the covered pool with the natural cleared salt water on the periods of disparity of salt water to the basic sanitary epidemiology requirements or at formation of ice in an aquatorium in a winter period.

Change of the composition parafinnaphthenic hydrocarbon fraction in biological purification of water of oil

Investigated are changes in the composition of paraffin-naphthenic hydrocarbons (PNH) in purifying water by the preparation Ekolan-M of crude oil. The main components of PNH are n-alkanes C9–C30 and iso-alkanes C8–C17. The absence in the purified water of iso-alkanes C9 and the presence in it of a small amount of n-alkanes C22–C26, whose concentration decreased compared with the initial one by 150–234 times is an evidence of nearly complete utilization by microorganism of the preparation of these fractions of hydrocarbons.

Evaluation of biological water purification functions of inland lakes using an aquatic ecosystem model

An effective measure to cope with eutrophication of lakes is to remove nutrients that can cause algal blooming by taking advantage of natural water purification processes. Here the term “ purification” is defined, in a wide sense, as the potential role of a water body to contribute to the reduction of pollutants and thus controlling eutrophication. Also regarded as a kind of ecological regulating services, biological purification involves various processes concerning seasonal nutrient fixation, such as uptake by aquatic macrophytes, biofouling onto foliage substrates, feeding by organisms in higher trophic level, and eternal loss or removal of substance from the water. In order to evaluate the water purification ability, a numerical lake ecosystem model highlighting the role of macrophyte colonies in the shore zone was developed and applied to Lakes Suwa, Kasumi and Biwa, as well as five small lakes attached to Lake Biwa. The model includes the biological interactions between pelagic compartments (phyto- and zooplankton, detritus, dissolved organic matter, pelagic fish and nutrients) and benthic compartments (macrophytes, epiphytic algae, phytal animals, macro- and megalobenthos, and demersal fish). Under dynamic forcing of meteorological and hydrological parameters, the model was run over a year to evaluate the annual nutrient cycles and purification functions. The reproducibility of the model was validated for each water body by comparison with the field data from the water quality monitoring campaign. Numerical results revealed that the water purification ability, from viewpoints of both stock and flux, generally tends to be higher in the shore region than in the offshore region owing to a wide variety of aquatic biota. Moreover, it increases almost in proportion to the density of vegetation in the shore region. Nutrient fluxes representing the purification processes turned out to be closely connected with the surface area or equivalently with the retention time of the water bodies, suggesting that biological purification does not become dominant against physical turnover until the surface area reaches around 10 3 ha or the retention time exceeds the order of 10 2 days.

Tests for the application of membrane technology in a new method for intensive aquaculture

Integration of membrane technology into a new method for a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) was investigated. Main objectives were: at first to reduce the water consumption, but not to exceed the critical concentrations for fish toxic water ingredients (especially nitrite and ammonium or ammonia) as well as for suspended particles (especially microbial biomass from the biological treatment); at second to facilitate elimination and pre-dewatering of excess microbial biomass for further utilisation by fermentation. On the basis of respective pre-tests, capillary microfiltration membranes were used for the investigations in pilot scale (in 6 culture tanks, each with a volume of 1 m 3 and a fish stocking density of about 20 to 60 kg/m 3) at the aquaculture company Fischwirtschaftsbetrieb Andreas von Bresinsky, Oelzschau. In long-term tests particularly two membrane types were tested, i.e. Zenon ZW 500 (PVDF, nominal pore size 0.04 μm, membrane area 10 m 2) and Eidos HF PP-M6 (PP, nominal pore size 0.1 by 0.7 μm, membrane area 12.75 m 2). The results were compared to other separation techniques (sedimentation, flocculation, electro-flocculation, hydrocyclone). Main evaluation aspects were — besides filtration capacity, separation, blocking and cleaning behaviour — the effects of fish mass increase and process stability of the biological water purification itself. In long-term operation (more than one year) it could be proven that the integration of microfiltration is not just technically and economically interesting for the investigated special RAS, but it also results in remarkable reduction in wastewater and residue loads.

Numerical study on biological water purification functions of lakes and attached sublakes using a lake ecosystem model

Numerical study on biological water purification functions of lakes and attached sublakes using a lake ecosystem model

Investigation of possibility of semiconductor sensor usage for controlling air state of biological water purification station

The sensors based on SnO 2 doped by Sb have been produced and investigated in this project in order to determine CH 4 and H 2S concentrations in the air environment of biological purification stations. The sensor sensitivity to methane has been increased via platinum added into the sensor. H 2S interference while measuring CH 4 has been excluded with the sample's drawing through a substance absorbing H 2S. While modeling the process of waste water anaerobic bio-purification, it was estimated that CH 4 concentration has not been hazardous while H 2S has exceeded the ultimate level of the working zone. The work depicts the necessity of water bio-purification stations air control and the possibility of performing it via the sensors.

5520812 Process for the biological purification of water: Ryhiner Gerhard; Sorensen Kim; Birou Bernard, Winterthur, Switzerland assigned to Sulzer Chemtech AG

5520812 Process for the biological purification of water: Ryhiner Gerhard; Sorensen Kim; Birou Bernard, Winterthur, Switzerland assigned to Sulzer Chemtech AG

Process and apparatus for the biological purification of water

Process and apparatus for the biological purification of water

Biological purification of water by an ozoniser with a discharge tube electrode

An efficient apparatus with an internal discharge tube electrode has been developed and tested for the biological purification of water. Ultra-pure water can thus be obtained for the semiconductor, pharmaceutical and foodstuff industries. The purification is achieved by means of the combined effect of ozone and UV radiation. The silent discharge ozoniser consists of an internal discharge tube filled with Ar and Hg vapours as the inner electrode and concentric silica glass and cooling water as the outer electrode. The power consumption of this new type of ozoniser is 11.5 W h/gO3 and 7.0 W h/gO3 for the generation of 1% ozone concentration from dry air and oxygen, respectively.

8705593 System for biological purification of water: Lars A@oke Hans Gunnarsson, Bj@rn Hubert Ros@n, Malte Ernst L@nega@Ord, Blixtv@gen 2, S-243 00 H@@r, Sweden assigned to Purac Aktiebolag

8705593 System for biological purification of water: Lars A@oke Hans Gunnarsson, Bj@rn Hubert Ros@n, Malte Ernst L@nega@Ord, Blixtv@gen 2, S-243 00 H@@r, Sweden assigned to Purac Aktiebolag

4390422 Apparatus for the biological purification of water: Svatopluk Mackrle, Vladimir Mackrle, Oldrich Dracka, Brno, Czechoslovakia assigned to Agrotechnika narodni podnik

4390422 Apparatus for the biological purification of water: Svatopluk Mackrle, Vladimir Mackrle, Oldrich Dracka, Brno, Czechoslovakia assigned to Agrotechnika narodni podnik