Biological Oxygen Demand Content Research Articles

Effects of operational processes and equipment in palm oil mills on characteristics of raw Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME): A comparative study of four mills

The characteristics of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is a crucial factor affecting the yield and quality of biogas produced from anaerobic digestion. Hence, it is essential to understand how the operational processes and equipment in palm oil mills can affect POME characteristics and subsequently, biogas production efficiency. This study aims to evaluate the effects of different operating systems in four Palm Oil Mills (POM), including the usage of three-phase decanters, sludge separators, sludge recirculation, empty fruit bunch (EFB) press, water consumption, and sterilization systems, on POME characteristics such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total solids (TS), suspended solids (SS), pH, and oil and grease (OG). Experimental data was collected over a two-year period (from July 2019 to June 2021) at four POMs in Malaysia (A, B, C, and D). The ANOVA analysis showed that differences in the operational process flow and equipment led to significant variations in POME characteristics among the four mills. POM A was the only mill equipped with a three-phase decanter, which reduced the TS concentration in POME and recorded the lowest TS content (25,580 mg/L) compared to POM B, C, and D. However, the COD of POM A was still high due to the continuous addition of effluent from the empty fruit bunch (EFB) press station. POM B used a conventional cages system (CCS) for sterilization, whereas other POMs adopted a continuous sterilization (CS) system. POM B and D had the highest COD (more than 80,000 mg/L) due to low water consumption, absence of decanter, and direct discharge of sterilizer condensate to the sludge pit. POM C has achieved considerably lower TS content (29,144 mg/L) and the lowest COD level of 59,576 mg/L due to the highest water consumption. The hydrocyclone effluent from the kernel crushing plant (KCP) further diluted the POME in POM C. It is recommended to use sludge separators (instead of the three-phase decanter) and continuous sterilization system to produce desirable POME characteristics for maximum biogas generation. The water: FFB ratio should be kept below 1.2 m3/TFFB to maintain moderate COD, BOD, and TS content. This study provides essential information for POME biogas plant developers and POM owners to understand the mill process background and predict the POME qualities before designing an anaerobic digester or effluent treatment ponds.

Quality Proficiency to Crop, Soil and Irrigation System of Recycled Wastewater from the Van/Edremit Wastewater Treatment Plant

Increasing pressure on water resources in the world has revealed the necessity of using marginal water resources in irrigation. With the use of wastewater, which is one of the marginal water resources, the pressure on freshwater resources is alleviated, the discharge problems of wastewater are solved, and soil and crop productivity increase with the high nutritive effect of wastewater. However, salinity, heavy metals, some harmful chemicals, and the pathogen risks of wastewater should not be ignored. In this context, in this study, the effluent of the wastewater treatment plant located in the central Edremit district of Van province was evaluated in terms of usability in irrigation. Samples were taken from treated wastewater during the vegetation period in 2020 and 2021 and pH, EC, cation and anions, micro elements and heavy metal, total nitrogen and phosphorus, total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, fecal coliform, percent sodium, sodium adsorption rate, residual sodium carbonate and Langelier saturation index were determined by analysis and calculations. As a result of the study, the treated wastewater does not pose a risk in terms of pH, EC, cation and anions, micro elements and heavy metal, total suspended solids, percent sodium, sodium adsorption rate, residual sodium carbonate, langelier saturation index and fecal coliform, but attention should be paid to the total nitrogen and phosphorus, chemical and biological oxygen demand contents. It was concluded that the treated wastewater is in compliance with national and international standards, and there is no harm in its use in irrigation and thus treated wastewater can be recommended as a reliable water source for irrigation in the semi-arid province of Van/Edremit. However, in order to ensure safe and sustainable management in irrigation with wastewater, it is necessary to monitor water quality and make necessary inspections of soil, crop and irrigation systems.

Activated Carbon and Coconut Coir with the Incorporation of ABR System as Greywater Filter: The Implications for Wastewater Treatment

Greywater refers to wastewater generated from domestic activities, which do not contain fecal contamination. Therefore, this study aims to treat greywater in Makassar city to speed up the water cycle and enable reuse, as an environmental conservation strategy. The water parameters measured were pH, Turbidity, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). According to the results, the greywater’s BOD, COD, and TTS contents were 49.98 to 54.88 mg/L, 509 to 655 mg/L, and 404.40 to 464.65 mg/L, respectively, all of which exceed WHO wastewater quality standards. The use of a wastewater treatment installation comprising a combination of Activated Carbon (AC) and Coconut Coir (CC) with the incorporation of the Anaerobic Baffle Reactor (ABR) system as a greywater filter successfully reduced the city’s greywater pollution. In addition, the new BOD content fulfills the environmentally safe wastewater standards, while the new COD and TSS contents were 152 mg/L to 184 mg/L and 59.68 mg/L to 77.42 mg/L, respectively, which are close to the WHO domestic wastewater quality standards.

The analysis of BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) contents in the water of around laying chicken farm

Business activities of laying chicken farm in Sidrap regency have been carried out for decades. This business is a hereditary business carried out by the local community. The number of chicken populations is also increasing as the demand for animal protein increases. This activity can lead to a decrease in water quality, thereby affecting the environmental sanitation system. Clean water is needed in meeting human needs to carry out all their activities. Based on this, an environmental test was carried out by analyzing the BOD and COD contents of water around laying chicken farms. This research aims to (1) determine the BOD and COD contents of water around the laying chicken farm, (2) comparing the BOD and COD contents of water around the laying chicken farm with the threshold value set by the government. This research was conducted in October - December 2018 in Sidenreng Rappang regency, South Sulawesi Indonesia. The method used in the water BOD content test is the Winkler method, while for water COD is the spectrophotometric method. The results show that the BOD contents of water around the laying chicken farm was 7.99 mg/L on average, and the water COD content was 18.47 mg/L. This research concluded that the BOD and COD contents of water around the laying chicken farm exceeds the threshold set by the government. The threshold for water BOD content is 2 mg/L while for water COD is 10 mg/L.

Effective removal of heavy metals from industrial effluent wastewater by a multi metal and drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain RA-14 using integrated sequencing batch reactor

Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is useful in removal of both non-biodegradable and biodegradable contaminants from wastewater. The main aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the potential of biocatalyst strain RA-14 on heavy metal removal under SBR. The selected strain was screened from the soil sediment contaminated with heavy metals. It was able to survive at different (Hg2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+) heavy metals (>500 ppm). The bacterial strain RA-14 showed maximum bioaccumulation potential than other strains. Heavy metal resistance patterns of Pb2+ > Cu2 > Cd2+ > Hg2+, Ni2+ and Zn2 was observed. Strain RA-14 was resistant to penicillin–G, nalidixic acid, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, kanamycin and ampicillin. The results revealed that bioaccumulation activities were improved at pH 7.0 (83.2 ± 1.8%), 40 °C (89.34 ± 3%) and affected at higher pH values and temperature. The results showed that contact time and initial Lead concentration was also affected Lead accumulation. The heavy metal tolerant strain RA-14 was further investigated towards heavy metal removal in SBR. Heavy metal was removed in SBR within 10 h of hydraulic retention time. Heavy metal removal was high at 2 mg/L (0.33 mg/L Cu2+, 0.33 mg/L Hg2+, 0.33 mg/L Pb2+, 0.33 mg/L Zn2+, 0.33 mg/L Cd2+ and 0.33 mg/L Ni2+) heavy metals. Total nitrogen, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of treated water in SBR was removed and the removal efficacy was 91.3 ± 2.1%, 97.6 ± 3.3%, and 94.3 ± 4.4%, respectively in 10 h hydraulic retention time. However, the efficiency of BOD, COD and total nitrogen content removal was decreased, due to the reduced metabolic process of bacteria after 10 h. The SBR reactor proved to be an efficient method for the treatment of various heavy metals from the wastewater.

REMOVAL OF OIL AND REDUCTION OF BOD FROM PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT (POME) USING POLYURETHANE NANOFIBERS

The effluent of the palm oil mill is known as palm oil mill effluent (POME) constituting water, oil and solid. Upon discharge from the mill, POME goes into an anaerobic pond system which is not environmentally friendly. The threats, mainly come from the accumulated oil inside the pond. Therefore, this study attempt to find a solution for this problem by using polyurethane nanofiber to sorb the oil from the POME due to its oleophilic and hydrophobic properties. The nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), oil sorption capacity, amount of extracted oil of POME and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) content after sorption. The result shows the nanofibers average diameter is 3.0 ´ 103 nm, about 31.40 g /g oil sorption capacity, 48 % oil extracted from the POME and the BOD content was reduced to 10 mg/l. This result shows that nanofiber sorbent is a viable method to not only protect the environment, but also has the potential for recovery the oil.

Coagulant from Leucaena leucocephala for Chromium Removal

This research investigated the effectiveness of leucaena leucocephala as a natural coagulant for chromium removal. Leucaena leucocephala is a permanent non-climbing shrub tree which is wild and abundant in Malaysia and commonly known as petai belalang. Coagulation experiment using jar test were performed where the effect of coagulant dosage and pH were examined. The parameters investigated were suspended solid (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), turbidity and chromium content. The optimum of leucaena leucocephala coagulant dosage for removal of suspended solid, turbidity, COD, BOD and Chromium is at range 400-600 mg/L which yielded 45, 31.4, 38.5, 27.5 and 4.05% removal respectively. While the optimum pH is at pH 2-4 (acidic) which give 33.3, 26.8, 33.75, 31.4 and 14.06% removal of suspended solid, COD, BOD, turbidity and chromium content respectively. It is concluded that the leucaena leucocephala showed tremendous potential for chromium removal.

Efektifitas Sistem RBC Pada IPAL Pekapuran Raya PD PAL Banjarmasin Terhadap Penurunan Kadar BOD

Abstract : Effectiveness Of Rbc System On Wwtp (Wastewater Treatment Plant) Pekapuran Raya Wt (Wastewater Treatment) Local Company Banjarmasin To Reduce Bod Contents. Increased household activities lead to increase the volume of waste generated over time. Annually, the household waste volume increases 5 million m3. WT Local Company Banjarmasin is a wastewater management company that performs domestic sewage treatment (feces) Banjarmasin city. Application of waste treatment technology on WWTP Banjarmasin is RBC system. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of RBC system on WT Local Company Banjarmasin to reduce BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand). This type of study was analytic. The study design used one group pretest posttest design. The place of study was WWTP Pekapuran Raya WT Local Company Banjarmasin 2017. The study population was wastewater from inlet and outlet pipes. Sample was wastewater taken inlet and outlet pipe tanks. The result showed BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) contents in the wastewater sample before it was processed of 130.97 mg/L, 116.98 mg/L, and 193.45 mg/l. After it was processed of 13.81 mg/L, 20.138 mg/L, and 30.216 mg/L. The effectiveness of RBC system on the reduce of BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) in WWTP Pekapuran Raya WT Local Company Banjarmasin was 89.37% for first day, 80.51% for second day and 83.73% for the third day. There were differences before and after BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) treated by RBC in WWTP Pekapuran Raya WT Local Company Banjarmasin.
 
 Keywords: WWTP; RBC system; BOD.

Utilization of vinasses as soil amendment: consequences and perspectives.

Vinasses are a residual liquid generated after the production of beverages, such as mezcal and tequila, from agave (Agave L.), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) or sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). These effluents have specific characteristics such as an acidic pH (from 3.9 to 5.1), a high chemical oxygen demand (50,000–95,000 mg L−1) and biological oxygen demand content (18,900–78,300 mg L−1), a high total solids content (79,000 and 37,500 mg L−1), high total volatile solids 79,000 and 82,222 mg L−1, and K+ (10–345 g L−1) content. Vinasses are most commonly discarded onto soil. Irrigation of soil with vinasses, however, may induce physical, chemical and biochemical changes and affect crop yields. Emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane, might increase from soils irrigated with vinasses. An estimation of GHG emission from soil irrigated with vinasses is given and discussed in this review.

Water Quality Status of Recreational Spots in Chittagong City

The study was conducted to learn about water quality status at potential recreational spots in Chittagong City. Water samples were collected from six recreational spots. Derived parameters namely; Conductivity, Turbidity, Color, Odor, pH, Dissolve Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Sulfate and Nitrate of the collected water samples were compared with the standard value of the respective parameters. The study revealed that water conductivity of Karnafully Shishu Park (1400 µs/cm) and Jatisongho Park (1430 µs/cm) could satisfy the standard level (1500µs/cm) and the other spots exceeded the limit. Water collected from Foy’s lake was a bit turbid (5.07 ntu) but it did not significantly exceed the expected limit (5 ntu). The study also revealed that water of Foy’s Lake was darker (55 Hazen) compared to the standard (20 Hazen). In case of odor, all the spots’ water was unobjectionable except Chittagong Shishu Park and Jatisongho Park. BOD and DO content were satisfactory for all the spots. But COD was higher at Chittagong Shishu Park, Karnafully Shishu Park and Zia Smriti Complex. Nitrate concentration was also found satisfactory in water of all spots except Chittagong Shishu Park (19.33 ppm). All the parameters were under the desired levels for recreation with few exceptions. Although very small, to extend the recreational facilities for the urban people, these unwanted level of different physical and chemical parameters should be mended on an urgent basis.

Application of Alumina to Oil and Grease Removal from Refinery Effluent

Alumina was synthesized by surface hydrolysis of thin aluminium plate and then applied as an adsorbent to treat the refinery effluent water to reduce the levels of COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand), BOD(Biological Oxygen Demand) and OG(Oil and Grease) content in the effluent to satisfy the prescribed limit. The prepared alumina was characterized based on BET surface area, X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The effects of the amount of adsorbent, temperature and the dilution of the effluent on the reduction of COD, BOD and OG levels were studied. COD, BOD and OG reduction were observed to be 87.83%, 86.6% and 83% at 20°C with an alumina dose of 15 gms per 100 ml effluent. In the equilibrium study, it has been noted that the adsorption capacities of alumina for COD and OG at equilibrium are linearly co-related. The adsorption is of first order and the initial rate constant obtained is 3A—10-6 min-1 at 20°C.

Treatment of Cheese Whey Wastewater: Combined Coagulation−Flocculation and Aerobic Biodegradation

Cheese wastewater has been treated by means of a coagulation-flocculation process. Three different coagulants have been used, namely, FeSO(4), Al(2)(SO(4))(3), and FeCl(3). When FeSO(4) was used, the optimum conditions were obtained using 250 ppm of the salt at pH 8.5. At these conditions, 50 and 60% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) were reduced, respectively. Al(2)(SO(4))(3) achieved slightly lower reductions of COD and BOD; however, the amount needed was significantly higher (1000 ppm). When FeCl(3) was added, similar results to those obtained with FeSO(4) were experienced; again, 250 ppm was enough to eliminate COD and BOD contents in the range of 40-60%, depending upon operating conditions. The sludge formed in the coagulation-flocculation process did show acceptable settling properties, which is crucial in settling tank design. A first approach to sedimentation tank design is also conducted on the basis of experimental results. The aerobic biodegradation of cheese whey wastewater achieves the reduction of the main contaminant indicators (COD and BOD) to values close to 100%; however, effluents coming from the coagulation-flocculation pre-stage necessitate half of the time required by the non-pretreated raw wastewater.

Modeling of rotating biological contactor systems.

An investigation of the rotating biological contractor (RBC) process variables to determine the efficiency of biological oxygen demand (BOD) removal is presented. Operating parameters including influent BOD content (<355 mg/liter), flow rate, disk surface area, hydraulic loading, disk rotational speed, liquid retention time, stage number, and wastewater temperature were evaluated. The BOD predictive model was developed using literature data with multiple regression analysis. This study shows that influent BOD concentration, hydraulic loading, stage number, and wastewater temperature are the most significant variables in predicting the RBC system performance. The model presently developed was verified by field data concerned with the treatment of both domestic and low-strength industrial wastewaters. Also, the results calculated by this model were compared to those obtained from Weng's model.